Superpave Workshop 2004 - 5th Edition PDF

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005
Prepared and Developed by: Advance Engineering Center
Page 1
(AdEC)
SUPERPAVE
Mix Design Workshop
aT))aJatJ
SRpJ)a[J)R))JcSJ cTaJ
Prepared and Presented by
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Dubabe
Fifth Edition June, 2005
Session 1 First Day - Getting Started

Page 2
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Workshop on the new SHRP technology for the

design of asphalt concrete hot mixes
SUPERPAVE
Superior Performing
Asphalt Pavements
Based on the Asphalt Institute Mix

Design Method as outlined in
SUPERPAVE Series No. 2 (SP-2)
Third Edition 2001 Printing

Page 3
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Table of Content
Session
Title
Page
Session 1
Getting Started
Session 2
Introduction
12
Session 3
SUPERPAVE Overview
21
Session 4
Mixture Criteria
28
Session 5
Selection of Binder
41
Session 6
Selection of Aggregate
56
Session 7
Selection of Design Aggregate Structure
62
Session 8
Selection of Design Asphalt Content
80
Session 9
Evaluation of Moisture Sensitivity
89
Session 10
Solving Some SUPERPAVE Mix Design

Problems
98
Appendix
ePAVE User Manual
----

Page 4
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Session No 1
Getting Started
2

WELCOME
Icebreaking
My Specialty
Handouts & Software
Participation & Quizzes
Time Management
Assistance (AdEC to them)
Monday, December 27, 2004
Add Notes and Ask Questions Below:
Page 5
(AdEC)
AdEC welcomes the

reader and participant
in this workshop. We
will start by setting-up
some norms to our
meetings. First, let us
know each other and
strengthen the line of
communication by
answering the questions
in the second page.
Details of the remaining
items shown will come
in the next slides.

Page 6
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Quiz No (1)
1.
What is your?
Name:
________________________________________________
Company:
_____________________________________________
Degree:
_____________________________________________
Years in materials:
2.
Define the following:
Air voids:
_____________________________________________
VMA:
________________________________________________
VFA:
3.
Do you know SUPERPAVE? What does it stand for?
4.
Connect the points below using four connected lines without
passing twice over any line:

My Specialty
Interaction and continues evaluation.
Participation is root of Success.
If you teach me then you know it ??!!
Continues Process Improvement (CPI).
Quizzes during process not after the fact !
All are TQM Fundamentals.
Friday, October 01, 2004
Page 7
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Total Quality
Management (TQM)
relays heavily in many
concepts one of which
is participation and
teamwork. That is,
also, so important in the
learning process. As
others usually leave
evaluation at the end of
the process, we will
incorporate it within the
process to have the
chance to improve as
we proceed not after the
fact.

Handouts and Software

H/O are unique
Software (ePAVE) is developed by AdEC
ePAVE Available upon request
Page 8
(AdEC)
ePAVE, AdEC
development, was
designed to:
1. Do the
SUPERPAVE
computation and
decisions.
2. Be a user friendly
3. Produce a design
report.
4. Give some hints
for the designers
to solve some
design problems.

Time Management
Workshop for five days (Sat. to Wed.)
Start 8:10 sharp
End the sessions 12:00 sharp
No late arrivals will be allowed
Questions and comments are open
If lab. work needs, group continue after 12:0
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Time is live ..

Page 10
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Assistance
AdEC
AdEC is
is always
always ready
ready to
to work
work with
with you
you to
to
handle
handle all
all issues
issues and
and matters
matters related
related to
to
highway
highway engineering
engineering especially
especially materials
materials
(PMA,
).
(PMA, NA,
NA, HMA,
HMA, PCC,
PCC, Soil,
Soil,).
P.O
P.O Box
Box 8658
8658
Riyadh
Riyadh 11492,
11492, Saudi
Saudi Arabia
Arabia
Tel:
Tel: 4567377
4567377 ,, Fax:
Fax: 4548166
4548166
Mobile:
Mobile: 0505814198
0505814198
Email:
Email: nasik@zajil.net
nasik@zajil.net
9

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Workshop Program
Day
8:10 -9:00
9:00 9:50
Sat.
Session 1:
Getting Started
Sun.
Mon.
9:50 10:00
10:00 11:00
11:00-12:00
Session 2:
Introduction
Session 3:
Overview
Session 4:
Mixture Criteria
Session 5:
Selection of
Binder
Session 6:
Selection of
Aggregate
Session 7:
Design Aggregate Structure
Session 8:
Design Asphalt
Content
Session 9:
Moisture
Sensitivity
Brake
Lab. Work:
RV, Gyratory Comp. and ITS
Demo.
Tues
.
Session 10:
Solving Some SUPERPAVE Mix
Design Problems.
Design Example:
ePAVE Solution
Wed.
Exam
Review of the H/O
10
Add Notes Below:

Page 12
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Session No. 2
Session
Introduction
2
Thursday, September 30, 2004

Background... Importance of the Subject

Internationally
SHRP (1987 to 1993)
Background
Locally
MOT instructions circular No. 2253
MOT second circular No. 30789
Saudi Arabia Roads Accidents 1425
Session 2 First Day - Introduction
Page 13
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This workshop is
important because
MOT wants to use
SUPERPAVE in the
design of asphalt mixes
and stop using other
methods.
SUPERPAVE method
is not simple and needs
a good understanding to
correctly use it and
benefit from its power.

More Into it ... Why SUPERPAVE?

Limitation of current grading systems
Penetration
Viscosity
No tests to simulate in-service aging
Page 14
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The problem statement

simply was "the roads
met all specifications
and yet perform bad".
Rutting and cracking is
always happening. We
need to improve our
specifications and
design methods.


Consistency
Pen.
Vis.
hard
A
B
C
Vis.
soft
25
60
135
Temperature ,C
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Three asphalts (A), (B)

and (C) are having the
same penetration and
viscosity grades but
note the following:
1. A & B have
similar line slope
hence similar
temperature
susceptibility but
have different
consistency at the
range of
temperature
encountered in the
real life.
2. A & C have similar viscosity at low temperature but differ at

high temperature
3. B & C have similar consistency at 60 C but differ at all other
temperatures.

C o n s is t e n c y ( p e n e t r a t io n )

Asphalt A = Low temp susceptibility
Asphalt B = Medium temp susceptibility
Asphalt C = High temp susceptibility
A
B
C
25
Temperature ,C
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Here again; A, B and C

have the same
consistency at 25 C (i.e.
penetration), but have
completely different
temperature
susceptibility and hence
performance.


Drawbacks of current design practices:
Marshall
Impact compaction.
Shear strength of HMA is not adequately estimated.
Hveem
Important volumetric properties are not determined.
Expensive and not portable.
pavements Unsatisfactory performance

7
Page 17
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The main part of the

Hot Mix Asphalt
(HMA) design
technology was the
selection of the
materials and the
selection of the
proportions. The
current practices in both
parts have not given us
a good performing mix.

More Into it What is

SUPERPAVE?
The final product of the SHRP Asphalt Research
Program is the SUPERPAVE mix design system for new
construction and overlays. This system employs a series
of new performance based specifications, test methods
and practices for material selection, accelerated
performance testing, and mix design (1994).
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SUPERPAVE is
defined as a "Hot
Asphalt Mix design
system that
includes both the
design method and
the mixture
specifications".

