Environmental Performance Indicators - 2013 Data

REPORT
2013e
DATA SERIES
Environmental performance
indicators 2013 data
DECEMBER
2014
Disclaimer
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REPORT
2013e
DATA SERIES
Environmental performance
indicators 2013 data
Revision history
VERSION
DATE
AMENDMENTS
1.0
December 2014
First release
DECEMBER
2014
Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data
Acknowledgements
Environment Committee
Environmental Data Subcommittee
Contents
Executive summary
Gaseous emissions
8
Energy consumption
9
Flaring 9
Aqueous discharges
9
Non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea
10
Spills 10
Introduction 11
Scope of data submissions
12
1. Gaseous emissions
17
Detailed review
17
1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 20

1.2 Methane (CH4)
22
1.3 Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
24
1.4 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)
26
1.5 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 28

1.6 Nitrogen oxides (NOX) 30
2. Energy consumption
3. Flaring
4. Produced water
32
34
36
4.1 Quality (oil content) of produced water discharges
38
4.2 Quantity of oil discharged in produced water per unit of production
40
4.3 Produced Water Injection
5. Non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea

6. Spills
42
44
47
6.1 Oil spills
47
6.2 Chemical spills
56
APPENDIX A: Data Tables
57

Detailed review
58
59
Gaseous emissions
59
Energy Consumption
62
Flaring 64
Produced water
65
Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea
69
Spills
70
Glossary
79
Contributing companies
The environmental statistics for 2013 were derived from data provided by the
following companies:
ADNOC
Marathon Oil Company
Bashneft
MOL
BG
Nexen
BP
Oil Search
Cairn Energy
OMV
Chevron
Pan American Energy
CNOOC
Perenco
ConocoPhillips
Petrobras
Dolphin Energy
Petronas
DONG E&P
Premier Oil
Dragon Oil
PTT EP
E.ON
Qatar Petroleum
Eni E&P Division
Repsol
ExxonMobil
RWE
Galp
Shell Companies
GDF SUEZ E&P International
Statoil
Hess Corporation
Suncor
Husky
Total
INPEX
Tullow
Kosmos
Wintershall
Kuwait Oil Company
Woodside
Maersk Oil
Executive summary
Executive summary
The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) has collected
environmental data from its member companies every year since 1999. The
objective of this programme has been to allow member companies to compare
their performance with other companies in the sector leading, it is hoped, to
improved and more efficient performance. The programme also contributes to the
industrys wish to be more transparent about its operations.
This report summarizes information on exploration and production (E&P) activities
carried out by contributing IOGP member companies in 2013.
Data have been submitted for the report by 43 of IOGPs 63 member operating
companies working in 84 countries worldwide. This total includes three companies
reporting for the first time this year and 39 of the 43 companies that contributed
data in 2012.
Information is aggregated at both global and regional levels and is expressed
within 6 environmental indicator categories:
gaseous emissions
energy consumption
flaring
aqueous discharges
non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea
spills of oil and chemicals.
These data represent oil and gas wellhead production of 2,077 million tonnes
(in the region of 15.5 billion BOE), about 29% of 2013 global production sales*.
This is a 7% decrease in the production represented in this report compared with
2012. Regional coverage is uneven, ranging from 95% of known production in
Europe to 10% in the Former Soviet Union (FSU).
* Source: BP Energy Review 2014
Gaseous emissions
Releases of gases to the atmosphere are an integral and inevitable part of
exploration, production and processing operations.
In 2013 participating IOGP member companies reported emissions of:
259 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent to 128 tonnes of
carbon dioxide per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production
1.9 million tonnes of methane (CH4) equivalent to 1.0 tonne of methane
per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production
921 thousand tonnes of non-methane volatile organic compounds
(NMVOC) equivalent to 0.5 tonnes of NMVOC per thousand tonnes of
hydrocarbon production
400 thousand tonnes of sulphur dioxide (SO2)* equivalent to 0.2 tonnes
of SO2 per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production
801 thousand tonnes of nitrogen oxides (NOX) equivalent to 0.4 tonnes
of NOX per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production.
Including the effects introduced by changes in the companies reporting between
2013 and 2012:
CH4 emissions per unit of production decreased in 2013 by 27% compared
with 2012
SO2 emissions per unit of production increased in 2013 by 24% compared
with 2012
NOX emissions per unit of production decreased in 2013 by 7% compared
with 2012
CO2 emissions per unit of production decreased by 4% and NMVOC per unit
of production increased by 2% in 2013 compared with 2012.
* In this report SO2 refers to the sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3)
expressed as SO2 equivalent.
Executive summary
Energy consumption
Production of oil and gas requires significant quantities of energy for extraction,
processing and transport. In many oilfields those energy needs are met by locally
produced gas.
In 2013, IOGP reporting companies consumed on average 1.5 gigajoules of
energy for every tonne of hydrocarbon produced; a 4% increase compared with
the 2012 average.
As in previous years, data indicate that onshore production in 2013 was more
energy intensive than offshore production.
Flaring
Flaring is the controlled burning of hydrocarbons produced in the course of
petroleum exploration and production operations. It includes the controlled and
safe burning of gas that, for safety or technical reasons or for lack of export
infrastructure, is not used or exported.
In 2013, 15.1 tonnes of gas was flared for every thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon
produced versus 13.9 tonnes in 2012 and 15.7 in 2011.
Aqueous discharges
Produced water is the most significant water discharge associated with E&P
Operations. For every tonne of hydrocarbon produced in 2013 (including oil,
condensates and gas), 0.6 tonne of produced water was discharged and 1.1 tonne
of produced water was re-injected.
The quality of produced water discharges is measured in terms of oil content. In
2013, the average concentration of oil in produced water was 10.5 mg/l for onshore
discharges and 13.4 mg/l for offshore discharges. When expressed in terms of oil
production, overall, these discharges are equivalent to 8.2 tonnes of oil for every
million tonnes of hydrocarbon produced.
Comparison with 2012 data indicates that the average concentration of oil in
produced water discharged remains essentially unchanged in 2013. The average
quantity of oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production increased by 18%.
10
Non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings

