IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO.

2, APRIL 2005

1669

Behavior of Overhead Transmission Line Parameters

on the Presence of Ground Wires
Srgio Kurokawa, Member, IEEE, Jos Pissolato Filho, Member, IEEE, Maria Cristina Tavares, Member, IEEE,
Carlos M. Portela, Life Senior Member, IEEE, and Afonso J. Prado, Member, IEEE

AbstractInitially this paper shows the ground wire reduction

process for generic multiphase transmission lines and after, the
ground wire reduction process for a specific 440-kV three-phase
overhead transmission line. Following this, the influence of the
ground wire reduction process considering two situations is shown:
first, considering frequency independence and second, when these
parameters are considered as frequency dependent. This paper
presents analytical results for generic multiphase transmission
lines. For a specific 440-kV three-phase overhead transmission
line, analytical and graphic results are shown considering real
data for every frequency between 10 Hz and 1 MHz.
Index TermsAdmittance matrix, electromagnetic (EM) field,
frequency-domain analysis, impedance matrix, multiconductor
transmission lines, transmission-line matrix methods, transmission-line theory.

I. INTRODUCTION

HE transmission-line ground wire system can be represented explicitly or implicitly. In the explicit representation, the ground wires are considered as being additional conductors. This way, the longitudinal impedance matrix of a line
ground wire conductors is a
with phases and
matrix.
The implicit representation allows the effects of the ground
wires to be inserted in the phase conductors and after that, it is
possible to exclude the ground wires of the longitudinal per-unit
impedance matrix. This way, a transmission line with phases
and ground wires will have a
matrix as being the longitudinal per-unit impedance matrix if the implicit representation
of the ground wires is used.
In order to consider the implicit representation of ground
wires, we can assume a zero transversal voltage of ground wires
along the line. Such an assumption is representative of reality
if ground wires are connected to earth in all structures, if each
structure has a good grounding system, and if the distance between consecutive grounding systems is reasonably shorter than
a quarter wavelength for the frequency under analysis. For a typical power transmission line, with a span of the order of 300 m,
Manuscript received September 22, 2003; revised February 2, 2004. This
work was supported in part by the Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado
de So Paulo. Paper no. TPWRD-00488-2003.
S. Kurokawa and A. J. Prado are with Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha
Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Soltiera 15385-000, Brazil
(e-mail: kurokawa@dee.feis.unesp.br; afonsojp@dee.feis.unesp.br).
J. Pissolato Filho and M. C. Tavares are with Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, Campinas 13081970, Brazil (e-mail: pisso@dsce.fee.unicamp.br;
cristina@dsce.fee.unicamp.br).
C. M. Portela is with Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
21941972, Brazil (e-mail: portelac@ism.com.br).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.833916

the span length is around a quarter wavelength for 250 kHz.

So the assumption of zero transversal voltage along the ground
wires may not be valid for frequencies above 0.2 MHz.
If the grounding conditions of the ground wires are well
defined, an implicit representation can be developed without
assuming zero transversal voltage on the ground wires [1].
However, in such conditions, the correct evaluation of line
parameters depends on a more detailed line representation of
line spans and grounding systems that are not dealt with in this
paper. Although the assumption of zero transversal voltage of
ground wires is not applicable for frequencies above 0.2 MHz,
some specific calculations using methodologies presented in [1]
have shown that for high frequencies, the results obtained for
equivalent three-phase parameters may be reasonably accurate
in part due to the spread of span length that avoids the effect of
simultaneous resonance conditions in all spans.
This considers that in implicit form, the ground wires are assumed to have transversal voltage. However, the accuracy of
results obtained with the indicated simplifying assumption depends on specific line characteristics.
The basic advantage of implicit representation of the ground
wires is to decrease the dimension of the impedance matrix.
This reduction may be quite important and can be useful
when the transmission line is decoupled in its quasi-modes
by using Clarkes matrix as the single modal transformation
3 matrix and can be used
matrix. Clarkes matrix is a 3
with reasonable approximation to decompose a three-phase
transmission line with a vertical symmetry plane in its exact
modes [2], [3].
It must be clarified that just the existence of a vertical symmetry plane allows separation of the exact modes, including
ground wires, in explicit or implicit form, into two groups: one
media and the other antimedia. One of the groups corresponds to Clarkes components, the other corresponds to
and zero Clarkes components that are quasimodes. In explicit
representation of ground wires, there is no coupling between the
two groups, one with two modes, the other with three modes. In
implicit representation of ground wires, one group corresponds
to Clarkes component (exact mode), the other to and zero
Clarkes components (quasi-modes).
This paper shows a comparative study about implicit and explicit representation of ground wires for frequencies between
10 Hz and 1 MHz. First, the article shows analytic results for
generic multiphase transmission lines. Then, these analytic results are applied to a 440-kV three phase transmission line with
500-km length. After that, using the original data of the 440-kV
three-phase transmission line, the paper shows the graphics re-

