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INTRODUCTION
The process of infiltration is by definition the entry of
water into the soil, through the soil-atmosphere interface. In
most cases, the amount of infiltration which occurs during any
given rainfall or snowmelt event represents the major component
loss of precipitation to surface runoff or, the potential amount
of water which may go to groundwater recharge. As indicated
diagrammatically in Figures 1 and 2, depending on the intensity
of rainfall or snowmelt rate, relative to the infiltration rate,
water may be entirely absorbed by the soil or may accumulate and
flow from the area as surface runoff. In Figure 1, the supply
intensity, i, is less than the maximum rate at which the soil in
its given condition can absorb water, (i = f) and hence the total
supply goes to replenishing the soil moisture reservoir and to
recharging the groundwater supply (neglecting evaporation and
interception losses). In Figure 2 in which i>f some water accumulates on the surface and appears as surface runoff.
Because of the importance of the infiltration process in the
hydrologic cycle, the phenomenon deserves special attention and
study. In these regards, it would be expected that a complete
understanding of the process and factors affecting it would assist
the hydrologist in quantitatively evaluating infiltration amounts
and hence increase his confidence and competence in water balance,
hydrologic design and other studies.
134
I n t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p r o c e s s water e n t e r s t h e s o i l s u r f a c e
due t o t h e combined i n f l u e n c e of g r a v i t y and c a p i l l a r y f o r c e s .
Both f o r c e s a c t i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n t o cause p e r c o l a t i o n
downward. C a p i l l a r y f o r c e s a l s o a c t t o d i v e r t water l a t e r a l l y
from l a r g e r pores ( f e e d e r c a n a l s ) t o c a p i l l a r y pore spaces which
a r e much s m a l l e r i n dimension, but may be v e r y numerous. A s t h e
process c o n t i n u e s , t h e c a p i l l a r y pore spaces become f i l l e d and
with p e r c o l a t i o n t o g r e a t e r depths t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l water normally
encounters i n c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e t o flow due t o reduced e x t e n t o r
dimension of flow channels, i n c r e a s e d length of channels, o r an
impermeable b a r r i e r such a s rock o r c l a y . A t t h e same time t h e r e
may be i n c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e t o inflow of water a t t h e s o i l s u r f a c e
due t o t h e s u r f a c e s e a l i n g e f f e c t as a r e s u l t o f t h e mechanical
a c t i o n o f r a i n d r o p s i n breaking down t h e s o i l aggregates and
subsequent inwash o f t h e f i n e r s o i l p a r t i c l e s . The r e s u l t i s a
r a p i d r e d u c t i o n o f i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e i n t h e f i r s t few hours of a
storm, a f t e r which t h e r a t e remains n e a r l y c o n s t a n t f o r t h e r e mainder o f t h e p e r i o d o f storm r a i n f a l l e x c e s s .
From t h i s q u a l i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p r o c e s s
it can be recognized t h a t t h e p r o c e s s involves both t r a n s m i s s i o n
and s t o r a g e of water by t h e s o i l and t h a t t h e r a t e of i n f i l t r a t i o n
may be governed by s e p a r a t e processes o f :
(a)
(b)
the t o t a l potential.
135
system, i n c l u d i n g t h e s o i l s u r f a c e , i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e
h y d r a u l i c o r c a p i l l a r y c o n d u c t i v i t y , k, and t h e t o t a l p o t e n t i a l
g r a d i e n t , VQ. Therefore, t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n process w i l l b e a f f e c t e d
by any f a c t o r which a f f e c t s e i t h e r o f t h e s e two q u a n t i t i e s . A l i s t
of t h e most p e r t i n e n t f a c t o r s is shown i n Table 1.
A s shown i n t h e t a b l e , t h e moisture content of a s o i l a f f e c t s
t h e magnitude of both k and V@. Hydrologists have long recognized
t h a t i n f i l t r a t i o n t o a given s o i l decreases with an i n c r e a s e i n
t h e s o i l moisture c o n t e n t . Even though e a r l i e r s t u d i e s such a s
t h o s e conducted by S c h i f f and D r e i b e l b i s (1949) and T i s d a l l (1951)
were undertaken i n s p e c i f i c attempt t o e s t a b l i s h t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p ,
it h a s only been i n r e c e n t y e a r s , through t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n
of t h e mechanics of t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p r o c e s s t h a t g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n s
of t h e equations o f flow have been proposed which may b e used t o
q u a n t i t a t i v e l y e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t of s o i l m o i s t u r e on i n f i l t r a t i o n .
