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Teora de Arrhenius
Segn la teora de Arrhenius un cido es toda sustancia que posee por lo menos un tomo de
hidrgeno en su molcula y que en solucin acuosa se ioniza formando protones (H+) y una
base es toda sustancia que posee por lo menos un in hidrxido (OH) en su frmula emprica
y que en solucin acuosa se disocia, de manera que los iones hidrxido quedan en solucin.
H3O+ + A-
A + H2O
B+ + OH-
BOH + H2O
CIDO
BASE + H+
Cl3Al:OR2
H2O:H+
CIDOS MONOPRTICOS
CIDO FUERTE
HA + H2O
A- + H3O+
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 = [OH-] x [H3O+]
Balance de masa:
CHA = [A-]
Balance de cargas:
Expresin cuadrtica:
[ H 3O ]
2
CHA C HA
4 Kw
pH = - log [H3O+]
Expresin simplificada:
Si [OH-] < 10% de [A-]
Balance de cargas:
[H3O+] = CHA
pH = - log [H3O+]
Cl- + H3O+
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Balance de masa:
CHCl = [Cl-]
Balance de cargas:
[OH ]
Kw
1.00 1011 M
[ H 3O ]
CIDOS MONOPRTICOS
CIDO DBIL
HA + H2O
A- + H3O+
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
[ A ] [ H 3O ]
Ka
[ HA]
a- Sin desprecios:
Ca Ka
[ H 3O ] Ka
[ H 3O ] [ A ]
[ HA]
Ka
[ A ]
Ca Ka
Kw
[ H 3O ] Ka [ H 3O ]
Expresin cbica:
[H3O+]3 + [H3O+]2 x Ka - [H3O+] x (Ca x Ka + Kw) Kw x Ka = 0
Ca = [A-] + [HA]
Balance de cargas:
[ A ]
Ka Ca
[ H 3O ]
[ H 3O ] Ka
Expresin cuadrtica:
[H3O+]2 + ([H3O+] x Ka) (Ka x Ca) = 0
[ H 3O ]
Ka Ka 2 4 Ka Ca
2
Ca = [A-] + [HA]
Balance de cargas:
Ca Ka
Kw
[ H 3O ] [ H 3O ]
[ H 3O ] (Ca Ka) Kw
Ca = [A-] + [HA]
Balance de cargas:
[ A ]
Ca Ka
[ H 3O ]
[ H 3O ]
[ H 3O ] Ca Ka
HCO2- + H3O+
[ HCO2 ] [ H 3O ]
Ka
1.8 104
[ HCO2 H ]
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 = [OH-] x [H3O+]
Balance de masa:
Ca = [HCO2-] + [HCO2H]
Balance de cargas:
Balance de masa:
Ca = [HCO2-] + [HCO2H]
Balance de cargas:
Expresin cuadrtica:
[H3O+]2 + ([H3O+] x Ka) (Ka x Ca) = 0
Ka Ka 2 4 Ka Ca
1.25 103 M
2
pH = 2.90
[ H 3O ]
Verificacin de desprecio:
[OH ]
Kw
8.00 1012 M << 10% de [HCO2 -]: 1.25x10-4 M
[ H 3O ]
>
[ A ]
Ka
1
Ca
[ H 3O ] Ka
[ H 3O ]
[ HA]
Ca
[ H 3O ] Ka
pH = pKa
0 = 1 = 0.5
BASES MONOFUNCIONALES
BASE FUERTE
OH- + Na+
OH- + H3O+
NaOH
H2O + H2O
Balance de masa:
CNaOH = [Na+]
Balance de cargas:
Expresin cuadrtica:
[OH-]2 - ([OH-] x CNaOH) - Kw = 0
[OH ]
2
C NaOH C NaOH
4 Kw
pH = 14 - pOH
Expresin simplificada:
Si [H3O+] < 10% de [Na+]
Balance de cargas:
[OH-] = CNaOH
CNaOH = [Na+]
Balance de cargas:
Verificacin de desprecio:
[ H 3O ] 1.00 1011 M
BASES MONOFUNCIONALES
BASE DBIL
B + H2 O
BH+ + OH-
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Kb
[OH ] [ BH ]
[ B]
Balance de masa:
Cb = [B] + [BH+]
Balance de cargas:
a- Sin desprecios:
[ B]
[OH ] [ BH ]
Kb
[ BH ]
Cb Kb
[OH ] Kb
Cb Kb
Kw
[OH ] Kb [OH ]
Expresin cbica:
[OH-]3 + [OH-]2 x Kb - [OH-] x (Cb x Kb + Kw) Kw x Kb = 0
Cb = [B] + [BH+]
Balance de cargas:
[ BH ]
Kb Cb
[OH ]
[OH ] Kb
Expresin cuadrtica:
[OH-]2 + ([OH-] x Kb) (Kb x Cb) = 0
Kb Kb 2 4 Kb Cb
[OH ]
2
10
Cb = [B] + [BH+]
Balance de cargas:
Cb Kb
Kw
[OH ] [OH ]
Cb = [B] + [BH+]
