10/15/2012

Shear stress
If two equal and opposite parallel forces Q, not in the
same line, act on parallel faces of a member then it is
said to be loaded in shear.

Shear & Torsion

Shear stress
A shear stress () is defined as a stress which is
applied parallel or tangential to a face of a material.

Shear stress
The formula to calculate average shear stress is:

shear stress ( )

shear load
F

area resisting load A

where

= shear stress;
F
= force applied;
A
= cross sectional area.
The shear stress will always be tangential
to the area on which it acts.

Shear stress
Example I:
In a guillotine, Q is the total force exerted by
the blade. This force is balanced by an equal
and opposite force provided at the edge of the
table.

Shear stress
Example II:
In a punching operation the area of the
resisting shear would be the plate thickness
multiplied

The area resisting shear is measured by the

plate thickness multiplied by the length of the
blade.

by

the

perimeter of

the

hole

punched.

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Riveted Joints

Riveted Joints

The rivet is commonly loaded in shear:

In single-shear the area resisting
shear is the cross-sectional area of
the rivet, d2/4, where d is the
diameter of the rivet.
In double-shear the resisting area
is twice the area of section of the

The single shear takes place on the single plane and the

rivet, and the load which it can be

shear area is the cross - sectional of the rivet, whereas the

carried is theoretically twice that in

double shear takes place in the case of Butt joints of rivets

the single shear.

and the shear area is the twice of the X - sectional area of

Riveted Joints

Clevis

Torque

Power

Torque, also called moment or moment of force, is the

tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis,

Power

2 * N * T
(kW)
1000

where

fulcrum, or pivot. A torque can be thought of as a twist.

The magnitude of torque depends on three quantities:
First, the force applied; second, the length of the lever

N number of revolutions per second;

T torque (Nm).

arm connecting the axis to the point of force

application; and third, the angle between the two.

Torque, T Force , F x Length, L x sin (angle bet F & L)

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Ultimate shear stress

Allowable working stress-factor of safety

The most suitable strength or stiffness criterion for

The ultimate shear stress or strength is defined

any structural element or component is normally

as:

some maximum stress or deformation which must

not be exceeded. In the case of stresses the value

maximum punch load

area resisting shear

is generally known as the maximum allowable

working stress.
Because of uncertainties of loading conditions, design
procedures, production methods, etc., designers generally
introduce a factor of safety into their designs, defined as
follows:

factor of safety

Factor of Safety

maximum stress
allowable working stress

Factor of Safety

A factor of safety of 3 implies that the design is

Values are normally selected on the basis of a

capable of carrying three times the maximum stress

consideration of the social, human safety and

to which it is expected the structure will be

economic consequences of failure. Typical values

subjected in any normal loading condition.

range from 2.5 (for relatively low consequence,

static load cases) to 10 (for shock load and high
safety risk applications).

Load Factor

Coupling Flanges

In some loading cases, e.g. buckling of struts, neither the

yield stress nor the ultimate strength is a realistic criterion for
failure of components. In such cases it is convenient to
replace the safety factor, based on stresses, with a different
factor based on loads. The load factor is therefore defined
as:

load factor

load at failure
allowable working load

This is particularly useful in applications of the so-called plastic limit

design procedures.

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Shear Strain

Module of Rigidity

The object is rigidly fixed at one face and subject to a stress

The modulus of rigidity, G is given by:

q on the other parallel face. The object deforms sideways.

The shear strain is defined as the angle of deformation, in
radians. Given that the angle is small,

x
l

shear stress,
shear strain,

The shear strain is defined as the

ratio of the distance deformed to
the height.

A shaft is to be fitted with a flanged coupling having 8

bolts on a circle of diameter 150 mm. The shaft may be
subject either to a direct tensile load of 400 kN or to a

Torsion of a Thin Tube

twisting-moment of 18 kNm. If the maximum direct and

shearing stresses permissible in the bolt material are 125
MN/ m2 and 55MN/m2 respectively, find the minimum
diameter of bolt required. Assume each bolt takes an
equal share of the load or torque.
Using this bolt diameter and assuming only one bolt to
carry the full torque what would then be the shearing
stress in the bolt?

Torsion of a thin tube

Torsion of a thin tube

If it is assumed that the displacement BB' is small

Consider the thin tube of mean radius r, having a wall

compared with the length of tube AB, then AB' will be

thickness (t is very small compared with r).

approximately straight.

Then angle < BOB' is the angle of twist of the length

If a torque T is applied to both ends of the tube, one end
will twist relative to the other. A strip AB parallel to the
tube axis will distort to AB'.

AB. The shear strain is:

Shear strain,

BB' r
rad
AB l

since BB' = r , and AB = length of tube l.

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Torsion of a thin tube

The shear force on the cross-section of the tube is:

Shear force, F

torque T

radius r

Also since / G, the modulus of rigidity, and r/ l , then

G
r/ l

This force acts on area 2rt, since the tube is thin.

Therefore

Shear stress,

shear force
F

area
2rt
T/r
T

2rt 2r 2 t

Hence,

r
l

Notes:
For a given torque the angle of twist varies directly with the length;
In these formulae, the twist must be in radians.