Time V a r i a t i o n i n I n f i l t r a t i o n
Many equations have been developed o r suggested t o d e f i n e t h e
mass o r depth o f water i n f i l t r a t e d , Mf, a f t e r given time, t , i n t o
a uniform s o i l a t c o n s t a n t moisture content. Some o f t h e most
common of t h e s e expressions a r e t h e following:
Kostiakov (1932) and Lewis (1937)
Mf = a t n
... h o r i z o n t a l
1
Mf = c t ?
(4)
infiltration
(5)
P h i l i p (1954)
Mf =
st:
+ At
Table 1
F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g t n e I n f i l t r a t i o n Rate i n t o unfrozen S o i l
Density
Viscosity
Properties
Moisture Content
Hydraulic
Conductivity
Pore S i z e , Shape,
D i s t r i b u t i o n and
Continuity
Porous Medium
L
[ & r f a c e Conditions
Rate
-.
]
S o i l Surface
Gradient o f
Potential
JPressure
at
p e s s u r e Gradient
Wet Front
--I
Gravitational
Gradient
I
Depth t o
Tillage
Packing
1nwash-of P a r t i c l e s
H y d r o s t a t i c Head
Barometric P r e s s u r e
-[
E o i s t u r e Content
S u r f a c e Tension
Contact Angle
k r e s s u r e o f Confined A i r
137
en
where
a2 =
jBn
x(e)de
ki, and
8i
138
i s n e c e s s a r y t o d e s c r i b e t h e p r o c e s s and t h u s i s analogous t o
Equation 5.
A t t h i s p o i n t it i s worthy t o mention t h a t i n 1962 Hanks and
Bowers p r e s e n t e d a g e n e r a l i z e d numerical s o l u t i o n o f t h e s o i l
m o i s t u r e d i f f u s i o n e q u a t i o n which can be used t o compute i n f i l t r a t i o n i n t o l a y e r e d s o i l s and s o i l s i n which t h e moisture c o n t e n t
i s n o t uniform. Green (1963) i n d i c a t e d e x c e l l e n t agreement
between i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s p r e d i c t e d by t h i s s o l u t i o n and measured
field rates.
E f f e c t o f S o i l Moisture on Moisture P r o f i l e s
A s suggested, t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of P h i l i p ' s e q u a t i o n s i s t h a t
by t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s h e p r e s e n t e d , t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e e f f e c t of t h e
i n i t i a l moisture c o n t e n t o f t h e s o i l can be e v a l u a t e d . To
exemplify t h i s f a c t , t h e method was used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e moisture
d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s f o r a sandy loam s o i l i n i t i a l l y a t two
d i f f e r e n t moisture l e v e l s ; 0.03 cm3/cm3 and 0.23 cm3/cm3. The
r e s u l t s o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s a t two t i m e s , 60 minutes and 240
minutes, a r e shown p l o t t e d i n Figure 3 i n which t h e mass i n f i l t r a t i o n i n d i c a t e d on t h e f i g u r e were c a l c u l a t e d by t h e following
equations,
The c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s r e f l e c t t h e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t s
t h a t t h e c a p i l l a r y and t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e s have on t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n process. That i s , t h e f i r s t term ( t 1 / 2 ) i s used t o
d e s c r i b e h o r i z o n t a l flow and t h u s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a t t a c h e d t o t h i s
term e v a l u a t e s t h e e f f e c t of c a p i l l a r y f o r c e s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s assigned t o t h e o t h e r terms of t h e equation show t h e
e f f e c t o f g r a v i t y . Thus, it can be observed i n Equations 10 and
11 t h a t t h e n e t e f f e c t on t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p r o c e s s of i n c r e a s i n g
t h e i n i t i a l s o i l moisture content is t o decrease t h e e f f e c t of
c a p i l l a r y f o r c e s and i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t o f g r a v i t y . T h i s comes
about because o f t h e d e c r e a s e i n c a p i l l a r y g r a d i e n t and t h e i n c r e a s e i n c a p i l l a r y c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e s o i l with an i n c r e a s e i n
moisture content.