Balance de cargas:
[ BH ]
Kb Cb
[OH ]
[OH ]
[OH ] Cb Kb
11
Balance de masa:
Cb = [NH3] + [NH4+]
Balance de cargas:
pOH = 2.87
pH = 11.13
Verificacin de desprecios:
[ H 3O ] 7.46 1012 M
[ NH 4 ] 1.34 103 M
12
[ H 3O ]
[ BH ]
Kb
1
Cb
[OH ] Kb Ka [ H 3O ]
Cb [OH ] Kb Ka [ H 3O ]
pH = pKa
0 = 1 = 0.5
13
Na+ + A-
A- + H2O
HA + OH-
H2O + H2O
H3O+ + OH-
Kb
[OH ] [ HA]
[ A ]
Cs = [A-] + [HA]
Balance protnico:
a- Sin desprecios:
Expresin cbica:
[OH-]3 + [OH-]2 x Kb - [OH-] x (Cs x Kb + Kw) Kw x Kb = 0
b- Despreciando el aporte de H3O+ del agua en el balance protnico:
Expresin cuadrtica:
Kb Kb 2 4 Kb Cs
[OH ]
2
[OH ] Cs Kb
14
HCO2- + Na+
HCO2- + H2O
HCO2H + HO-
Kb
[ HCO2 H ] [ HO ]
5.6 1011
[ HCO2 ]
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 = [OH-] x [H3O+]
Balance de masa:
Cs = [HCO2-] + [HCO2H]
Balance protnico:
pH = 7.87
Verificacin de desprecios:
[ H 3O ] 1.34 108 M
15
BHCl
BH+ + H2O
B + H3O+
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Ka
[ B] [ H 3O ]
[ BH ]
Cs = [B] + [BH+]
Balance protnico:
a- Sin desprecios:
Expresin cbica:
[H3O+]3 + [H3O+]2 x Ka - [H3O+] x (Cs x Ka + Kw) Kw x Ka = 0
b- Despreciando el aporte de H3O+ del agua en el balance protnico:
Expresin cuadrtica:
Ka Ka 2 4 Ka Cs
[ H 3O ]
2
[ H 3O ] (Cs Ka) Kw
d- Despreciando el aporte de H3O+ del agua en el balance
protnico y la fraccin disociada en el balance de masa:
[ H 3O ] Cs Ka
16
NH4Cl
NH4+ + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
H2O + H2O
OH- + H3O+
Ka
[ NH 3 ] [ H 3O ]
[ NH 4 ]
Cs = [NH3] + [NH4+]
Balance protnico:
[ H 3O ] Cs Ka 7.48 106 M
pH = 5.13
Verificacin de desprecios:
17
CIDOS POLIPRTICOS
H3A + H2O
H2A- + H3O+
H2A- + H2O
HA2- + H3O+
HA2- + H2O
A3- + H3O+
[ H 2 A ] [ H 3O ]
[ H 3 A]
2
[ HA ] [ H 3O ]
Ka2
[ H 2 A ]
[ A3 ] [ H 3O ]
Ka3
[ HA2 ]
Ka1
OH- + H3O+
H2O + H2O
Balance de masa:
H3A
H2A-
[ H 3O ]
Anfolito
[ H 3O ]
HA2-
Anfolito
A3-
Kb1
Ka2 C
Kw
Ka3
18
BH+
Anfolito
Ka1
BH22+
[ H 3O ]
Kw
Kb 2
Ka2
Kw
Kb1
H2A- + H3O+
H2A- + H2O
HA2- + H3O+
HA2- + H2O
A3- + H3O+
[ H 3 A]
Ca
[ H 2 A ]
Ca
[ H 2 A ] [ H 3O ]
Ka1
[ H 3 A]
2
[ HA ] [ H 3O ]
Ka2
[ H 2 A ]
[ A3 ] [ H 3O ]
Ka3
[ HA2 ]
[ HA2 ]
Ca
[ A3 ]
Ca
Ca [ H 3 A] [ H 2 A ] [ HA2 ] [ A3 ]
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
1 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3
19
1 [ H 3O ]
0
Ka1
1 0
Ka2
2 [ H 3O ]
1
3 [ H 3O ]
Ka3
2
[H 3O ]
[H 3O ] 2
[H 3O ] 3
[H 3O ] 3
[H 3O ] 3 Ka1 [H 3O ] 2 Ka1 Ka2 [H 3O ] Ka1 Ka2 Ka3
Ka1 [H 3O ] 2
[H 3O ] 3 Ka1 [H 3O ] 2 Ka1 Ka2 [H 3O ] Ka1 Ka2 Ka3
Ka1 Ka2 [H 3O ]
[H 3O ] 3 Ka1 [H 3O ] 2 Ka1 Ka2 [H 3O ] Ka1 Ka2 Ka3
BH+ + OH-
B + H2O
BH+ + H2O
BH22+ + OH-
[ BH ]
1
C
[ B]
C
C
C
Kb1
[OH ] [ BH ]
[ B]
Kb2
[OH ] [ BH 22 ]
[ BH ]
2
[ BH 2 ]
C
[ B] [ BH ] [ BH 22 ]
C
C
C
1 = 0 + 1 + 2
20
Ka1 Ka2
[H 3O ] Ka1 [H 3O ] Ka1 Ka2
[OH ]2
[OH ] 2 Kb1 [OH ] Kb1 Kb2
Ka1 [H 3O ]
[H 3O ] 2 Ka1 [H 3O ] Ka1 Ka2
[H 3O ] 2
2
[H 3O ] 2 Ka1 [H 3O ] Ka1 Ka2
pH=pKa1=1.96
pH=pKa2=7.12
pH=pKa3=12.32
21
pH=pKa1=3.13
pH=pKa2=4.77
pH=pKa3=6.40
pH=pKa1=6.85
pH=pKa2=9.92
[ B]
Cb
[ BH ]
Cb
[ BH 22 ]
2
Cb
22