0885-8977/$20.00 2005 IEEE

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sults. The results presented in this paper were obtained with the
assumption of zero transversal voltage of ground wires along
the line.
II. FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF THE
TRANSMISSION-LINE PARAMETERS
It has long been recognized that one of the most important aspects in the modeling of transmission lines for electromagnetic
(EM) transient studies is to account for the frequency dependence of the parameters. Models which assume constant parameters cannot adequately simulate the response of the line over the
wide range of frequencies that are present in the signals during
transient conditions. In most cases, the constant parameter representation produces a magnification of the higher harmonics
of the signals and, as a consequence, a general distortion of the
waveshapes and exaggerated magnitude peaks [4].
The parameters of transmission lines with ground return are
highly dependent on the frequency. Formulas to calculate the
influence of the ground return were developed by Carson and
Pollaczek and these formulas can also be used for power lines.
Both seem to give identical results for overhead lines, but Pollaczeks formula is more general inasmuch as it can also be used
for underground conductors or pipes [5].
The inner impedance results from the EM field within the
conductor. It only belongs to the self impedance and consists
of frequency-dependent resistance and inductance, which can
be calculated with good accuracy with formulas based on
Bessel functions of conductor geometric parameters, material
electric conductivity and frequency, or with simplified formulas
depending on frequency range. Due to the skin effect, the
resistance increases whereas the inductance decreases.
III. REDUCTION OF GROUND WIRES IN GENERIC
TRANSMISSION LINES
It is well known that for sinusoidal alternating electrical
magnitudes with complex representation of sinusoidal alternating electrical magnitudes, and with several approximations
and validity restrictions, the basic equations of a transmission
line are [1]
(1)
The basic equations of a transmission line are valid if some
geometric and EM field behavior simplifying assumptions can
be considered. The geometric simplifying assumptions consist
of considering that the soil surface can be assumed plane, line
cables are assumed horizontal and parallel among themselves,
the distance between any pair of conductors is assumed much
higher than the sum of their radii and the EM effects of structures
and insulators are neglected. It is also assumed that the EM field
has a quasi-stationary behavior in direction orthogonal to line
axis [1].
and
are per-unit length longitudinal impedance
In (1),
and the shunt admittance matrices, respectively. The elements of
and
are frequency dependent. The vectors
the matrices
and
are, respectively, transversal voltages of the line cables and longitudinal currents in the line cables.