From F i g u r e 3 it is a l s o a p p a r e n t t h a t ,
(a)
I n c r e a s i n g t h e i n i t i a l s o i l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t increases
t h e v e l o c i t y a t which t h e w e t t i n g f r o n t moves b u t
decreases t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e , and
139
The i n i t i a l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of t h e s o i l a f f e c t s t h e
shape of t h e m o i s t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n p r o f i l e , e s p e c i a l l y
a t s h o r t times a f t e r w e t t i n g .
E f f e c t o f S o i l Moisture on t h e I n f i l t r a t i o n Rate
I n t h e example c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e e f f e c t s of
changes i n i n i t i a l s o i l m o i s t u r e on mass i n f i l t r a t i o n have been
demonstrated. However, t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s can only be completed
when t h e f u n c t i o n s : X(0), X(0), e t c . o f Equation 7 a r e e x p l i c i t l y
known. Evaluation o f t h e s e f u n c t i o n s i s u s u a l l y an arduous and
d i f f i c u l t t a s k , hence, a s a n , a l t e r n a t i v e method f o r determining
t h e e f f e c t o f t h e i n i t i a l s o i l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t on t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e , P h i l i p (195%) suggested t h a t f o r s h o r t times a f t e r
i n f i l t r a t i o n h a s s t a r t e d , t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e of s o i l , f ,
v a r i e s approximately a s t h e square r o o t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e between
t h e s u r f a c e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , 0, and t h e i n i t i a l s o i l m o i s t u r e
c o n t e n t , 0 i ( c a p i l l a r y f o r c e s ) . That i s ,
140
f i n a l c o n s t a n t r a t e of i n f i l t r a t i o n through
t h e c o n t r o l horizon, and
a , n = c o n s t a n t s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s o i l i n given
c o n d i t i o n (according t o P h i l i p n = 1/2)
I n Equation 13, t h e e f f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g t h e mass i n f i l t r a t i o n ,
M f , i s analogous t o i n c r e a s i n g t h e ( i n i t i a l ) s o i l moisture c o n t e n t
which w i l l cause a decrease i n t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e . A s pointed
o u t by Holtan, one important a s p e c t of Equation 13 a s a p p l i e d t o
hydrologic a n a l y s e s i s t h a t by subdividing t h e s t o r a g e p o t e n t i a l
i n t o t h e f r e e o r g r a v i t a t i o n a l water volume and t h e c a p i l l a r y
water volume t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n recovery between r a i n periods can
be computed. In t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n it i s u s u a l l y assumed t h a t t h e
f r e e water i s removed a t t h e r a t e o f g r a v i t y flow (perhaps f c )
and t h a t t h e a v a i l a b l e water c a p a c i t y i s d e p l e t e d a t a slower
r a t e o f e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n . Another f e a t u r e shown i n t h e equation
i s t h a t when t h e mass i n f i l t r a t i o n Mf, e q u a l s t h e moisture s t o r a g e ,
S, t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e is equal t o t h e transmission r a t e through
t h e c o n t r o l l a y e r . Hanks and Bowers (1962) s u b s t a n t i a t e d t h i s
r e s u l t . They concluded t h a t i n f i l t r a t i o n was governed by t h e t r a n s mission through t h e l e a s t permeable l a y e r , once t h e w e t t i n g f r o n t
extended i n t o t h a t l a y e r . Estimates of t h e s e r a t e s f o r s o i l s
having d i f f e r e n t s o i l p r o f i l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and ground cover
c o n d i t i o n s can be obtained from t a b u l a t e d v a l u e s such a s t h o s e
given by Ayers (1959).