What is New in SUPERPAVE

Performance based (PG)
Integrated approach
Specification
Mix design method
Based on projects climate & traffic

Compaction simulate actual conditions
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SUPERPAVE
researchers have
introduced new:
1. Binder grading
system
2. Aggregate
selection
3. Design method
A unique feature of the
SUPERPAVE is that it
is performance-based
specification. The tests
and analysis is directly
related to field
performance

What is New in SUPERPAVE ?
SUPERPVAE Binder Properties are related to Performance

Test
Performance property
Mode of failure
RTFOT & PAV
Ageing & Hardening
Cracking
RV
Handling & Pumping
Flow
DSR (HT)
Permanent Deformation
Rutting
DSR (IT)
Fatigue Cracking
Cracking Structural
BBR & DTT
Thermal Cracking
Low temp. Cracking
10
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For example, the binder

testing, evaluation and
grading in
SUPERPAVE, as
shown conceptually on
this slide, can be related
to field performance by
engineering principles.
In addition, these tests
are performed at
temperatures that are
encountered in the real
life during the
pavement service.

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Session No. 3
SUPERPAVE
Overview
2
Monday, November 22, 2004

SUPERPAVE Design Steps

Step 4:
Moisture sensitivity
Step 3:
Selection of DAC
Step 2:
Selection of DAS
Step 1:
Selection of materials
(binder, agg., modifiers, etc.)
Session 3 First Day SUPERPAVE Overview
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This is an overview of the
SUPERPAVE design
system showing the main
steps needed to
accomplish the mission.
There are four steps to
design a hot mix asphalt.
A main feature of the
SUPERPAVE design
method distinguishing it
from the conventional
design methods (Marshall
and Hveem) is the
optimization of the
aggregate gradation in the
DAS step before the
designer searches for the
optimum asphalt content
in the DAC step.
Note:
DAS = Design Aggregate
Structure.

Step 1: Selection of Materials

Selection of materials
Binder
Aggregate
Modifiers
Others
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The first step is to select

the materials, starting by
the asphalt binder. The
selection process is based
on the actual conditions of
traffic and environment of
the project location.
SUPERPAVE has chosen
four aggregate properties
to be considered in the
selection of the aggregate
and labeled them as
consensus aggregate
properties. In
SUPERPAVE, the
aggregate must meet the
consensus properties and
optionally meet the agency
requirements.
Finally select the modifier, in case it is needed, to upgrade the locally

available binder to meet the selected binder grade based on traffic and
environment for the project location. Carefully follow the modifier
producer recommendations for the production of PMA (polymer
modified asphalt - PMA).

Step 2: Selection of DAS

Selection
of DAS
Develop
Trial Blends
Compact
Evaluate and
select
confirming blend
Page 24
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The selection of Design
Aggregate Structure (DAS)
is a new introduction to the
HMA design by
SUPERPAVE. Before
selecting the Design
Asphalt Content (DAC), or
the optimum asphalt
content as refer to in
Marshall Mix design
method, the aggregate
gradation (or structure)
must be selected.
Selection of the DAS is the
most complex part of the
method. To fully
understand this part, the
designer must place special
attention and care.
Selection of Design
Aggregate Structure will be
illustrated by solving
manually a design project
example.

Step 3: Selection of DAC

Selection
of DAC
Compact
Analyze
Select
DAC
Nmax
verification
Page 25
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After selecting the DAS
(i.e. by selecting the most
promising aggregate
blend), the Design Asphalt
content (DAC) can be
selected. Computation in
DAC and DAS are similar.
Select the DAC at 4.0 air
voids and check to confirm
that the other volumetric
properties and Dust
Proportion is within the
requirements.
Note: Preparation of
specimens in DAS and
DAC are gyratory
compacted to Ndes only not
Nmax.
To protect against maximum densification by traffic, specimens are gyratory

compacted at the DAS and DAC to Nmax. Note: %Gmm @ Nmax must be less than
98%.

Step 4: Moisture Sensitivity

Moisture
Sensitivity
Select Nx
Compact
Evaluate
Page 26
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Finally, for protection

against water effect,
evaluate the moisture
sensitivity of the HMA
using AASHTO T 283.
This can be achieved by
compacting six
specimens using the
gyratory compactor for
a number of gyrations
enough to produce a
specimen with 7% air
voids (%Gmm = 93);
then testing them after
conditioning to
determine the indirect
tensile strength. The
ITS loss should be less
than 20%.

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http://training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/03-3_body.htm
Good information is available in this internet website:

http//:training.ce.washington.edu/WSDOT/Modules/03_materials/03-3_body.htm

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Session No. 4
Design Parameters &

Mixture Criteria
2
Monday, November 22, 2004

Design Parameters
NMS
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There are three basic

design input required
by SUPERPAVE, these
are:
1. Nominal maximum
size of the aggregate
(NMS).
2. Project location.
SUPERPAVE
Basic Design
Parameters
Location
3. Traffic level in terms

of Equivalent Single
Axle Load (ESALs)
Traffic
(ESALs)
Session 4 First Day - Design Parameters & Mixture Criteria

Design Parameters
NMS, Nominal Maximum Size is One
sieve size larger than the first sieve
to retain > 10%.
Five Mixture Gradation
NMS
MS
37.5 mm
50.0 mm
25.0 mm
37.5 mm
19.0 mm
25.0 mm
12.5 mm
19.0 mm
09.5 mm
12.5 mm
Page 30
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The first design parameter that
is needed by the SUPERPAVE
method is the nominal
maximum size of the aggregate
comprising the mixture. The
definition of the nominal
maximum size is as given here,
and, consequently, the
maximum size is one sieve
larger than the NMS in the
standard SUPERPAVE sieve
group. Five NMSs have been
included in the SUPERPAVE.
The selection of the Nominal
Maximum Size for a specific
location must be based on
engineering judgment with the
following considerations:
1. The contract documents
2. SUPERPAVE
implementation
guidelines issued by
MRDTM.

Session 4 First Day
NMS Example
Sieve Size, mm
Sieve Size, in
% Passing
MS
25
100.0
NMS
19
94.0
>10%
12.5
76.6
9.5
3/8
63.7
4.75
No 4
37.2
2.36
No 8
28.2
1.18
No 16
20.9
0.6
No 30
14.2
0.3
No 50
7.8
0.15
No 100
4.0
0.075
No 200
3.1
Page 31
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3. The Layer thickness
requirements using
the general formula
outlined in MOT
specifications stating
that the target or
design thickness
equals three (3)
times the nominal
maximum size.
4. The nominal
maximum size
should increase with
depth.
In this example, the
Maximum Size (MS) is
25.0 mm, the Nominal
Maximum Size (NMS) is
19.0 mm and the Sieve that
retains more than 10% is
12.5 mm.