is made up of self and mutual impedances. The

Matrix
self impedance falls into three parts and the mutual impedance
into two parts. These are listed in the following.
The internal longitudinal impedance (per-unit length) is
associated with the EM field within the conductor. Within
the assumption indicated above, such an EM field does
not affect mutual terms, but only diagonal (self) terms
of longitudinal impedance matrix. In general, the internal
impedance can be interpreted as a resistance and an inductance, both frequency dependent.
The external longitudinal impedance is associated with
the EM field outside the conductors. Assuming a lossless (infinite electric conductivity) ground and the other
assumptions indicated above, the external longitudinal
impedance (per-unit length) may be interpreted as corresponding to an inductance matrix (per-unit length),
frequency independent.
For a lossy ground (finite electric conductivity), within
the other assumptions indicated above, it is possible
to consider the effect in longitudinal per-unit length
impedance matrix of the EM field in soil by means of an
additional parcel of the external longitudinal impedance
with nonzero diagonal (self) and mutual elements that are
frequency dependent (that can be treated as frequency-dependent resistance and inductance matrices).
. The main
A similar analysis also applies to matrix
difference concerning simplifying assumptions is that for
effects, it is reasonably accurate in typical conditions to
assume ideal conductors and ground (infinite electric conductivity). Assuming the validity of assuming zero transversal
voltage of grounding conductors, the validity restrictions for
are similar to those applicable to
.
Considering (1) represents a multiphase transmission line
ground wires, it is possible to write the
with phases and
and
matrices as being
(2)
(3)
In (2) and (3), the submatrix indices and refer to the phase
and ground conductors set, respectively.
If zero voltage can be assumed all along the ground wires,
and
these cables can be reduced. The reduction of the
matrices results in
(4)
(5)
and
matrices are longitudinal
In (4) and (5),
impedance matrix and shunt admittance matrix, respectively,
considering the ground wires are reduced. A more detailed
and
matrices to obtain
analysis of the reduction of
and
matrices is presented in Appendix A.
The reduction process used in (4) and (5) assumes that the
transversal voltage of ground wires is zero along the line. The

KUROKAWA et al.: BEHAVIOR OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS ON THE PRESENCE OF GROUND WIRES

1671

validity constraints and errors of this assumption have been discussed above as potential ways to avoid such a restriction as
well.
IV. REDUCTION OF CONTINUOUS GROUND WIRES IN A
THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE
Fig. 1 shows a 440-kV three-phase transmission line with a
vertical symmetry plane.
Each one of the phases 1, 2, and 3 is constituted by four Grosbeak subconductors. The conductors 4 and 5 are ground wires
conductors. The soil resistivity
and they are
is 1000 m and it is assumed that the phase conductors are
untransposed.
The longitudinal impedance per-unit length matrix of the line
shown in Fig. 1 is
Fig. 1. A 440-kV three-phase transmission line.

(6)

Because the transmission line shown in Fig. 1 has a vertical

symmetry plane, the
matrix can be written as being

(7)

Comparing (2) and (7), it is possible to observe that the

,
, and
matrices are written as being

Fig. 2.

Three phase with ground wires implicitly represented.

(16)

(8)

(17)
(18)
(19)

(9)

Observing (13)(19), it is possible to observe that a generic

and a generic mutual element
of the
self element
matrix can be written as being

(10)
(11)
If zero voltage is assumed along the ground wires, and substituting (8)(11) in (4), it is possible to obtain the longitudinal
that represents the line when the ground
impedance matrix
matrix is written as
wires are implicitly represented. The
(12)
where the elements of (12) are

(20)
(21)
After the reduction of the ground wires, the line shown in
Fig. 1 is now represented as being shown in Fig. 2.
It is possible to observe that explicit representation of the
ground wires of the line shown in Fig. 1 requires a 5 5 matrix to represent the longitudinal impedance matrix while implicit representation of the ground wires requires a 3 3 matrix.
Therefore, the implicit representation of ground wires is useful
if the line shown in Fig. 1 needs to be separated into its quasimodes by using Clarkes matrix.
A more detailed analysis of the modal representation of
the three-phase transmission lines using Clarkes matrix is
presented in Appendix B.

(13)
(14)

V. INFLUENCE OF THE GROUND WIRES IN A THREE-PHASE

TRANSMISSION LINE WITH CONSTANT PARAMETERS

(15)

Consider, in a hypothetical situation, in the transmission line

shown in Fig. 1, the following occur.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

Ground has infinite conductivity.

The longitudinal internal impedance, per-unit length, of
cables (phases and ground wires) is equivalent to resistance and inductance, both frequency independent. Although this assumption does not correspond to real physical cables, it is physically consistent for the purposes of
calculations used in the paper. Namely, this behavior can
be ideally approached assuming thin cylindrical conductors of high (but finite) electrical conductivity with an external radius equal to the radius of the real corresponding
line conductors, and making the conductivity increase
and the conductor depth decrease ( 0), but
constant.
maintaining the product
The hypotheses previously mentioned do not apply to a real
transmission line, but can be used with several restrictions to
show the influence of the ground wires implicitly represented.
matrix of this hypothetical line is shown in (6). ConThe
sidering the hypotheses mentioned above, a generic self element
and a generic mutual element
of the
matrix are expressed as being

Fig. 3. Self resistances R

and R .