E f f e c t of S o i l Moisture Gradient
I n t h e preceding d i s c u s s i o n s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n has been given
t o t h e e f f e c t of s o i l moisture, which i s uniform throughout t h e
p r o f i l e , on t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p r o c e s s . I n n a t u r e , of course, t h i s
c o n d i t i o n r a r e l y p r e v a i l s b u t most o f t e n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e
upper r e g i o n of t h e p r o f i l e , t h e s o i l moisture content i n c r e a s e s
with depth. The e f f e c t of t h i s " i n i t i a l " moisture g r a d i e n t cannot
be c a l c u l a t e d by t h e P h i l i p ' s method b u t may be accounted f o r by
t h e method proposed by Hanks and Bowers (1962). I n manner of
summary, it would be expected t h a t f o r a given s o i l t h e e f f e c t of
141
Many o f t h e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n process a r e
i n t e r d e p e n d e n t . Green found t h a t an " i n i t i a l l y - d r y " s i l t loam
was most s t a b l e and r e s i s t e d e r o s i o n whereas a s i l t y c l a y was
most s t a b l e i n an i n i t i a l l y - w e t c o n d i t i o n . S i m i l a r l y , t h e amount
o f s h r i n k a g e and s w e l l i n g o f a s o i l i s dependent, i n p a r t , on i t s
s o i l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t . The volumetric and s t r u c t u r a l changes
which accompany s h r i n k i n g and s w e l l i n g may produce a marked e f f e c t
on t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e s e changes a r e l a r g e
such a s t h o s e which may occur i n a heavy c l a y s o i l on d r y i n g .
When a c l a y i s i n a severely-cracked c o n d i t i o n , t h e l a r g e c r a c k s
s e r v e a s f e e d e r c a n a l s which permit d i r e c t e n t r y of water a t t h e
s u r f a c e and i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n downward and l a t e r a l l y under p o s i t i v e
p r e s s u r e . Under such c o n d i t i o n s , t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e w i l l b e
much h i g h e r t h a n i f t h e s o i l were n o t cracked. Likewise, t h e
d e n s i t y and s t a n d o f v e g e t a t i o n , which a l s o a f f e c t i n f i l t r a t i o n ,
a r e a l s o dependent on s o i l moisture.
To t h e w r i t e r ' s knowledge, t h e interdependence o f a l l f a c t o r s
a f f e c t i n g i n f i l t r a t i o n and t h e i r r e l a t i v e importance t o t h e
p r o c e s s h a s n o t been e s t a b l i s h e d . In t h e s e r e g a r d s , it should b e
recognized t h a t none o f t h e presently-developed t h e o r i e s e x p l a i n i n g
t h e mechanics o f i n f i l t r a t i o n account f o r changes i n s o i l
structure.
INFILTRATION POTENTIAL OF A WATERSHED
S e v e r a l techniques have been p r e s e n t e d which may b e used t o
e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t of t h e i n i t i a l s o i l moisture c o n t e n t on t h e
i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e . In o r d e r t o apply t h e s e methods c e r t a i n microhydrologic and p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a s o i l must b e known
such a s , (a) t h e c a p i l l a r y c o n d u c t i v i t y - m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t curve,
142
(b) t h e m o i s t u r e - t e n s i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p o r ( c ) an e x p e r i m e n t a l
r e l a t i o n between t h e s o i l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t and t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n
r a t e ( a s Equation 1 3 ) . I t f o l l o w s t h a t i f t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s f o r
a l l s o i l s i n a watershed have been measured t h e n t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n
p o t e n t i a l o f t h e watershed a t any t i m e c o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d from
s o i l m o i s t u r e measurements. Needless-to-say, t h e work i n v o l v e d
i n t h i s computation may b e reduced a p p r e c i a b l y i f s o i l s could be
grouped a s t o t h e i r i n f i l t r a t i o n p o t e n t i a l based on t h e i r s o i l m o i s t u r e r e t e n t i o n and t r a n s m i s s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . However,
a l t h o u g h it h a s been found t h a t s o i l s a r e amenable t o g r o u p i n g i n
accordance w i t h t h e i r water i n t a k e c a p a c i t i e s i n t h e wet c o n d i t i o n
it h a s n o t y e t been e s t a b l i s h e d whether a system can b e d e r i v e d
t o group s o i l s a s t o t h e i r i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s t o i n c l u d e t h e
e n t i r e range o f moisture c a p a c i t i e s .