Session 4 First Day
Design Parameters
Location:
1. The geographical location of
the project where the Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) will be used.
2. The position of the layer
within the pavement
6
Page 32
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The second parameter is
the location. This
parameter covers two
types, the first is the
geographical location of
the project; the second is
the position of the layer
within the pavement.
The project location is
needed by SUPERPAVE to
allow the designer to select
the binder asphalt grade
(PG). This selection is
based on:
1. High pavement
design temperature
at a depth of 20mm
from the pavement
surface and
2. Low pavement
design temperature.
For the local conditions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Dr. Hammad AL-Abdullwahb,
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Dubabe and other coworkers have developed temperature zoning map of
the Kingdom in KACST project "Adaptation of SHRP Performance Based Binder
Specifications to the Gulf Countries"1996

Position in Pavement
Pavement Surface
Top 100 mm
Bottom 100 mm
Aggregate Base Coarse
Note: if less than 25% of the layer is within the surface then consider in the bottom.
Page 33
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For the position of the

layer, SUPERPAVE
specifies two levels; the
layer is either < 100 mm or
> 100 mm from the
surface. If less than 25%
of a layer is within 100 mm
of the surface, the layer
may be considered to be
below 100 mm for mixture
design purposes.

Standard Axle
8.2 ton (18,000 lb)
Page 34
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The third design input

is the Traffic in terms
of ESALs; the
definition is as shown
in the slide.
Tire Pressure = 75 psi
Design Parameters
Traffic is the anticipated
project traffic level in terms
of ESALs expected on the
design lane over a 20-year
period regardless of the
actual design life of the
roadway.
10
The agency, Ministry of

Transport for example,
should specify the
design parameters in
the project contract
documents.
Design Parameters
Ministry of Transport (MOT) has identified the
following ESAL classes:
Class
ESAL
Designation
Range
VL
Less than 300,000
Traffic
Description
Very Light
Typical
Applications
Agricultural roads, local
& city streets (no trucks)
Feeders, collectors ...
300,000 to 3 million
Light
3 million to 10 million
Medium
Main Roads, city streets
10 million to 30 million
Heavy
Highways & Expressway
More than 30 million
Very Heavy
VH
11
Heavily trafficked highways,

industrial areas ..

Mixture Design Requirements

SUPERPAVEGyratory
GyratoryCompactive
CompactiveEffort
Effort(SGCE)
(SGCE)
1.1.SUPERPAVE
ESAL
Class
(million)
VL (<0.3)
L (0.3 to <3)
M and H (3 to <30)
VH (> 30)
Nini
SGCE
Ndes Nmax
6
7
8
9
50 75
75 115
100 160
125 205
12 Session 4 First Day - Design Parameters & Mixture Criteria

Page 35
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The following slides in

the reminder of this
session will illustrate
the mixture
requirements based on
the design parameters.
This slide shows the
gyratory compactive
effort or number of
gyrations needed for the
design. SGCE selection
is exclusively based on
the traffic levels.


(100 Air
Air Voids%)
Voids%)
2.2. %% GGmm
mm == (100
ESAL
REQUIRED DENSITY (% Gmm @)
Class (million) Nini
Ndes
Nmax
VL (<0.3) < 91.5
L (0.3 to <3)
< 90.5
M (3 to <10)
H (10 to <30)
VH (> 30
<89.0
96.0
< 98.0
Add Notes Below:
Page 36
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The compacted
specimens at the GCE
must meet the criteria
of the density as shown
here at varying traffic
levels and SGCE.


VMA %%
3.3. VMA
REQUIRED VMA %, minimum
Nominal Maximum Size, mm
37.5 25.0 19.0 12.5 9.5

11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
Add Notes Below:
Page 37
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The Voids in the

Mineral Aggregate
(VMA), is a property of
the aggregate structure.
The VMA criteria is
based on the nominal
maximum size of the
aggregate.


VFA %%
4.4. VFA
ESAL
Class (million)
VFA %
NMS = 19.0
NMS = 9.5
NMS = 25.0
NMS = 37.5
and 12.5 mm
mm
mm
mm
VL (<0.3)
70-80 70-80 67-80
L (0.3 to <3) 65 78
65 78 64-80
73 -76
M (3 to <10)
65 -75
H (10 to <30) 65 -75
VH (> 30
Page 38
(AdEC)
The Voids Filled with

Asphalt (FVA) criteria
is based on the traffic
level and the NMS.


Dust toto Binder
Binder Ratio
Ratio (Dust
(Dust Proportion
Proportion DP)
DP)
5.5. Dust
Position of
Gradation Line
DP Ratio
ARZ
0.6 1.2
BRZ
0.8 1.6

Page 39
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The Dust Proportion is

the ratio of the passing
0.075 mm sieve to the
effective asphalt
content. The DP ratio
criteria is general for all
mixes and will vary as
shown depending on
the gradation line
position with respect to
the restricted zone.
Note:
ARZ = Above the
restricted zone.
BRZ = Below the
restricted zone.

Page 40
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Quiz No (2)
1. State three reasons for the importance of this subject?
a)
b)
C)
2. How does SUPERPAVE protect against:
Rutting:
Fatigue Cracking:
3. What are SUPERPAVE mix design steps?
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
4. Define:
NMS: ______________________________________________
Location: ____________________________________________
Traffic:
5. What GCE we must use to prepare DAS specimens?
6. Why do we need to perform the Nmax verification?

Page 41
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Session No. 5
Selection of Binder
Session 5 Second Day Step 1: Selection of Binder

Before the Design

Use the Design Parameters of your project:
ESAL (Class Designation or millions)
NMS
Location (Geographical & within pavement)
to identify the required SUPERPAVE criteria

for your Hot Mix Asphalt.
Session 6 Second Day Step 1: Selection of Materials
Page 42
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In preparation for the

design, the designer
needs to identify the
design parameters from
the contract documents.

Page 43
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Before the Design

Identify the following SUPERPAVE criteria for
your Hot Mix Asphalt :
Asphalt binder grade
Consensus properties requirements
Number of gyration for Nini, Ndes and Nmax
% Gmm at Nini, Ndes and Nmax
%VMA
%VFA
DP ratio
5

Asphalt Binder . . . Basics
Performance based binder specifications

AASHTO M320 (Standard Specifications for PerformanceGraded Asphalt Binder)
For details see Asphalt Institute SP-1
Intended for Modified and unmodified asphalt
Depends on environment, traffic & reliability
Page 44
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SUPERPAVE binder
grading system is
performance based.

Property is constant but temperature varies

Example PG 64-22
Every Grade is 6 C.
Page 45
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PG x-y
Where:
x is the average
seven-day
maximum
pavement
temperature
y is the minimum
pavement design
temperature

Page 46
(AdEC)
SUPERPAVE binder
grading system is
unique. Rheological
values are fixed but
temperatures to meet
these values vary. This
made the specifications
very sensitive to
temperature because
behavior asphalt is
really highly dependent
on temperature.

Asphalt Binder ... Grade Selection
Determine project weather data

Select reliability
Determine design temperatures
Verify asphalt PG (grade bumping)
Determine temp-vis relationship
Page 47
(AdEC)
Use of engineering
judgment in selecting
the appropriate grade is
crucial to handle the
boarder lines and
protect against the
dominating failures
encountered in the area.

Selection of Asphalt
Binder Grade is Based
on the Kingdom
Temperature Zoning Map
7
Page 48
(AdEC)
For the local conditions

of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, Dr.
Hammad ALAbdullwahb, Dr.
Ibrahim Al-Duabe and
other coworkers have
developed temperature
zoning map of the
Kingdom in KACST
project "Adaptation of
SHRP Performance
Based Binder
Specifications to the
Gulf Countries"1996..

