PK.FKK.PPM.

MANUAL MAKMAL CHE523

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
(CHE523)
NAME

: WAN ZULKARIM BIN WAN NADZRI

STUDENT NO.

EXPERIMENT

: BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONTRATION

DATE
PERFORMED

SEMESTER

: JULY-OCTOBER 2005

PROGRAMME /
CODE

: Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) in Chemical

Engineering/ EH220

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

2004624899

8 August 2005

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims/Objectives
Theory
Procedures
Apparatus
Results
Calculations
Discussions
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices
TOTAL

Allocated marks %
5
5
5
5
3
5
20
10
20
10
5
5
2
100

Marks %

Remarks:
Checked by: En.Alawi bin Sulaiman

Rechecked

TABLE OF CONTENT

Summary

Introduction

Objectives

Theory

Procedures

Apparatus

Results

Sample of calculations

10

Discussions

11

Conclusions

12

Recommendations

12

Reference

13

Appendices

13

SUMMARY

Roughly, in this experiment we want to investigate the validity of the

Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct.
Secondly we want to measure flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a
rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of steady flow rates.
To run this experiment, firstly the Bernoulli equation apparatus on the
hydraulic bench was set up so that its base is horizontal for accurate height
measurement from the manometers. We used h manometer 50, 100 and 150
between h1 and h5. After that, the section diverging in the direction of flow was
set up. Then water inlet and outlet was connected. The time to collect 3 L water in
the tank was determined. Lastly calculate the flow rate, velocity, dynamic head, and
total head using the reading we get from the experiment and data given. The step
was repeated using converging in the direction of flow.
Based on tabulated result, we can see that both flow rate for diverging and
converging are increase. Based on plotted graft we find out the shape of graft for
diverging like u and for converging the graft is decrease.
For the conclusion the experiment we have done obey the theory of the
Bernoullis theorem equation. So the Bernoulli equation is valid.

INTRODUCTION
To demonstrate a particular aspect of hydraulic theory the hydraulics bench
service module, F1-10, was designed to provide the necessary facilities to support a
comprehensive range of hydraulic model.
The specific hydraulic model that we are concerned with for this experiment is the
Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, F1-15. This consists of a classical static
pressure. A probe can be traversed a long the center of the section to obtain total head
readings.
The test section is an accurately machined clear acrylic duct of varying circular
cross section. It is provided with a number of side hole pressure tapping, which are
connected to the manometers housed on the rig, these tapping allow the measurement of
static pressure head simultaneously at each of six sections. To allow the calculation of the
dimensions of the test section, the tapping positions and the test section diameters are
shown on the following diagram:

The dimensions of the tube are detailed below: Tapping Position

(mm)
A
B
C
D
E
F

Manometer Legend
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6

Diameter
25.0
13.9
11.8
10.7
10.0
25.0

Note: The assumed datum position is at tapping A associated with h1

The test section incorporates two unions, one at either end, to facilitate reversal
for convergent or divergent testing.
A hypodermic, the total pressure head probe, is provided which may be positioned
to read the total pressure head at any sections of the duct. This total pressure head probe
may be moved after slackening the gland nut; this nut should be re-tightened by hand. To
prevent damaged, the total pressure head probe should be fully inserted during
transport/storage. An additional tapping is provided to facilitated by removing the hand
pump from its storage location at the rear of the manometer board and connecting its
flexible coupling to the inlet valve on the manometer manifold.
In use, the apparatus is mounted on a baseboard, which is stood on the work
surface of the bench. This baseboard has feet, which may be connected directly to the
bench supply. A flexible hose is attached to the outlet pipe, which should be directed to
the volumetric measuring tank on the hydraulics bench.
A flow control valves is incorporated downstream of the test section. Flow rate
and pressure in the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow
control valve, and the bench supply control valve.
OBJECTIVES
Our objectives done this experiment are to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli
equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct. We also want to
measured flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent or
divergent tube of unknown geometry for a range of steady flow rates.