While t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f a
watershed based on t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i n d i v i d u a l
s o i l s o f t h e b a s i n may be f e a s i b l e f o r s m a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l c a t c h ments on which t h e n e c e s s a r y measurements a r e t a k e n and l a b o r a t o r y
and a n a l y t i c f a c i l i t i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , t h i s approach would b e
impractical i n a p p l i c a t i o n t o large watersheds p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r
t h e p r a c t i c i n g h y d r o l o g i s t . Thus, r e s o r t i s f r e q u e n t l y made t o
t h e u s e o f a n t e c e d e n t p r e c i p i t a t i o n o r groundwater i n d i c e s t o
r e f l e c t t h e degree-of-wetness o r t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f a
b a s i n . The common assumption made i n u s i n g t h e s e i n d i c e s i s t h a t
t h e degree-of-wetness p r i o r t o t h e storm i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o
t h e s o i l m o i s t u r e which i s t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r of r u n o f f .
P r o b a b l y , t h e most common form of a n t e c e d e n t p r e c i p i t a t i o n
i n d e x (API) i n c u r r e n t u s e i s
API =
btPt
t=1
i n which bt and Pt a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y a c o n s t a n t and t h e amount o f
p r e c i p i t a t i o n which o c c u r r e d a t s e l e c t e d t i m e s p r e c e d i n g t h e
U s u a l l y , t h e c o n s t a n t bt i s assumed t o b e
s t o r m e v e n t (days)
some f u n c t i o n of t i m e , t , a s b t = l / t o r b t = k t . According t o
t h e l a t t e r e x p r e s s i o n , t h e e f f e c t o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f t h e wetness
o f t h e b a s i n d e c r e a s e s e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h t i m e . Values f o r t h e
0.98,
c o n s t a n t k a r e u s u a l l y assumed t o b e i n t h e r a n g e 0.80
however, t h e c h o i c e o f t h e c o n s t a n t i s n o t c r i t i c a l inasmuch a s
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n i s used a s an i n d e x o f m o i s t u r e d e f i c i e n c y . The
f i n a l computation o f t h e API f o r a g i v e n storm i s o b t a i n e d by
c a l c u l a t i n g t h e cumulative e f f e c t o f a l l p r e c i p i t a t i o n amounts
i n t h e s e r i e s . For example,
..... Pn
.. .. . knPn
(15)
a r e t h e amounts o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n a t t h e
143
Any-
144
145
2.
3.
An i n c r e a s e i n i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e with time - a c o n d i t i o n
which may e x i s t when t h e s o i l is f r o z e n a t a h i g h
m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t (70-80 p e r c e n t f i e l d c a p a c i t y ) . For
t h i s c a s e , some o f t h e meltwater i s a b l e t o p e n e t r a t e
t h e s o i l and t h u s t r a n s f e r h e a t which i s used t o melt
t h e i c e - f i l l e d p o r e s . P r o g r e s s i v e l y , a s t h e s o i l warms
and more p o r e s m e l t , t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e i n c r e a s e s .
Zavodchikov (1962) c i t e s examples i n which t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f a s o i l i n c r e a s e d 6 - 8 times i t s i n i t i a l
r a t e during t h e m e l t i n g p e r i o d .
REFERENCES
Ayers, H.D.
1959. I n f l u e n c e o f s o i l m o i s t u r e p r o f i l e and
v e g e t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on n e t supply t o r u n o f f . Proc.
of Symposium No. 1 Spillway Design Floods. Queen's P r i n t e r
and C o n t r o l l e r o f S t a t i o n a r y . Ottawa. pp. 198-205.
Bodman, G.B.,
and E . A . Colman. 1943. Moisture and energy condit i o n s during downward e n t r y o f water i n t o s o i l s . S o i l S c i .
Soc. Amer. Proc. 8: 116-122.
Duley, F.L., and L . L . Kelly. 1941. S u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n s o f s o i l
and time o f a p p l i c a t i o n a s r e l a t e d t o i n t a k e o f water. USDA
C i r c u l a r 608.
Gardner, W., and J . A . Widtsoe. 1921. The movement o f s o i l
moisture. S o i l S c i . 11: 215-232.
