Superoxide Dismutase

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biofiles/cellular-derived-blood.html
Cell damage is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are either free radicals, reactive anions
containing oxygen atoms, or molecules containing oxygen atoms that can either produce free radicals or are
chemically activated by them. Examples are hydroxyl radical, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite.
The main source of ROS in vivo is aerobic respiration, although ROS are also produced by peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids, microsomal cytochrome P450 metabolism of xenobiotic compounds, stimulation of
phagocytosis by pathogens or lipopolysaccharides, arginine metabolism, and tissue specific enzymes. Under
normal conditions, ROS are cleared from the cell by the action of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, or
glutathione (GSH) peroxidase. The main damage to cells results from the ROS-induced alteration of
macromolecules such as polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids, essential proteins, and DNA.
Additionally, oxidative stress and ROS have been implicated in disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's disease, cancer, and aging. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the reduction of superoxide
anions to hydrogen peroxide. KM for O2 for bovine SOD = 0.35 mM. The bovine enzyme exists as a dimeric
copper-zinc containing protein with a molecular weight of 2 X 16,300 Da. The E. coli enzyme exists as a dimeric
manganese or iron containing glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 2 x 22,000 Da. The human enzyme exists
as a tetrameric copper-zinc or manganese containing glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 2 X 2328,300 Da.
Covalent conjugation of superoxide dismutase with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been found to increase the
circulatory half-life and provides prolonged protection from partially reduced oxygen species.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=search&term=6647

SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Official Symbol
SOD1provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
superoxide dismutase 1, solubleprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:11179
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000142168; HPRD:00937; MIM:147450; Vega:OTTHUMG00000084878
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search?
interface=All&term=SOD2&lang=en&region=ID&focus=product&N=0+220003048+219853144+219
853286&mode=match%20partialmax
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria;
Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo

Also known as
ALS; SOD; ALS1; IPOA; hSod1; homodimer
Summary
The protein encoded by this gene binds copper and zinc ions and is one of two isozymes
responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded isozyme is a soluble
cytoplasmic protein, acting as a homodimer to convert naturally-occuring but harmful superoxide
radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The other isozyme is a mitochondrial
protein. Mutations in this gene have been implicated as causes of familial amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis. Rare transcript variants have been reported for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul
2008]
Location :
21q22.11
Sequence :
Chromosome: 21; NC_000021.8 (33031935..33041244)
See SOD1 in Epigenomics, MapViewer
Chromosome 21 - NC_000021.8

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=search&term=6648

SOD2 superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Official Symbol
SOD2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrialprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:11180
Locus tag
RP1-56L9.2
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000112096; HPRD:00938; MIM:147460; Vega:OTTHUMG00000015940
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage

Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria;

Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
IPOB; MNSOD; MVCD6
Summary
This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a
mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. This
protein binds to the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation and converts them to
hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Mutations in this gene have been associated with
idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), premature aging, sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.
Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Location :
6q25.3
Sequence :
Chromosome: 6; NC_000006.11 (160100148..160114353, complement)
See SOD2 in Epigenomics, MapViewer
Chromosome 6 - NC_000006.11

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