Page 49
(AdEC)


Grade Bumping for speed and loading of traffic; Increase the selected PG
based on the map by the grade equivalents as shown below:
ESAL
VL <0.3
Standing
Slow
Standard
(<20 km/h) (20-70 km/h) (>70 km/h)
optional
L(0.3-<3)
Two Grades
One Grade
M (3-<10) Two Grades
One Grade
H (10-<30) Two Grades
One Grade
optional
VH (> 30) Two Grades
One Grade
One Grade
12
Page 50
(AdEC)
The selection of the

binder grade based on
the temperature-zoning
map is basic and needs
to be adjusted for the
special project
conditions for traffic
load and speed. The
designer must make
grade bumping
according to the table
shown in this slide.

Asphalt Binder ... Mixing & Compaction

To determine laboratory mixing and
compaction temperatures use Rotational
Viscometer ASTM D 4402 and AASHTO T 316.
Mixing Temp @ 0.17 Pa.s ()
Compaction Temp @ 0.28 Pa.s ()
Sample
Spindle
Sample
Chamber
13
Page 51
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The laboratory
compaction and mixing
temperatures are
determined by
measuring the rotational
viscosity at two
different temperatures
(say 135 and 165 C).

Asphalt Binder ... Mixing & Compaction

Temperature Viscosity Relationship
V is c o s it y , P a .s
10
Compaction Range (0.28 Pa.s)
Mixing Range (0.17 Pa.s)
0.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C
10
Page 52
(AdEC)
Use the measured

viscosities to generate
the viscositytemperature
relationship in a semilog paper (or using
ePAVE). The designer
must determine the:
1. Mixing
temperature at
0.17 + .02 Pa.s
2. The compaction
temperature at
0.28 + .03 Pa.s

Page 53
(AdEC)
Example
Asphalt Binder ... Grade Selection Example

Problem:
Design a wearing coarse layer with thickness of 7.0 cm.
A) General Design Data:
1. Location:
Al-Madinah Area Highway connecting Madinah with Yanbu
2. Design traffic:
Assumed = 18.000.000 ESALs
B) Materials Properties:
1) Asphalt from Riyadh refinery having the following data
Property
Value
Flash point
325 C
Specific Gravity
1.02
Rotational viscosity at 135 C
0.494 Pa.s
Rotational viscosity at 165 C
0.075 Pa.s
16
Tuesday, November 23, 2004

Page 54
(AdEC)
Example

From the temperature zoning map of the
Kingdom the fitted grade is PG 70-10
Adjusting the binder grade for traffic (grade
bumping):
for speed no effect because high speed
for level increase grade one step, then the suggested
grade for this project is PG 76-10
Note: Locally produced asphalt (RT,RY,KW &

BH) is PG 64-12 and -18, then we need polymer
modification.
17

Page 55
(AdEC)
Example

From my previous research, an asphalt from Riyadh refinery modified with
3% SBS meets PG 76-10 and has the following performance properties:
Property
Results
SUPERPAVE Criteria
Fresh Binder - original
Flash point
328
> 230 C
Rotational viscosity @ 135C
1.562
< 3 Pa.s
DSR G*/sin delta, 76C
1.495
> 1.0 kPa

RTFOT Residue - Aged Binder
DSR G*/sin delta, 76C
> 2.2 kPa
4.085
PAV Residue Aged Binder
19
DSR G* x sin delta, 25C
2.362
< 3000 kPa
BBR Stiffness, -12 C
156
< 300 MPa
BBR m-value, -12 C
0.305
> 0.300

Page 56
(AdEC)
Session No. 6
Selection of Aggregates

Aggregate . . . Physical Properties

Aggregate:
Consensus (SUPERPAVE) Requirements:
Gradation
Coarse agg. Angularity, (CAA)
Fine agg. Angularity, (FAA)
Flat and elongated particles (F&E)
Clay content, (SE)
ASTM D5821
AASHTO T304
ASTM D4791
AASHTO T176
Aggregate . . . Physical Properties

Aggregate:
Source (MOT) Requirements:
Toughness
AASHTO T96
Soundness
AASHTO T104
Clay lumps & friable particles AASHTO T112
Others
Page 57
(AdEC)
The aggregate
requirements in
SUPERPAVE are in
two groups:
1. The consensus
properties
2. The Source
properties
The proposed aggregate
for the project must
meet the consensus
requirements according
to SUPERPAVE
criteria.
However, the source
properties are agency
specific (i.e. MOT); no
requirements in
SUPERPAVE were
specified for them.

Selection of Aggregate
SUPERPAVE Aggregate Requirements
ESAL
L (<0.3)
LM (0.3-<3)
M (3-<10)
MH (10-<30)
H (> 30
16
CAA
<100
55/
75/
85/80
95/90
100/100
>100
50/
60/
80/75
100/100
FAA
<100
40
45
45
45
>100
40
40
40
45
Sand Eq. F&E

40
40
45
45
50
Tuesday, January 11, 2005
10
10
10
10
Page 58
(AdEC)
Test criteria for CAA,

FAA, SE and F&E are
shown here.
Less than 100 or more
than 100 is the location
of the layer under the
design from the
pavement surface. For
the CAA, the first
figure is for one
fractured face while the
second is for two
fractured faces.
Note: (1) the fraction of
the aggregate that must
be considered in the
test.
(2) 85/80 = one
fractured face/two
fractured faces

Page 59
(AdEC)
Aggregate . . . Gradation Basis
SUPERPAVE specifies
gradation using the 0.45-power
gradation chart. The x-axis is an
arithmetic scale of sieve size in
mm raised to the power 0.45 as
shown in the upper figure on
the left.
Example:
4.75 mm Sieve Plots at (4.75)0.45 = 2.02
An important feature of the

0.45-power chart is that the
maximum density gradation line
plots as a straight line from the
origin to the maximum
aggregate size. As shown in the
middle figure in the left.
100
% P a s s in g
80
60
40
20
Sieve Size Raised to the 0.45 Power

20
Aggregate . . . Gradation Basis
100
% P a s s in g
80
Maximum Density Line
60
40
Maximum Size
20
19.0 mm
SUPERPAVE has added two

important features to the 0.45power chart these are the
control points and the restricted
zone.
Control Points. Control points
function as master ranges through
which gradations must pass.
Control points are placed at the
nominal maximum size, an
intermediate size (2.36 mm), and
the smallest size (0.075 mm). The
control point limits vary
depending on the nominal
maximum aggregate size of the
design mixture.

Aggregate Gradation
Requirements
100
80
Maximum Density Line
% P a s s in g
Control Point
60
Restricted Zone
Nominal
Maximum Maximum
Size
Size
40
20
12.5 mm 19.0 mm
Page 60
(AdEC)
Restricted Zone. The
restricted zone resides along the
maximum density gradation
between the intermediate size
(either 4.75 mm or 2.36 nun)
and the O.3-mm size. Figure
3.10 shows the control points
and restricted zone for a 12.5mm SUPERPAVE mixture
(12.5-mm nominal maximum
and 19.0-nun maximum size).
The restricted zone forms a
band through which it is
generally recommended that
the gradation not pass.
Gradations that pass through
the restricted zone from below
the zone have often been called
"humped gradations" because
of the characteristic hump in
the grading curve that passes
through the restricted zone.
In most cases, a humped gradation indicates an over-sanded mixture and/or a mixture that
possesses too much fine sand in relation to total sand. This gradation often results in
tender mix behavior, which is manifested by compaction problems during construction.
These mixtures may also offer reduced resistance to permanent deformation (rutting)
during their performance life. The restricted zone prevents a gradation from following the
maximum density line in the fine aggregate sieves. Gradations that follow the maximum
density line often have inadequate VMA to allow room for sufficient asphalt for
durability. These gradations are typically very sensitive to asphalt content and can easily
become plastic with even minor variations in asphalt content.