G i l l i e s , J. 1968. I n f i l t r a t i o n t o f r o z e n p r a i r i e s o i l s . Unp u b l i s h e d M. Sc. Thesis. U n i v e r s i t y o f Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon.
,
Green, R.E.
1963. I n f i l t r a t i o n o f water i n t o s o i l s a s i n f l u e n c e d
by antecedent m o i s t u r e . D i s s e r t a t i o n Abs. 23: 2270-2271.
Hanks, R.J., and S.A. Bowers. 1962. Numerical s o l u t i o n of t h e
m o i s t u r e flow e q u a t i o n f o r i n f i l t r a t i o n i n t o l a y e r e d s o i l s .
S o i l S c i . Soc. Amer. Proc. 26: 530-534.
1961. A concept f o r i n f i l t r a t i o n e s t i m a t e s i n
Holtan, H.N.
watershed e n g i n e e r i n g . USDA
ARS 41
51, Washington, D.C.
146
Horton, R.E.
1940. An approach toward a p h y s i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
of i n f i l t r a t i o n c a p a c i t y . S o i l S c i . Soc. Amer. Proc.
5: 399-417.
Kirkham, D., and C . L . Feng. 1949. Some t e s t s of t h e d i f f u s i o n
t h e o r y , and laws of c a p i l l a r y flow, i n s o i l s . S o i l S c i .
67: 29-40.
1932. On t h e dynamics o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f
Kostiakov, A.N.
w a t e r p e r c o l a t i o n i n s o i l s and t h e n e c e s s i t y of s t u d y i n g i t
from dynamic p o i n t o f view f o r p u r p o s e s o f a m e l i o r a t i o n .
Trans. 6 t h Comm. I n t . Soc. S o i l S c i . Russian P t . A15-21.
Kuznik, I.A., and A.I. Bezmenov. 1964. I n f i l t r a t i o n o f m e l t w a t e r i n t o f r o z e n s o i l s . S o v i e t S o i l S c i . No. 7, pp. 665-671.
( T r a n s . S c r i p t a Technica, I n c . )
L a r k i n , P.A.
1962. P e r m e a b i l i t y o f f r o z e n s o i l s a s a f u n c t i o n
o f t h e i r m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t and f a l l t i l l a g e . S o v i e t Hydrology:
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(Amer. Geophys. Un.
Publishers).
1937. The r a t e o f i n f i l t r a t i o n o f w a t e r i n i r r i g a t i o n
Lewis, M.R.
p r a c t i c e . T r a n s . h e r . Geophys. Union. 2: 361-368.
Moore, R.E.
1949. Water c o n d u c t i o n from s h a l l o w water t a b l e .
H i l g a r d i a 12: 383-401.
Norum, D . I . , and Don M. Gray. 1964. Unlined mole l i n e s f o r
i r r i g a t i o n . Unpublished p a p e r p r e s e n t e d t o Amer. Soc. A g r i c .
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Philip, J.R.
1954. An i n f i l t r a t i o n e q u a t i o n w i t h p h y s i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . S o i l S c i . 77: 153-157.
P h i l i p , J.R.
1957a. Numerical s o l u t i o n o f e q u a t i o n s of t h e
d i f f u s i o n type with d i f f u s i v i t y concentration-dependent.
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1957b. The t h e o r y o f i n f i l t r a t i o n : 5. I n f l u e n c e
Philip, J.R.
o f i n i t i a l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t . S o i l S c i . 84: 329-339.
P o s t , F.A., and F.R. D r e i b e l b i s . 1942. Some i n f l u e n c e s o f f r o s t
p e n e t r a t i o n and m i c r o c l i m a t e on t h e w a t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s of
woodland, p a s t u r e and c u l t i v a t e d s o i l s . Proc. S o i l S c i .
Soc. h e r . 7: 95-104.
S c h i f f , L . , and F.R. D r e i b e l b i s . 1949. P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s on
s o i l p e r m e a b i l i t y and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n . T r a n s . Amer. Geophys.
Un. 30: 759-766.