discharged to sea
While much of the offshore drilling is achieved using water-based drilling fluids,
some technical requirements during well drilling operations favour the properties
that are only available from non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADFs)*.
In 2013, reporting companies discharged 15,347 tonnes of non-aqueous base fluids
(NABF) on drill cuttings to sea. 96% of these discharges contained Group III base
fluids and 4% contained Group II fluids.
There have been no reports of discharges of Group I fluids retained on cuttings
since the reporting of NABF by Group I, II and III classification began in 2003.
Spills
For the purpose of this report, a spill is defined as any loss of containment that
reaches the environment, in other words, is not retained within secondary or other
containment, irrespective of the quantity recovered.
In 2013, participating IOGP member companies reported 2,270 oil spills greater
than 1 barrel in size, resulting in a normalized spill rate of 1.2 oil spills per million
tonnes of hydrocarbon production (0.8 in 2012, 1.5 in 2011).
The reported oil spills >1 barrel resulted in the release of a total of 7,585 tonnes of
oil. The quantity of oil spilled per unit of hydrocarbon production has fallen to
4.1 tonnes per million tonnes production, 13% lower than the rate for 2012 and
48% lower than the rate for 2011.
* Definitions of Group I, II and III base fluids are provided in section 5.
Introduction
11
Introduction
The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) has collected
environmental data from its member companies every year since 1999.
The ultimate aim of this effort is to provide a representative statement on the
environmental performance of the contributing IOGP member companies.
Subsidiary objectives are to provide a basis for individual member companies to
compare their environmental performance, thereby helping them to identify areas
for improvement and to demonstrate the industrys wish for greater transparency
concerning its activities.
Environmental information relating to emissions and discharges is collected under
the following six categories:
gaseous emissions
energy consumption
flaring
aqueous discharges
non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea
spills of oil and chemicals.
Data are collected annually for each of the categories above, on the basis of a set
of definitions agreed by the IOGP membership. These definitions align with the
IPIECA/API/IOGP Oil and gas industry guidance on voluntary sustainability reporting,
IOGP Report No. 437. The definitions are provided via a users guide that is
reviewed at regular intervals and updated to reflect improvements in reporting and
to provide additional clarification.
Annual reports of activities in the years 2003 to 2012 and summary reports for
activities in 2001 and 2002 have previously been published and are available from
the IOGP website at www.iogp.org/our-library.
12