Page 61
(AdEC)
Quiz No (3)
1. In SUPERPAVE, What are the bases for selecting?
GCE
Density
VMA%
VFA%
D/P ratio
2. Which statement is correct?
A) ___
B) ___
A) In the binder specs. temperature is fixed and property varies
B) In the binder specs. temperature varies and property is fixed
3. How can we determine compaction and mixing temperatures ?
4. What are SUPERPAVE requirements for the aggregates?
5. Does CAA and FAA criteria vary with depth of layer?

YES_____
No: _____
6. Define Maximum Size and Nominal Maximum Size?
MS
NMS

Page 62
(AdEC)
Session No.
No. 77
Session
Selection of Design
Aggregate Structure

Step 2: Selection of DAS

Selection of DAS
Trial Blends
Compact
Evaluate
A) Establish trial blends:

Develop Three blends
Determine combined aggregate properties
B) Compact trial blend samples:

Estimate trial AB%
Prepare mixture
Gyratory to Ndes
C) Evaluation
Analyze and select the most appropriate blends to be used
to select DAC
Session 7 Third Day - Step 2: Selection of DAS
Page 63
(AdEC)
After selecting the

materials, the designer
must start the process of
selection of the design
aggregate structure
(DAS).
DAS comprises three
main steps as shown in
the adjacent slide.

A) Establish Trial Blends

1) Establish trial blends based on:
Hot bin gradations
Blending % to meet SUPERPVAVE Criteria
Control points for the design NMS
Restricted zone for the design NMS
Minimum of three blends are selected
Page 64
(AdEC)
In order to establish the

trail blends, the
designer must consider
the shown items.


2) Compute combined aggregate properties
Estimate mathematically the combined
aggregate properties based on the blending
percentages and the aggregate properties.
For the selected blend verify the combined
properties by testing.
Page 65
(AdEC)
SUPERPAVE requires
developing a minimum
of three blends from the
available hot bins
samples in the project
site.
The blending percentages
are selected using
ePAVE so that the
resulted gradation line:
1 is away from the
maximum density line.
2. is within the control
points.
3. is outside the restricted
zone (strong
recommendation).


Use the following formula to Compute combined
aggregate properties :
Property of the Combined Aggregate =
B1 x P1 + B2 x P2 + B3 x P3 + B4 x P4
Variable
Hot bin 1 Hot bin 2
Hot bin 3 Hot bin 4
Blending Percentage of
aggregate from hot bin
B1
B2
B3
B4
Value of the property of

aggregate from hot bin
P1
P2
P3
P4
Page 66
(AdEC)
Once the gradation of

the trial blends are
selected, the designer
must compute the
combined properties for
each blend using the
blending ratios and the
original properties of
the individual
aggregates from the hot
bins.

B) Compact trial blends

Select % Trial Asphalt Binder (Pbi) using one
of the following methods:
Computation (AASHTO PP-28)
Experience
SUPERPAVE suggestions
Page 67
(AdEC)
To compact specimens
from the three blends, we
need to estimate asphalt
content. The design can
select and use any one of
the shown methods.
By computation which
will be shown in details
in the next slides.
By the designer
experience which can
help in identifying the
initial asphalt binder
content based on the
historical information
applicable to the project
and aggregate used.


1) Estimate Trial Blend (% AB) By Computation:
a. Estimate the effective specific gravity of the
blends (Gse) using:
Gse = Gsb+ C x (Gsa Gsb)

Gsb = Aggregate bulk specific gravity
C = Aggregate absorption factor is assumed 0.8
but for absorptive aggregate use 0.6 or 0.5
Gsa = Aggregate apparent specific gravity
10
Page 68
(AdEC)
Or by utilizing
SUPEPRAVE suggested
values shown below:
NMS
37.5
25.0
19.0
12.5
9.5
Suggested %
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
The Computation
method to estimate
asphalt content for the
three trial blends based
on AASHTO PP28 is
shwon.


b. Estimate the volume of asphalt binder (Vba)
absorbed into the aggregate for each blend using:
Ps x (1-Va )
Vba =
x(1/Gsb 1/Gse) x 100

(Pb)/Gb (Ps/Gse)
Vba = volume of absorbed binder

Va = volume of air voids (assumed 0.04)
Pb = percent of binder (assumed 0.05)
Ps = percent of aggregate (assumed 0.95)
Gb= Sp. Gr. Of binder (assumed 1.02)
11
Page 69
(AdEC)
Computation method to
estimate asphalt content
for the three trial blends


c. Estimate volume of the effective binder (Vbe)
of the trial blends using:
Vbe = 0.081 -0.02931 x ln (Sn)

Where:
Sn = the nominal maximum size of the aggregate
blend in inches
12
Page 70
(AdEC)


d. Finally estimate the initial AB% (Pbi) for each
trial blend using:
Ps x (1-Va)
Ws =
(Pb/ Gb + Ps / Gse)
Gb x (Vbe + Vba)
Pbi =
(Gb x (Vbe + Vba) + Ws
Ws = weight of aggregate
Pbi = percent binder by weight of mix
13
Page 71
(AdEC)
Design project example
data.
Hand computation is
not recommended; use
of ePAVE simplifies
the process and
guarantees the accuracy
of the results.


2) Prepare Hot Mix Asphalt
Using:
The trial blends Design Aggregate Structure
The estimated initial trial asphalt binder (Pbi)
The mixing and compaction temp. determined form
the temp.-vis. relationship
Apply the Short Term Oven Ageing (AASHTO PP2)

Measure Gmm
17
Page 72
(AdEC)
After doing the

computation, the
designer must compact
two specimens using
the gyratory compactor
for each blend using the
estimated asphalt
content and the
gradation that was
selected for each blend.
STOA is the Short
Term Oven Aging.


3) Compact 2 specimens for each blend to
Ndes (determined for the ESAL of your
project); then for each specimen:
Measure Gmb
Measure the specimen height at Nini & Ndes
18
Page 73
(AdEC)
Refer to the slide on

page 34 to define the
Ndes for your project
based on the ESAL.
After compaction,
determine the
compacted mixture
properties as shown
here.

C) Evaluate Trial Blends

1. Determine
%Gmm @ Ndes by dividing the Gmb by Gmm x
100
%Gmm @ any Nx by multiplying %Gmm @ Ndes
by the ratio of the height at Ndes to the height
at Nx from the gyratory compaction data.
Air voids & VMA using:
% Air voids = 100 - % Gmm @ Ndes
% VMA = 100 (% Gmm @ Ndes x Gmm x Ps) / Gsb
19
Page 74
(AdEC)


%Gmm @ any Nx = %Gmm @ Ndes x
HNdes
HNx
Where:
HNdes = Height of specimen at Ndes
HNx = Height of specimen at any N
20
Page 75
(AdEC)
To determine the
% Gmm at any N
(gyratory compactor
rotation) use the shown
formula.
Note that the

gyratory compactor
will give you only the
height of the sample
at each gyration (N).