147
148
Supply
Intensity, i
1111111111
Percolation to
Groundwater
Infiltration
Rate, i
Potential Soil
Moisture Storage
Lw
Groundwater
Discharge
1 1 l 1 1 1 1=1 ?1 1---
1-1
lnf iltration
Rate, f
---
---
I Percolation
Supply Intensity ,i
Surface Runoff
to
Groundwater
,
Potential Soil
Moisture S torage
L
;:pger
149
0.10
0.30
0.40
= 60min., M f =3.0
8 0 1
Saturation and
Transition Zone
t
Transmission Zone
0,
wetting zone
f
Wet Front
150
Q)
K
C
.0
-
Q,
C
iz
Time
'800 1
0+
1
20
40
60
80
100
Initial Soil Surface Moisture Con tent
0 - 2 inch Depth ( % by wt.)
D r . NORUM r e p l i e d t h a t t h e u n i t s o f t and t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s
must be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e u n i t s used f o r t h e c a p i l l a r y conducti v i t y and d i f f u s i v i t y . I n t h i s c a s e it i s c e n t i m e t e r s and minutes.
I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e s e r i e s w i l l d i v e r g e a f t e r t has approached some
v a l u e . Equating t h e second d e r i v a t i v e of t h e mass i n f i l t r a t i o n
equation, f o r example Equation 10, t o zero and s o l v i n g f o r t w i l l
g i v e t h e time when it would appear t h a t t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e
s t a r t e d t o increase. A s t h i s is not physically true, as f a r as
t h e t h e o r y i s concerned, we would know t h a t t h e equation could
n o t be v a l i d beyond t h i s time. However, i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t even
b e f o r e t h i s time t h e e q u a t i o n d e v i a t e s from t h e t r u e i n f i l t r a t i o n .
In t h e p r e s e n t case t h e time a t which t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e
appears t o s t a r t i n c r e a s i n g i s approximately 8 h o u r s .
D r . DAVAR commented on t h e a p p a r e n t i s o t r o p i c n a t u r e o f k,
i n t h e Richards s o i l m o i s t u r e d i f f u s i o n equation (Equation 1 ) .
He thought t h a t under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s 'k' would probably be noni s o t r o p i c and t h u s t a k e on t e n s o r p r o p e r t i e s r a t h e r than s c a l a r ,
a s t h e equation i n d i c a t e s .
Under t h e l a t t e r c o n d i t i o n s , h e asked, A) Would t h e equation
s t i l l b e v a l i d ? and B) What m o d i f i c a t i o n s would b e n e c e s s a r y i n
t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h i s equation?
D r . NORUM i n r e p l y s a i d t h a t when k t a k e s on t e n s o r p r o p e r t i e s
Equation 1 i s s t i l l v a l i d a s i t s t a n d s . I t i s s t i l l mathematically
c o r r e c t , a s a t e n s o r times a v e c t o r i s s t i l l a v e c t o r . However,
he d i d n o t know o f any work i n u n s a t u r a t e d flow where k h a s been
considered a s anything b u t a s c a l a r .
D r . FREEZE added t h a t Liakopoulos and o t h e r s have published
works showing t h a t k i s a symmetric t e n s o r f o r s a t u r a t e d flow.
D r . BACHMAT s a i d t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f an a n i s o t r o p i c s o i l and
homogeneous l i q u i d phase and assuming t h a t t h e Darcy law i s s t i l l
151
152
ae at
d i v (k grad a)
o r , i n a c a r t e s i a n co-ordinate system:
In many r e s p e c t s , he b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of a
watershed a s t o i t s runoff-producing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s must be
c o n s i s t e n t with t h e o b j e c t i v e o f our i n v e s t i g a t i o n . That i s , f o r
example, i n engineering design i n determining flood peaks on l a r g e
153
xde i t should b e
Ae
en
ei.
8i
D r . NORUM e x p l a i n e d t h a t i n Equation 7, x is a f u n c t i o n o f
t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t 0 . That i s t o s a y f o r a given 0 we can
c a l c u l a t e t h e depth x a t which t h i s moisture c o n t e n t o c c u r s . We
a r e not assuming t h a t t h e s o i l i s s a t u r a t e d above some p o i n t x.
Consequently, we w r i t e t h e i n t e g r a l a s p r e s e n t e d i n Equation 8
because we have x a s a f u n c t i o n of 0 from Equation 7.