(22)
(23)
In (22) and (23), is the angular frequency and
and
are, respectively, the self resistance and the self inductance of
is the mutual inductance between
the phase . The term
phases and . The terms
,
, and
were calculated for
a specific frequency equal to 60 Hz, considering the magnetic
field in the conductors (skin effect) and, also, the magnetic field
in air. These terms are frequency independent.
Considering (22) and (23) and using (13)(19), it is possible
matrix. As an
to obtain the equations of the elements of the
and
are shown
example, equations for
(24)
(25)
where
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
matrix can be obtained with a similar
Other elements of the
procedure.
and
are, respectively, the self reIn (26)(29),
sistance and self inductance of phase when ground wires are
and
are, reimplicitly represented. The elements
spectively, the mutual resistance and mutual inductance between
phases and . It can be observed in (26)(29) that parameters
are frequency dependent. The mutual resistances are real comas is defined in
ponents that are principal off-diagonal in
[5].

Fig. 4.

Self inductances L

and L .

Observing (26)(29), it is possible to conclude that implicit

representation of the ground wires transforms the frequency
independent parameters into frequency-dependent parameters.
The implicit representation of the ground wires also produces
frequency-dependent mutual resistances.
, of the primitive matrix
Fig. 3 shows the self resistance
of the reduced matrix
.
[Z], and
Fig. 3 shows that after the reduction of the ground wires, the
self resistance of phase 1 is not altered in low frequencies but it
has become frequency dependent for an intermediate frequency
range. In the high frequencies, the self resistance takes on a constant value and this value is larger than the value of the self resistance before reduction of the ground wires.
of the reduced matrix
Fig. 4 shows the self inductance
and
of the reduced matrix
. This figure shows that after
reduction of the ground wires, the self inductance of phase 1 is
not altered at low frequencies but it has become frequency dependent for an intermediary frequency range. At high frequencies, the self inductance takes on a constant value and this value
is lower than the value of the self inductance before reduction
of the ground wires.

KUROKAWA et al.: BEHAVIOR OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS ON THE PRESENCE OF GROUND WIRES

Fig. 5. Mutual resistances R

and R .

Fig. 7. Self resistances R

1673

and R .

VI. INFLUENCE OF THE GROUND WIRES IN

THREE-PHASE TRANSMISSION LINES WITH
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT PARAMETERS
Let us consider now that the overhead transmission line
shown in Fig. 1 is over nonideal ground with finite conductivity
and that the cables are not perfect conductors and do not behave
in the ideal limit conditions assumed above (resistance and
inductance, per-unit length, frequency independent). In this
real situation, the self and mutual parameters are frequency
dependent and are calculated considering the ground return and
matrix are
skin effect [5], [6]. Therefore, the elements of
written as being
(30)
(31)

Fig. 6. Mutual inductances L

and L .

Fig. 5 shows the mutual resistance

of the primitive matrix
and
of the reduced matrix
.
Fig. 5 shows that if it is considered that the transmission line
has a conductor whose internal impedance, per-unit length, is
equivalent to a resistance and an inductance, both frequency independent, and is over a ground with infinite conductivity, the
mutual resistances are nil when the ground wires are explicitly represented. When the ground wires are implicitly reprematrix has mutual resistances that are frequency
sented, the
dependent.
of the primitive maFig. 6 shows the mutual inductance
and
of the reduced matrix
.
trix
Fig. 6 shows that after the reduction of the ground wires, the
mutual inductances of the reduced longitudinal impedance are
written as being frequency dependent.