43 IOGP member companies reported environmental information for, on average,
8 countries each. Data from 84 countries are represented in the report.
To show the data from a geographical perspective, 7 regions have been defined.
This report only reflects the performance of the IOGP member companies that
have provided data. The data represent 2,077 million tonnes of hydrocarbon
production, approximately equivalent to 29% of 2013 world production as reported
in the BP Statistical Review 2014. There is substantial variation in regional
coverage as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
In Europe, where a high percentage (95%) of hydrocarbon production
is represented, the information can be taken to approximate industry
performance in that region.
In Africa (62%), Asia/Australasia (33%) and South & Central America (34%),
the data give a broad indication of industry performance.
For the Middle East (23%) and North America (20%), the regional coverage is
less comprehensive, giving a weaker indication of industry performance.
For the Former Soviet Union (FSU), the largest oil producing region in the
world, data reported by participating companies represent just 10% of the
total sales production for that region and thus may not be representative of
the regions performance, see Figure 3.
South & Central

America 8%
Africa 23%
North America
14%
Middle East
19%
Asia/
Australasia
14%
FSU 5%
Europe 17%
Figure 1: Percentage of total

production in this database
13
FORMER
FORMERSOVIET
SOVIETUNION
UNION
(FSU)
(FSU)
NORTH
AMERICA
EUROPE
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
ASIA/
ASIA/
AUSTRALASIA
AUSTRALASIA
AFRICA
AFRICA
SOUTH &
CENTRAL
SOUTH
&
AMERICA
CENTRAL
AMERICA
Africa
Asia/Australasia
72
62%
DATA SETS
20
Europe
63
33%
DATA SETS
20
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
EAST
FSU
77
95%
DATA SETS
Middle East
18
10%
25
DATA SETS
14
North America
S&C America
33
37
30
23%
DATA SETS
16
20%
DATA SETS
13
34%
DATA SETS
16
Legend
Country represented/Not represented
Note: Regional allocations for some countries differ from those used in the IOGP Articles of Association
% of known production (as reported in BP Statistical Review)
n
DATA SETS
Note: Production figures given in this report relate to gross production whereas world data extracted from the BP
Statistical Review represent net production. Thus the data are not directly comparable, but the percentage of world
production figures are given as indicative of the relative regional contributions in the database.
In this context a data set is a set of data with distinct company, country and location
(onshore/offshore) where there is both hydrocarbon production data and a positive return (zero or
greater) of either atmospheric emissions, aqueous discharges, energy consumption or spills.
Number of companies providing data
Figure 2: Data provided for the 7 geographic regions
14
million tonnes hydrocarbon production
2000
Total 2013 known

production as
published in BP
Statistical Review
2014 (106t)
1500
Production in this
report as percentage
of total known
production for region
1000
500
62%
0
Africa
33%
23%
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Note: IOGP production figures in this report represent wellhead production, which includes oil and gas
volumes consumed in operations. The BP Statistical Review provides data on production exported for sale.
Figure 3: Production associated with IOGP database and 2013 production in BP

Statistical Review of World Energy by region
Changes in results between years may not necessarily reflect actual changes in
performance.
The number of companies reporting has fluctuated between years, as shown
in Table 1.
Not all metrics are reported consistently by all companies, as shown in Table 2.
Performance indicator results may be influenced by changes in mixtures of
assets held by the participating companies between years.
Differences between years for participating companies may also, in some
cases, reflect changes in calculation methodology applied or reporting
definitions.
15
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Companies Reporting
35
36
41
43
43
Companies Joining
(did not report previous year)
Companies Leaving
(reported previous year)
Note: This represents the number of companies reporting hydrocarbon production. Some companies
that reported hydrocarbon production did not report e.g. atmospheric emission or produced water
discharge data for all countries consistently each year.
Table 1: Company participation

Data are presented on a normalized basis to help control for these effects.
Normalized analyses are only possible when data are available for both the metric
to be normalized (emissions, discharges, spills) and the normalizer (hydrocarbon
production, produced water).
Some of the analyses will cover less than 100% of the total production reported
because some companies did not submit data for all metrics covered in the survey.
This is particularly relevant to the normalized produced water discharge results in
the Middle East region where around 18% of reported production is included.
16
Region
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
All
regions
100
99
83
100
100
100
100
97
CH4
100
85
83
96
100
100
100
95
NMVOC
96
84
82
96
87
100
94
91
SO2
96
98
82
100
93
99
94
94
NOX
98
98
83
100
93
100
95
94
Energy
consumed
98
98
98
100
100
100
98
99
100
98
100
96
100
99
98
99
Oil discharged in
produced water
79
93
89
72
18
71
95
70
Oil spills
98
94
78
96
74
91
100
88
Gas emissions
CO2
Flaring
Green: (90%100%): data fairly representative of participating companies in the region

Yellow: (65%89%) data moderately representative
Orange: (30%64%): lower confidence that data are representative
Red: (0%29%): lowest confidence that data are representative
Table 2: Percentage of reported production included in normalized analyses 2013