THEORY
4

The Bernoulli equation represents the conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible, frictionless flow: P1 + V12 +
g
2g

Z = P2 + V2 + Z2
g
2g

Where:
P = static pressure detected at a side hole.
V = fluid velocity.
Z = vertical elevation on the fluid,
Z1 = Z2 horizontal tube.
The equation may be derived from the Eular Equations by integration.
It also may be derived from energy conservation principles.
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation is beyond the scope of this theory.
With the Armfield F1 15 apparatus, the static pressure head P is measured using a
manometer directly from a side hole pressure tapping.
The manometer actually measures the static pressure head, h, in meter, which is related to
P using the relationship:
h1 = P
g
This allows the Bernoulli equation to be written in a revised from, ie:
h1 + V12 = h2 + V22
2g
2g
The velocity related portion of the total pressure head is called the dynamic pressure
head.
The total pressure head, ho, can be measured from a probe with an end hole facing into
the flow such that it brings the flow to rest locally at the probe end.
Thus,
ho = h + V2
2g

(meters) and, from the Bernoulli equation, it follow that

h1o = h2o
The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow, V, over a time
period, t. This gives the rate of volume flow as: Qv = V , which in turn gives the velocity
of flow through a defined area, A,
t

V = Qv
A
For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass requires that volume is also conserved,
A1V1 = A2V2
Other forms of the Bernoulli equation,
If the tube is horizontal, the difference in height can be disregarded,
Z1 = Z2
Hence:
P1 + V12 = P2 + V22
g
2g
g
2g

PROCEDURES
A) Equipment set up
Level the apparatus.
Bernoulli equation apparatus on the hydraulic bench was set up, so that its base is
horizontal.
Set the direction of the test section.
The test section was ensuring to have the 14o tapered section converging in the direction
of flow. The total pressure head probe was withdrawn before releasing the mounting
couplings when reversed the test section.
Connect the water inlet and outlet.
The rig outflow was ensuring is positioned above the volumetric tank, in order to
facilitate timed volumes collections. The rig inlet was connected to the bench flow
supply. The bench valve and apparatus flow control valve was closed and the pump
started. The bench valve was gradually opened to fill the test rig with water.
Bleeding the manometers.

Both the bench valve, the rig flow control valve, the air bleed screw was opened, and the
cap from the adjacent air valve was removed in order to bleed air from pressure tapping
points and manometer. A length of small-bore tubing from the air valve to the volumetric
tank was connected. The bench valve was opened and flow was allowed through the
manometers to purge all air from them then the air bleed screw was tightened. The bench
valve and test rig flow control valve was partly opened. Next, the air bleed screw was
slightly opened to allow air to enter the top of the manometers. The screw was re-tighten
when the manometer levels reach a convenient height.
B) Taking a set of results
3-flow rate reading was taken then the test section was reversed in order to see the effects
of a more rapid converging section.
Setting the flow rate.
First set of reading at the maximum flow rate was taken then the volume flow rate was
reduced to give the h1 h5 head difference of about 50mm. The whole process for one
further flow rate was repeated, using (h1 h5) 100 and 150.
Timed volume collection.
The ball valve was closing and the time taken to accumulate a known volume of fluid in
the tank was measured (with stop watch).
Reading the total head distribution.
The total pressure head distribution was measured by traversing the total pressure probe
along the length of the test section. The datum line is the side hole pressure tapping
associated with the manometer h1. a suitable starting point is 1 cm upstream of the
beginning of the 14o tapered section and measurements should be made at 1 cm intervals
along the test-section length until the end of the divergent (21o) section.
Reversing the test section.
The total pressure probe was ensured fully withdrawn from the test-section. The two
couplings were unscrewed, the test-section was removed and it then re-assembles
reversed by tightening the coupling.

APPARATUS

The apparatus that we used to demonstrate the Bernoulli apparatus, we needed a number
of pieces of equipment:

The F1-10 Hydraulic Bench, which allows us to measure flow by, timed volume
collection.

The F1-15 Bernoullis Apparatus Test Equipment.

A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.