and
are, respectively, the self
In (30) and (31),
and
resistance and self inductance of the phase and
are, respectively, the mutual resistance and mutual inductance between the phases and .
After that, using the procedure that was shown in Section III,
it is possible to obtain the implicit representation of ground
wires. Because elements of
matrix are calculated by using
complex formulas [5], [6], a computational routine was used to
matrix and the algebraic equations of the elements
calculate
of the
and
matrices will not be shown. Only the graphic
results will be shown.
of the primitive matrix
Fig. 7 shows the self resistance
and
of the reduced matrix
.
Fig. 8 shows the self inductance
of the primitive matrix
and
of the reduced matrix
and Fig. 9 shows the
of the primitive matrix
and
of
mutual resistance
.
the reduced matrix
Fig. 10 shows the mutual inductance
of the primitive maand
of the reduced matrix
.
trix
Figs. 710 show that the longitudinal parameters of the line
are modified if ground wires are represented implicitly. In this

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

case, the inductances of the reduced matrix are lower than inductances of the primitive matrix. The resistances have a distinct behavior according to the frequency. In an initial frequency
range, the implicit representation of the ground wires increases
the value of the resistances and in a last frequency range, the
value of the resistances are reduced due to implicit representation of the ground wires.
VII. CONCLUSION

Fig. 8. Self inductances L

and L .

Fig. 9. Mutual resistances R

and R .

This paper has shown that the presence of continuous ground

wires alters the longitudinal parameters of overhead transmission lines. The analysis has been completed using the reduction
of the ground wires.
The influence of the ground wires has been initially presented for a generic multiphase transmission line assuming zero
voltage all along the ground wires. The longitudinal per-unit
impedance matrix obtained after the reduction of the ground
wires considers an implicit representation of the ground wires
and is denominated reduced impedance matrix. The mathematical results have shown that the implicit representation of the
ground wires alter the longitudinal per-unit impedance matrix
where initially the ground wires were explicitly represented.
The calculation of the reduced matrix of a hypothetical transmission line, where the ground has an infinite conductivity and
the phase and ground wire conductors are ideal conductors, has
shown that the implicit representation of the ground wires transforms frequency independent parameters into frequency-dependent parameters. In this case, there is also the appearance of the
mutual resistances that were not present when the explicit representation of the ground wires was considered.
In a more general situation where the longitudinal per-unit parameters are considered frequency dependent, the implicit representation of the ground wires alters these parameters. The inductances are reduced when the implicit representation of the
ground wires is considered. In a first frequency range, the resistances are increased and, in a final frequency range, the resistances are decreased.
APPENDIX A
Consider the equations of a transmission line, within the assumptions indicated in I and III, with the form (1)
(A.1)
(A.2)
In (A.1) and (A.2), the vectors [V] and [I] are written as being
(A3)
(A.4)

Fig. 10.

Mutual inductances L

and L .

In (A.3), the vector

contains the transversal voltages
of the phase conductors, and the vector
contains the
transversal voltages of the ground wire cable conductors. Simand
contain, respectively,
ilarly, in (A.4), the vectors

KUROKAWA et al.: BEHAVIOR OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS ON THE PRESENCE OF GROUND WIRES

1675

the longitudinal currents in the phase conductors and in the

ground wire cables.
Substituting (A.3) and (A.4) in (A.1), it is possible to write
(A.5)
The development of (A.5) results in
(A6)
(A.7)

Fig. 11.

Schematic representation of a single three-phase line.

Substituting (B.1) and (B.3) in (B.2), it is possible to write

as being [3]

With the assumptions indicated in I and III (with the consequent error, discussed above), with the ground wire cables conis assumed nil. Therefore,
nected to earth in all structures,
from (A.7), it is possible to obtain
(A.8)

(B.4)

where

Substituting (A.8) in (A.6)

(B.5)
(A.9)

(B.6)

From (A.9), it is possible to write

(B.7)
(A.10)
(B.8)

where
(A.11)
is the longitudinal impedance matrix when the
In (A.11),
ground wire cables are implicitly represented.
Using a similar procedure, in the indicated assumptions, it is
possible to write the shunt admittance matrix, when the ground
as being
wire cables are implicitly represented
(A.12)
APPENDIX B
Assume a nontransposed three-phase transmission line with a
vertical symmetry plane with the ground wires already reduced,
as shown in Fig. 11.
The per-unit length longitudinal impedance matrix
of the
line shown in Fig. 11 is