Selection of DAS Example

Computation of % Gmm at any Nx
21
H, mm
% Gmm
129.0
85.1
Nini = 8
127.0
86.5
10
125.7
87.7
30
120.1
91.5
40
119.0
92.4
50
118.0
93.1
60
117.2
93.8
80
116.0
94.7
Ndes = 100
115.2
95.4
Gmb
2.445
Gmm
2.563
Page 76
(AdEC)
Design project
example.


2. Estimate @ 4% air voids (96% Gmm @ Ndes):
Asphalt content % using:
Pb,estimated = Pbi (0.4(4-Va)
VMA using:
% VMAestimated = %VMA initial + C(4-Va)
Note:
C = 0.1 if Va < 4.0
C = 0.2 if Va > 4.0
VFA using:
% VFAestimated = 100 x (%VMAestimated - 4.0)/% VMAestimated
% Gmm @ Nini using:

% Gmm estimated @ Nini = % Gmm @ Nini (4.0 Va)
22
Page 77
(AdEC)
IMPORTANT
SUPERPAVE system
design the mixes by
determining the
aggregate gradation
(DAS) and asphalt
content percentage
(DAC) for the HMA at
a level of Air Voids of
4.0%


3. Calculate DP ratio
Compute Pbe using:
Pbe = - (Ps x Gb ) x (Gse Gsb)/GsexGsb) + Pb,estimated
DP using:
DP = P0.075 / Pbe
4. Summarize results and Compare with

SUPERPAVE criteria and select the most
confirming blend.
23
Page 78
(AdEC)

Page 79
(AdEC)
Quiz No (4)
1. What are the bases for the selection of the NMS?
2. Define:
Control points:
Restricted zone:
3. Why we have to do the short term oven aging? For how long?
4. How can we compute %Gmm @ any Nx?
5. What is the air void percentage at which we estimate the mix

properties in the selection of the potential blend? (Step 2: Selection
of DAS)?
6. How can we estimate the combined aggregate properties?

Page 80
(AdEC)
Session No.
No. 88
Session
Selection of
of
Selection
Design Asphalt
Asphalt Content
Content
Design
Wednesday, November 24, 2004


Selection
of DAC
Compact
Analyze
Select
DAC
Nmax
verification
Session 8 Fourth Day - Step 3: Selection of DAC
Page 81
(AdEC)

optimum asphalt
content (Design Asphalt
Content DAC), is
performed after
selecting one blend
from the three potential
blends (i.e. the
aggregate blend that has
conformed to
SUPERPAE criteria)


A. Compact samples of the selected blend
i. Prepare mixture at four AB%
ii. Compact to Ndes
B. Analyze
i. mixture Volumetric properties
ii. Generate graphs
C. Select DAC at 4.0% air voids

D. Verify mixture densification at Nmax
Page 82
(AdEC)

optimum asphalt
content (Design Asphalt
Content DAC), is
performed after
selecting one blend
from the three potential
blends (i.e. the
aggregate blend that has
conformed to
SUPERPAE criteria)

A) Compact Samples
Prepare HAM using four Asphalt Binder %s:
X
X - 0.5
X + 0.5
X + 1.0%
Where: X = Estimated binder content from step 2
at 4.0 air voids for the selected blend
Measure Gmm
Compact 2 specimens @ each AB% to Ndes
Measure specimen height and Gmb
Page 83
(AdEC)
Eight specimens are

compacted by the
gyratory compactor to
Ndes using the selected
blend and four asphalt
content parentages
computed as shown in
this slide

B) Analyze the results

Use the same formulas in the selection of DAS to
compute:
% Gmm @ Ninitial and Ndes
Volumetric properties (Air voids, VMA, VFA)
DP ratio
Generate graphs for each property vs. AB%
Page 84
(AdEC)
For the selection of the

DAC, the designer shall
use the computational
formulas of the
volumetric properties,
the D/P and other
properties that were
used in the DAS step.
The results of the
computation will be
used to generate
graphical relationships
between the AV%,
VMA% and VFA and
the asphalt binder
content.

10
11
Page 85
(AdEC)

C) Select DAC
From the graphs @ 4.0 % air voids determine
DAC and check:
VMA and VFA and % Gmm @ Nini
Compute DP at DAC
Compare with SUPERPAVE criteria and adjust

your design as needed.
12
Page 86
(AdEC)
The control of the

design is to select the
DAC at 4.0% air voids,
then perform a check by
determining the other
properties at this DAC
and comparing them
with SUPERPAVE
criteria; if they meet
then proceed to the next
step, otherwise adjust

D) Nmax Verification
Gyratory compact 2 specimens to Nmax
Compute %Gmm @ Nmax
Compare the results with SUPERPAVE criteria and
adjust your design as needed.
14
Page 87
(AdEC)
This step in the

selection of DAC, is to
verify the mix
properties at Nmax.
Specifying a maximum
density at Nmax prevents
designing of a mixture
that will compact
excessively under
traffic, become plastic
and produce permanent
deformation (Rutting).
Since Nmax represents a
compactive effort much
grater than Ndes

Page 88
(AdEC)
Quiz No (5)
1. What is SUPERPAVE suggested asphalt binder content
percentages to start the selection of DAC process?.
2. Why we need to verify the mixture properties after selection of

DAC? What is the SGCE we must use to compact the specimens?
3. Define :
Nmax:
Ndes:
5 State some suggestions to improve your VMA% if your design does

not confirm to the VMA criteria?

Page 89
(AdEC)
Session 9
Moisture Sensitivity
Evaluation


Moisture
Sensitivity
Select Nx
Compact
Evaluate
Session 9 Third Day - Step 4: Moisture Sensitivity
Page 90
(AdEC)
The last step in the

SUPERPAVE design
method is to evaluate
the mixture of the
selected blend and
selected asphalt content
for the effect of water.


Select Nx
7 % air voids
Compact specimens
6 specimens
Compact to Nx
Evaluate
AASHTO T283
Tensile strength ratio is 80% minimum.
Compare with SUPERPAVE criteria and adjust your
design as needed.
Page 91
(AdEC)
Six specimens are

prepared at a level of
compaction to yield an
air voids % of 7%.
Then the specimens are
tested according to
AASHTO T 283 to
determine the stability
loss.

A) Select Nx
Use the densification data of the Nmax
verification step to determine the
number of gyrations to achieve 7% air
voids.
Note: 7% air voids = %Gmm of 93.0
Page 92
(AdEC)
Follow the standard test

procedure to conduct the
moisture evaluation and
MOT SUPERPAVE
Implantation Guidelines.

Determination of N to Achieve 7% voids
%Gmm @ any Nx = %Gmm @ N
max x
HNmax
HNx
Where:
HNmax = Height of specimen at Nmax
HNx = Height of specimen at any N
8
Page 93
(AdEC)
The specimens are

prepared at a level of
compaction (i.e.
Gyratory compactor
rotations) to yield an
air voids % of 7%.
The designer must use
the Nmax densification
data to determine the
N at which the
specimen has air voids
of 7% using the shown
formula.

Example
Determination of N to Achieve 7% voids

N
H, mm
% Gmm
129.0
85.1
127.0
86.5
10
125.7
87.7
30
120.1
91.5
40
118.1
93.0
70
117.2
93.8
100
116.0
94.7
160
115.2
95.4
50
92.4
119.0
50
93.0
118.1
Gmb
2.445
Gmm
2.563
Page 94
(AdEC)
Design Project Example

Data.