RESULTS
Divergence
Flow rate = 7.81 x 10-5 m3/s
Time = 38.41 s
Distanc Area Stati Velocity, v Dynami
e into
of
c
(m/s)
c head
duct
duct, head,
(m)
2
(m)
A(m ) h (m)
X 10-2
X 10-6 X 10-

Total
head
Ho
(m)

1 h1 0.00

490.9

1.55

0.159

0.129

2 h2 0.0603

151.7

1.33

0.515

1.4

3 h3 0.0687
4 h4 0.0732

109.4
89.9

1.14
1.13

0.714
0.869

2.6
3.8

5 h5 0.0811

78.5

1.05

0.995

5.0

6 h6 0.1415

490.9

1.90

0.159

0.129

Flow rate = 1.26 x 10-4 m3/s

Time = 23.82 s
Distanc Area Stati Velocity,v Dynami
e into
of
c
(m/s)
c head
duct
duct, head,
(m)
2
(m)
A(m ) h (m)
X 10-2
X 10-6 X 10-

0.15
6
0.14
7
0.14
0.15
1
0.15
5
0.19
1
Total
head
Ho
(m)

1 h1 0.00

490.9

1.65

0.257

0.337

2 h2 0.0603

151.7

1.25

0.832

3.5

0.16
8
0.16

3 h3 0.0687

109.4

0.87

1.152

6.8

4 h4 0.0732

89.9

0.75

1.40

9.9

5 h5 0.0811

78.5

0.65

1.605

13.1

6 h6 0.1415

490.9

2.375 0.257

Flow rate = 1.56 x 10-4 m3/s

Distanc
e into
duct
(m)

Area
of
duct,
A(m2)
X 10-6

0.337

0.15
5
0.17
4
0.19
6
0.24

Time = 19.25 s

Stati Velocity,v
c
(m/s)
head,
h (m)
X 10-

Dynami
c head
(m)
X 10-2

Total
head
Ho
(m)
0.18
0.16
9
0.17
1
0.19
3
0.22
6
0.27
5

1 h1 0.00
2 h2 0.0603

490.9
151.7

1.75
1.15

0.317
1.030

0.5122
5.40

3 h3 0.0687

109.4

0.67

1.426

10.40

4 h4 0.0732

89.9

0.40

1.735

15.30

5 h5 0.0811

78.5

0.25

1.987

20.10

6 h6 0.1415

490.9

2.70

0.317

0.5122

Convergence
Flow rate = 6.27 x 10-5 m3/s
Time = 47.84 s
Distanc Area Stati Velocity,v Dynami
e into
of
c
(m/s)
c head
duct
duct, head,
(m)
(m)
A(m2) h (m)
X 10-3
X 10-6 X 10-

Total
head
Ho
(m)

1 h1 0.00

490.9

1.75

0.128

0.835

2 h2 0.0603

151.7

1.65

0.413

8.69

3 h3 0.0687

109.4

1.55

0.573

16.7

4 h4 0.0732

89.9

1.42

0.697

24.7

0.17
5
0.17
4
0.17
1
0.16
9

5 h5 0.0811

78.5

1.25

0.799

32.5

6 h6 0.1415

490.9

1.35

0.128

0.835

Flow rate = 9.79 x 10-5 m3/s

Time = 30.62 s
Distanc Area Stati Velocity,v Dynami
e into
of
c
(m/s)
c head
duct
duct, head,
(m)
(m)
A(m2) h (m)
X 10-6 X 10-

7
0.15
8
0.13
6
Total
head
Ho
(m)

1 h1 0.00

490.9

2.05

0.199

0.2018

2 h2 0.0603

151.7

1.80

0.645

2.12

3 h3 0.0687

109.4

1.57

0.894

4.1

4 h4 0.0732

89.9

1.35

1.088

6.0

5 h5 0.0811

78.5

0.95

1.277

7.9

6 h6 0.1415

490.9

1.20

0.199

0.2018

Flow rate = 1.235 x 10-4 m3/s

Time = 24.29 s
Distanc Area Stati Velocity,v Dynami
e into
of
c
(m/s)
c head
duct
duct, head,
(m)
(m)
A(m2) h (m)
X 10-2
X 10-6 X 10-

0.21
0
0.20
1
0.19
8
0.19
5
0.17
4
0.12
2
Total
head
Ho
(m)