Assumptions:
1. The shaft is composed of a succession of thin
concentric tubes;

Torsion of Solid Shafts

2. Each thin tube carries shear force

independent of, and without interfering with,
its neighbours.
3. Lines which are radial before twisting are
assumed to remain radial after twisting;
4. The shaft is not stressed beyond the elastic
limit.

Area, dA

= 2r x dr

Torque carried by tube 2 r 2 x

If is the shear stress at radius r, then

Shear force on tube

= 2r x dr x

Torque carried by tube

= 2r x dr x x r

= 2r2 dr

G
r x dr
l

G 3
r dr
l

The whole torque T carried by the solid shaft is the sum of

all the elementary torques, ie

We know that

r
l

G
r
l

G 3
r dr
l

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Since radial lines before twisting remain radial after

T G

Ip
l

Rearranging

twisting, is the same for all the thin tubes making up the
shaft. Also G and l are constant, therefore

G
T
l

G
Ip
2 r dr
l

Since

r
l

A useful re-arrangement

Ip is the polar second moment of area of a shaft

T G

Ip
l
r

of circular section.

Ip

2 r 3 dr

Another useful re-arrangement

Important points:
The angle of twist varies directly with length l ;

Tl

GIp

Since

Tr
Ip

for a given torque T, the shear stress q is

proportional to the radius r.

Thus the

maximum shear stress occurs at the outside

surface where r=d/2, and the shear stress at
the centre of the shaft is zero.

A thin steel tube 90 mm inside diameter is subjected to

a torque of 500Nm.
A thin tube 1.5 mm thick, 80 mm mean diameter is
a) If the shear stress is not to exceed 28 MN/m2,
calculate the tube thickness.

subjected to a torque of 350 Nm. Calculate (a) the

shear stress in the tube, (b) the twist on a 1 m length.

b) If the twist is not to exceed 2.5mm of arc on a

600mm length what would be the thickness
required?

G = 84 GN/m2.

G = 84 GN/m2.

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Twisting of Hollow shafts

Twisting of Hollow shafts

If d2 and d1 are the outside and inside diameters of

a hollow shaft subject to a twisting moment T then
the equation

G
l

2 r 3 dr

Ip

Ip

d2 / 2

2 r 3 dr

d1 / 2

(d 2 4 - d 1 4 )
32

may be rewritten as:

G
l

d2 / 2

2 r 3 dr

d1 / 2

Comparison of shear stress distributions in a solid

and a hollow shaft

Since

Ip r
then

T
.r
Ip

The maximum shear stress for a given torque is again

at the outside fibres of the shaft, where r = d2/2.

Stiffness and Strength

Stiffness and Strength

The stiffness or torsional rigidity of a shaft is the

The strength of a shaft is measured by the torque it

torque to produce unit angle of twist. Thus if a

can transmit for a given permissible value of the

torque T produces a twist then

maximum shear stress.

stiffness

T G Ip

For a given shear stress the strengths of two shafts

are the ratio of the corresponding torques.

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Power and Torque

Power

2 * N * T
(kW)
1000

Compare the torsional stiffness of a solid

where

shaft 50 mm diameter, 300 mm long, with

that of a hollow shaft of the same

N number of revolutions per second;

material having diameters 75 mm, 50 mm

T torque (Nm).

and length 200 mm.

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

The propeller shaft of an aircraft engine

is steel tubing of 75 mm external and 60
mm internal diameter.

The shaft is to

transmit 150 kW at 1650 rev/min.

The

failing stress in shear for this shaft is 140

MN/m2. What is the safety factor?

TL
I pG

7.87

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

Ti L i
p iG i

I
i

T(x) dx
I p (x) G

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Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

Sign Convention

T(x) dx
I p (x) G

J(x) I p (x)

Sign Convention

Sign Convention

A shaft is made of a steel alloy having an allowable shear

The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T.

stress of allow = 120 N/mm2. If the diameter of the shaft is 15

Determine the radius r of the inner core of the shaft that

mm, determine the maximum torque T that can be

resists one-quarter of the applied torque (T/4). Solve the

transmitted.

problem by using the torsion formula.

What would be the maximum torque T if a 10-mm-diameter

hole is bored through the shaft? Sketch the shear-stress
distribution along a radial line in each case.

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The shaft has an outer diameter of 25 mm and an inner diameter

of 20 mm. If it is subjected to the applied torques as shown,
determine the absolute maximum shear stress developed in the
shaft. The smooth bearings at A and B do not resist torque.

The steel shaft is subjected to the torsional loading shown.

Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft and
sketch the shear-stress distribution along a radial line where it is
maximum.

Torsion of Noncircular Members

Torsion of Noncircular Members

Previous torsion formulas are valid
for axisymmetric or circular shafts
Planar cross-sections of noncircular
shafts do not remain planar and
stress and strain distribution do not
vary linearly
For uniform rectangular crosssections, T
TL
max

c1ab 2

c2ab3G

At large values of a/b, the maximum

shear stress and angle of twist for
other open sections are the same as
a rectangular bar.

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