Note in (B.4) that Clarks matrix separates two groups of

compomodes: the and other two modes represented by
, the
nents. From longitudinal impedance in mode domain
following can be seen.
is an exact mode because there is no coupling between
it and the others.
The same is not true for and zero components because
.
there is a coupling term
For nontransposed lines, the self-impedance terms are almost
the same. The mutual impedance terms, although different, are
also similar, and the difference is small in the frequency range
can
of transient analysis. Therefore, the coupling term
be discarded and the components and zero can be treated as
quasi-modes for nontransposed lines with the restriction of a
vertical symmetry plane [3].
REFERENCES

(B.1)
If it is proposed to work with modal components, or good approximation, the per-unit length longitudinal impedance matrix
is written as being [3]
in modal domain
(B.2)
In (B.2),

is Clarks matrix and it is written as being [3]

(B.3)

[1] C. M. Portela and M. C. Tavares, Modeling, simulation and optimization of transmission lines. Applicability and limitations of some used
procedures, in Proc. IEEE T&D Latin America, So Paulo, Brazil,
2003.
[2] M. C. Tavares, J. Pissolato, and C. M. Portela, Quasimodes multiphase
transmission line model, Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 49, pp. 159167,
1999.
, Mode domain multiphase transmission line modeluse in tran[3]
sient studies, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 15331544,
Oct. 1999.
[4] J. R. Marti, Accurate modeling of frequency-dependent transmission
lines in electromagnetic transient simulations, IEEE Trans. Power App.
Syst., vol. PAS-101, no. 1, pp. 147155, Jan. 1982.
[5] H. W. Dommel, EMTP Theory Book Portland, OR, 1986.
[6] L. Marti, Low-order approximation of transmission line parameters for
frequency-dependent models, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS
102, no. 11, pp. 35823589, Nov. 1983.

1676

Srgio Kurokawa (S01M04) was born in Umuarama, Paran, Brazil, in

1966. He received the D.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Universidade
Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, in 2003.
Currently, he is Assistant Professor of Universidade Estadual Paulista, So
Paulo, Brazil. His research interests are EM transients in power electric systems
and models of long transmission lines used in studies of EM transients.

Jos Pissolato Filho (M95) was born in Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil, in 1951.
He received the D.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Universit Paul
Sabatier, Toulouse, France, in 1986.
Currently, he is with the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Departamento
de Sistemas e Controle de energia), Campinas, Brazil, where he has been since
1979. His research interests include high-voltage engineering, EM transients,
and EM compatibility (EMC).

Maria Cristina Tavares (M98) received the electrical engineering degree in

1984 from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, the M.Sc. degree in 1991 from COPPE/UFRJ, and the Ph.D. degree
in 1998 from the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP,
Brazil.
She was a Consulting Engineer in consulting firms, working in power system
analysis, HVDC studies (developed at ABB Power Systems, Sweden), model
development (at EMTP), and electrical transmission planning. She developed
DESTRO, a graphical preprocessor for ATP. Presently, she is an Assistant Professor at UNICAMP. Her main research interests are power system analysis,
long-distance transmission, and computer applications for analysis of power
system transients.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005

Carlos M. Portela (SM68LSM02) received the electrical engineering degree

in 1958 and the D.Sc. degree in 1963, both from IST, Lisbon Technical University (IST-UTL), Portugal.
Since 1972, he was a Cathedratic Professor at IST-UTL, where he was responsible for Portuguese electrical network studies and planning and electrical
network operation. He has been responsible for major studies and projects in
the electric power and industry sectors in Portugal, Brazil, and other countries.
Presently, he is a Titular Professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, working on research projects in transmission systems
and equipment.

Afonso J. Prado (S95M03) received the M.Sc. degree from Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FEIS/UNESP), So
Paulo, Brazil, in 1995, and the Ph.D. degree from UNICAMPCampinas State
University, Campinas, Brazil, in 2002.
Currently, he is a Researcher with FEIS/UNESP (sponsored by the Fundao
de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo). His main research interests
include EM transients of transmission lines.