Page 95
(AdEC)
B) Compact Samples
Prepare HAM using DAS and DAC

Gyratory compact 6 specimens to Nx
10

Page 96
(AdEC)
C) Evaluate
Three specimens are control (no conditioning)
o
The other three is conditioned for 24 h at 60 C

Test all specimens to determine maximum
indirect tensile load at failure
Load
11
Load

Page 97
(AdEC)
C) Evaluation
Compute ITS
Maximum allowable ITS loss is 20%
Compare with SUPERPAVE criteria and adjust
12

Page 98
(AdEC)
Session No 10
Typical Problems in
SUPERPAVE Mix Design
Sunday, December 12, 2004

Page 99
(AdEC)
Session 10 Fifth Day
Main Problems .
Asphalt Binder:
Binder PG selection in case the project crosses two zones

PG adjustments for speed and ESAL
PMA lab testing results are different from the manufacturer recommendations.
Aggregate:
Inaccurate measurements of Specific Gravities. (Gsb, Gsa, Gmb, Gmm )
FAA method selection in AASHTO T304.
Hot Mix:
Low VMA.
The designed mix fail in the moisture sensitivity testing (TSR is less than 80%).
3

Asphalt
Page 100
(AdEC)
1.0 Problem:
What binder PG must be selected in case the project crosses two zones?
Solution:
Select the highest PG
Split the project in to two PG or more.
Use engineering judgment to select the PG based on the historical performance
of the project or similar in the area.
4

Asphalt
Page 101
(AdEC)
2.0 Problem:
How can we adjust PG for speed and ESAL in a project where these factors are
different in some of the project locations?
Solution:
Select the highest ESAL and the lowest speed (check cost ?)
Use more than one PG.
Use engineering judgment to select the PG based on the historical performance
of the project or similar in the area..
5

Asphalt
Page 102
(AdEC)
3.0 Problem:
What shall we do if the PMA lab testing results are different from the
manufacturer recommendations?
Solution:
Check PMA production instructions as given by the manufacturer for mixing
mechanism, time and temperature.
Check the polymer content.
If everything is OK, use your results, since the PMA physical and rheological
properties are asphalt source dependent.
6

Aggregate
Page 103
(AdEC)
1.0 Problem:
Inaccurate measurements of Specific Gravities. (Gsb, Gsa, Gmb, Gmm )
Solution
The volumetric properties are the heart of the SUPERPAVE mixture design
system , which depends on the specific gravities of the materials; hence,
high caution must be practiced in the measurements of the needed
specific gravities.
Read the standard procedures carefully and make sure they are applicable to
your case.
Check all of your laboratory equipment for calibration, damage and errors.
Do some self training and education.
Follow the standard procedure carefully.
7

Aggregate
Page 104
(AdEC)
2.0 Problem:
Which method we should use to measure the FAA in AASHTO T304
Solution
Use method A
8

Hot Mix
Page 105
(AdEC)
1.0 Problem:
What can I do to increase the VMA in my design?
Solution
The VMA is an aggregate property which depends on the packing
characteristics of the aggregate.
Gradation:
1.
2.
3.
Move gradation away from the maximum density line.

Gap-grade the gradation (reduce the amount between two sieves)
Reduce the amount passing 0.075 mm sieve (No 200)
Surface texture:
1.
2.
Use particles with high angularity

Use particles with rough surface texture.
3.
Increase manufactured sand
More ..
9
How to Increase Voids in Mineral Aggregate
Guidelines to Increase VMA of SUPERPAVE Mixtures (1)
Introduction
The heart of the SUPERPAVE mixture design system is aggregate properties and volumetric
properties. If all the requirements are met, the resulting mix design should have:
A strong aggregate skeleton for permanent deformation resistance.
Sufficient asphalt binder for fatigue and asphalt binder aging resistance.
Sufficient air voids space to hold plastic properties at bay and prevent permanent
deformation.
Problem
An issue which has been experienced is the difficulty of obtaining adequate voids in the
mineral aggregate (VMA). Although the number of mixtures which have experienced
difficulty is in the minority, the mix designers have become frustrated. Problem mixes
typically will have low VMA and will be non-responsive to changes in gradation.
For example, a 19.0 mm nominal maximum size mixture calls for 13.0% VMA. Say a mix
designer who is trying to design below the restricted zone finds the estimated VMA in trial
blends to be in the low 12's. Further, he finds that if the gradation is varied within the range
available below the restricted zone that the VMA varies from the low 12's to the high 12's,
13.0% seems unachievable. The designer knows that adding additional sand will open up the
mixture. But what about the restricted zone? What to do?

Page 106
(AdEC)
First, the designer should realize that the packing characteristics of aggregate particles and
hence VMA is dependent on three factors:
1. gradation
2. surface texture
3. shape
In the example, the designer has investigated the effect of gradation within the limits below
the restricted zone but has not yet considered surface texture or shape. The mix designer is
correct that additional fine aggregate will increase VMA but the specifications prevent adding
sand because of the weakening effect which will occur in the aggregate skeleton. If the
contract allows mixtures above the restricted zone the designer can investigate such mixes,
although other problems will be faced, in particular, meeting density requirements at N
initial.
Two competing demands are occurring during the mix design. Sufficient inter-particle space
must be available for a minimum amount of asphalt binder and the aggregate must have a
sufficiently strong skeleton to carry the traffic loads. SUPERPAVE specifications demand
that adequate VMA be obtained without weakening the aggregate skeleton.
Gradation Effect
Changing the gradation (particle size distribution) of a mixture will influence the amount of
space in the aggregate skeleton. The effect of gradation is separated from shape and surface
texture effects if all sized particles have the same shape and texture. Research published by
Nijboer in the 1940's, Goode and Lufsey in the 1960's and the Asphalt Institute in the 1980's
provide a basis for the 0.45 power chart.
Nijboer investigated aggregate gradations plotted as the log percent passing versus log
particle size. He showed a maximum packing density for both gravel and crushed aggregates
when the slope was 0.45. Goode and Lufsey reconfirmed Nijboer's results on gravel
aggregates. Hence, the basis of the 0.45 power chart. Work by the Asphalt Institute evaluated
the drawing of maximum density lines on a 0.45 power chart for both gravel and crushed
limestone mixtures.
Lower the Minus 0.075 mm Content
Lowering the dust content in a mixture will increase the VMA. This effect may not be
entirely from the effect of gradation, but never the less it has one of the stronger effects on
VMA. Reducing dust content to the lower end of the specification will maximize the amount
of VMA which can be obtained. If the dust content is coming from mineral filler adjusting
the gradation can be simply a matter of reducing the amount being used. If the dust is coming
predominately from one of the aggregate stockpiles, say screenings, try to reduce the amount
of that stockpile. If the screenings are the only manufactured fines coming into the mix it may
be necessary to wash them or blend them with a washed screening. But first check out other
easier ways of increasing VMA. Make sure to add baghouse fines during the mix design if
the fines are going to be added back into the mix during production. These fines will reduce
VMA of the produced mixture. If friable aggregate particles are used, a greater quantity of
dust should be used during the design since they tend to create more dust during construction.
Including baghouse fines in the mix will make the design more accurate and reduce the
amount of "VMA collapse" which occurs from design to production.