1 h1 0.00

490.9

2.20

0.252

0.3237

2 h2 0.0603

151.7

1.88

0.814

3.4

3 h3 0.0687

109.4

1.59

1.129

6.5

4 h4 0.0732

89.9

1.23

1.374

9.6

5 h5 0.0811

78.5

0.70

1.573

12.6

6 h6 0.1415

490.9

1.15

0.252

0.3237

0.22
3
0.22
2
0.22
4
0.21
9
0.19
6
0.118

SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS
10

Volume collected = 3 L
1000L = 1m3
3.00L = 3.00L x 1m3
1000L
= 3.0 x 10-3 m3
Flow rate, Qv = Volume collected
Time
= 3.0 x 10-3 m3
38.41s
= 7.81 x 10-5 m3/s
Velocity, v = Flow rate
Area into duct
= 7.81 x 10-5 m3/s
490.9 x 10-6 m2
= 0.159 m/s
Dynamic head = v2
2g
= (0.159 m/s)2
2 x 9.81m/s2
= 1.29 x 10-3 m
Total head = Static head + Dynamic head
= (1.55 x 10-1 + 1.29 x 10-3) m
= 0.156 m

DISCUSSIONS

11

There are a few discussions we can make about our experiment. Analysis form the
tabulated result that we get are: Divergence: - The flow rate are increased from 7.81 x 105

m3/s, 1.26 x 10-4 m3/s, and 1.56 x 10-4 m3/s. The times to collect 3 L water are decrease

from 38.41s, 23.82s, and 19.25s. The value of total head from h1 h6 for h = 50 are
0.156 m, 0.147 m, 0.140 m, 0.151 m, 0.155 m, and 0.191 m. For h = 100 are 0.168 m,
0.160 m, 0.155 m, 0.174 m, 0.196 m, and 0.240 m. For h = 150 are 0.18 m, 0.169 m,
0.171 m, 0.193 m, 0.226 m, and 0.275 m. We can see the shape of the plotted graph like
U as in the appendices. Overall the velocities are increases from h1 h5 and h6 is equal
with the h1 for every h 50 150. Overall dynamic head are increases from h1 h5 and h6
is equal with the h1 for every h 50 150.
Convergence: - The flow rate for convergence also increased from 6.27 x 10-5
m3/s, 9.79 x 10-5 m3/s, and 1.235 x 10-4 m3/s. Timed to collect 3 L water also decrease
from 47.84 s, 30.62 s, and 24.29 s. The value of total head from h1 h6 for h = 50 are
0.175 m, 0.174 m, 0.171 m, 0.167 m, 0.158 m, and 0.135 m. For h = 100 are 0.210 m,
0.201 m, 0.198 m, 0.195 m, 0.174 m, and 0.122 m. For h = 150 are 0.223m, 0.222 m,
0.224 m, 0.219 m, 0.196 m, and 0.118 m. We can see that the values of total head are
decreases for every h. We can see the shape of the plotted graft in the appendices.
Overall the velocities are increases from h1 h5 and h6 is equal with the h1 for every h
50 150. Overall dynamic head are increases from h1 h5 and h6 is equal with the h1 for
every h 50 150.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on experiment we have done, we can conclude that both convergence flow
and divergence flow obey the Bernoulli equation. It is because we can see by the shape of
the plotted graft. For the diverging flow graft the shape is like U, initially it decreases
until one point and then its increase.
For the converging flow graft all the state minimum, middle, and maximum flow
rate its will decrease as in the graph.
We can conclude that both of flow rate for diverging and converging are decrease.

12

The total head for diverging flow is increase initially and then at one point it will increase
weather the total head for converging flow are decrease. The static head for both
diverging flow and converging flow are decrease initially and then its will increases.
The area of the all manometers is difference except for h1 and h6 the area is same.
Its that why the velocity of all manometers is different because the velocity is depending
on the flow rate divide by the area.

RECOMMENDATIONS
There are a few recommendations to make sure that our result more accurate and
to void from mistake. Firstly make sure that there are no leakages on the connection
between the pipes. The leakage will cause the water bleed out from the pipes connection
so its will make our experiment have an errors. Secondly make sure that there are no
bubbles in the manometer to get the accurate reading. Thirdly when take the reading of
the volume of the water make sure that eyes parallel with the volume meter.

REFERENCES
1. Fluid Mechanics, 3rd edition, Longmans Singapore Publisher, (1995),
Douglas. J.F., Gasiorek. J.M. and Swaffield.
2. Giles, R.V., Evett, J.B. and Cheng Lui, Schaumms Outline Series Theory
and Problems of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic, McGraw-Hill intl., (1994).
3. Chemical Engineering Laboratory II, by Ms Dayang Aisyah Chi, (2005).

13

APPENDICES

divergence graft
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
h1

h2

h3

h4

h5

h6

convergence graft
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
h1

h2

h3

h4

h5

h6

14