Page 107
(AdEC)
Gap-Grade the Gradation

Try to blend the aggregates to give a gap grade. If the amount of material between two sieves
can be reduced, the mixture will have a higher VMA. The reason has to do with packing.
Smaller particles fill space in between larger ones. By gap grading the mixture the amount of
a coarse sieve is increased and the amount of material between the next two sieves is
decreased. Hence the mixture can not compact together as tightly, that is, VMA is increased.
Re-screen the Stockpiles
If the stockpiles contain a broad range of sizes it may be necessary to re-screen the piles into
different sized products and re-blend them together at different percentages. For example,
with a mobile plant where the aggregate for a single project is to be crushed in a gravel pit,
the aggregate may need to be split into more than two stockpiles. If the stockpiles already
exist when the mix design is being done, one of the piles may need to be re-screened on the
9.5 mm (3/8 inch) screen. Part of the sand may be excess. The mix design may not be able to
use all of the sand which is present in the pit. Even if the mix design is using manufactured
aggregate products there may be instances where splitting a stockpile and using different
percentages in the design may be necessary. If VMA can not be obtained with a set of
stockpiles the option of splitting one of them may be more desirable than obtaining an
alternate stockpile from a different source.
Surface Texture Effect
The way in which aggregate particles pack together for any given gradation is influenced by
the surface texture of the particles. Rougher textures generate more friction between
aggregate particles and resist compaction. Therefore, under a standard compactive effort, say
a design number of gyrations, the mixture will not compact as much and VMA will be higher.
Typically crushed faces have more texture than non crushed faces. In the case of gravel
aggregate, the more of the particle surface which has a crushed face, the more surface texture
will be available. Usually the more crushed a particle is, the more surface texture it will have
but not always. Some aggregates fracture with very smooth faces so crushing may not always
increase texture
Increase Manufactured Sand
If manufactured sand and natural sand are being used together in a mix design the
manufactured sand portion can be increased to increase surface texture. Switching out 20%
natural sand for a washed manufactured sand with good "bite" can increase VMA by 2%.
Good bite? Squeeze a handful and feel the way the particles bite into one another.
Be aware of any offsetting gains in surface texture caused by increased dust. For example, if
the natural sand is clean and the manufactured sand has a high minus 0.075 mm content, the
benefit of increased surface texture may be offset or completely erased by increased dust
content.
Increase Crush Count
Surface texture of the coarse aggregate can be increased by increasing the crush count,
particularly crushed-two-face particles.

Hot Mix
1.0 Problem Contd:

What can I do to increase the VMA in my design?
Solution
The VMA is an aggregate property which depends on the packing
characteristics of the aggregate.
Shape:
1.
2.
3.
Use aggregate with low flat and elongated particles (1:3 instead of 1:5)
Examine crunching operation (feed rate, cone setting,)
VSI crushers tend to produce more cubical particles than cone crunchers.
10
Page 108
(AdEC)
Shape Effect
For any given gradation the
density to which aggregate
particles will pack is influenced
by the shape of the particles.
Cubical particles will not pack
as tightly as flat "potato chip"
particles. In the gyratory
compactor, as under traffic, the
flat particles lay down flat, one
on top of the other. Therefore,
there is not much space between
them. The VMA is low. Under
traffic, particles are flattened
out. They roll down. The same
effect occurs in a gyratory
compacted specimen
Under Marshall compaction the particles are not so free to rotate. In fact, flat particles tend to
bridge in a Marshall mold and give high VMA. Therefore, be aware of the influence of
particle shape when comparing Marshall specimens to SUPERPAVE specimens.
Evaluate Flat and Elongated Particles
If a mix design is giving low VMA measure the flat and elongated particles. SUPERPAVE
specifications limit the percentage of particles with a ratio 5:1. Measure the percentage of
particles which exceed a 3:1 or 2:1 ratio. If the percentages are high, say greater than 40%,
try adding a coarse aggregate which has a lower percentage. It may be possible to change just
one of the coarse aggregate stockpiles for another which is more cubical. Adding an
intermediate sized coarse aggregate with cubical shapes will disturb the larger particles from
lying flat, one on top of the other. The VMA will increase. The crushing operation can make
a difference. Examining the feed rate, cone settings, etc. is beneficial. Vertical shaft impact
(VSI) crushers tend to produce more cubical particles than cone crushers.
Conclusion
Obtaining adequate VMA in a SUPERPAVE mixture is an important part of the mix design
which must be met. VMA is only one parameter, aggregate skeleton strength is another. The
challenge to SUPERPAVE mix designers is to select aggregates which will give the proper
amount of VMA without weakening the skeleton. Many mixtures meet the SUPERPAVE
requirements without difficulty, others require more design work. This guidelines are
intended to help mix designers with the decision of which materials to use.
(1) Source: "How to Increase Voids in Mineral aggregate Guidelines to increase VMA of SUPERPAVE Mixture" prepared
by Ad Hoc Mix Design Task Group, Presented to the FHWA SUPEPEVE Mixtures Expert Task Group., 1996

Page 109
(AdEC)
Hot Mix
2.0 Problem:
What can be done if the designed mix fail in the moisture sensitivity testing (TSR
is less than 80%).
Solution
1.
Compact another six (6) specimens replacing part of the filler with an approved
mineral fillers according to item 4.05.2.3 of MOT General Specifications. Mineral
fillers shall be either Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement or lime
conforming to the following requirements:
Material
Requirement
Portland Cement, Type I or II
ASTM C-150 (AASHTO M204)
Blended Hydraulic Cement, Type IP
ASTM C-595
Lime, Type N or S
ASTM C-207 (AASHTO M303)
or chemical anti-stripping agents according to item 4.05.2.4 of MOT General
Specifications
If this procedure fails, redesign the mix.
No effort must be done to increase the DAC
11
Session 10 Fifth Day Typical Problems in SUPERPAVE Mix Design

Others
Page 110
(AdEC)
Problems faced by the Participants from their experience:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
..
..
..
..
..
..
12

Superpave Workshop 2004 - 5th Edition PDF

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SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Prepared and Developed by: Advance Engineering Center

Dr. Ibrahim Al-Dubabe

Fifth Edition June, 2005

Session 1 First Day - Getting Started

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Workshop on the new SHRP technology for the

Based on the Asphalt Institute Mix

Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Selection of Design Aggregate Structure

Selection of Design Asphalt Content

Evaluation of Moisture Sensitivity

Solving Some SUPERPAVE Mix Design

ePAVE User Manual

Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Session 1 First Day - Getting Started

Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Monday, December 27, 2004

Add Notes and Ask Questions Below:

Fifth Edition June, 2005

AdEC welcomes the

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Do you know SUPERPAVE? What does it stand for?

Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Friday, October 01, 2004

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Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Handouts and Software

Friday, October 01, 2004

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SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Friday, October 01, 2004

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Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Session 1 First Day - Getting Started

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Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Review of the H/O

Session 1 First Day - Getting Started

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Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Fifth Edition June, 2005

Thursday, September 30, 2004

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

Background... Importance of the Subject

Session 2 First Day - Introduction

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Fifth Edition June, 2005

SUPERPAVE Workshop 2005

More Into it ... Why SUPERPAVE?

No tests to simulate in-service aging

Friday, October 01, 2004

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Fifth Edition June, 2005