In 2009, data on the source types of gaseous emissions (energy, flare, vent, fugitive
emissions and other) were collected for the first time. It was recognized that not all
participating companies would be able to contribute data at that level of detail in
the beginning; nevertheless, data broken down by source cover roughly half of the
gaseous emissions reported each year. It is expected that this information will be
helpful in understanding some of the trends in the data as well as to help indicate
areas for improvement.
The current year data shown in this report are based on the best available
information that member companies are able to provide at time of publication.
In some cases, reporting companies have provided corrections to previous
years data, and the changes have been included in this report where they affect
previously published regional or global results. The changes are listed at the end
of Appendix A.
Detailed review - gaseous emissions
17
Detailed review
1. Gaseous emissions
Gaseous emissions covered in this report are those considered most relevant from
process control as well as regulatory perspectives:
CO2: carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere from any source
CH4: methane released to the atmosphere, from any source
GHG: greenhouse gas is CO2 + CH4 expressed as CO2 equivalent
NMVOCs: Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds are all hydrocarbons,
other than methane, released to the atmosphere
SO2: the sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3) expressed as
SO2 equivalent
NOX: the sum of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) expressed as NO2
equivalent. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is not included as a component of NOX.
As nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
contribute only a small fraction of greenhouse gas emissions from E&P activities,
they have not been included here.
Given the wide range of sources of gaseous emissions, it is not practicable
(or possible) to measure every single release individually. Industry has, however,
developed and updated detailed guidance methodologies to calculate and
estimate emissions and losses*. Since companies may use a variety of estimation
techniques care must be taken when interpreting aggregated data.
A number of factors affect the quantity of gases emitted from E&P petroleum
industry operations. Consequently, understanding the variations in performance in
terms of normalized emission ratios is complex.
These factors include:
presence or absence of infrastructure for gas sales
gasoil ratio
reservoir and field characteristics
use of hydrocarbon recovery techniques
regulatory and contractual aspects
location and logistics
age of the fields
emissions controls.
*See for example: Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(2003) Joint IPIECA/API/IOGP report (in revision); Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emission
Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry, API, 2009; SangeaTM Energy and
Emissions Estimating System, API, http://GHG.API.org
18
Emissions from the generation of energy (electricity, steam) purchased from third
parties are not reported.
Normalized figures for 20072013 emissions are shown in Figures 4 and 5:
128 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon
production
1.0 tonne of methane (CH4) per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production
0.5 tonne of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) per
thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production
0.2 tonne of sulphur dioxide (SO2) per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon
production
0.4 tonne of nitrogen oxides (NOX) per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon
production.
In 2013, participating IOGP member companies reported emissions of:
259 million tonnes of CO2
1.9 million tonnes of CH4
921 thousand tonnes of NMVOC
400 thousand tonnes of SO2
801 thousand tonnes of NOX.
Emissions - tonnes per thousand tonnes
1.5
2013
2012
1.2
2011
2010
0.97
0.9
2009
2008
0.6
2007
0.49
0.40
0.3
0.0
62%
33%
CH4
23%
95%
10%
NMVOC
SO2
0.21
20%
34%
NOX
Figure 4: Atmospheric emissions per thousand tonnes hydrocarbon production
19
Emissions - tonnes per thousand tonnes
200
CH4 expressed
as CO2 Equivalent
(CH4 21)
150
20
CO2
128
100
50
62%
0
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 5: CO2 and CH4 expressed as CO2 equivalent per thousand tonnes
hydrocarbon production
The following sub-sections present the overall emission data for the years 2007
to 2013, regional emission data for 2009 to 2013 and atmospheric emissions
categorized by the source of the gas release for 2013.
The reporting options for the allocation of source categories are Energy, Flare,
Vents, Fugitive losses and Other/Unspecified (see Glossary).
20
1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Emissions of carbon dioxide occur principally from the combustion of fuels for
energy production and from flaring. Carbon dioxide releases may also occur where
CO2 is used for enhanced petroleum recovery or where it is stripped from the
natural reservoir gases to meet sales specifications.
1.1.1 Emissions per unit of production

Global CO2 emissions normalized to hydrocarbon production for 2013 participating
companies were 128 tonnes of CO2 per thousand tonnes of production, a 4%
reduction compared with that for the 2012 participating companies, as shown in
Figure 6.
Tonnes CO2 per thousand tonnes production
160
140
142
142
135
133
132
133
128
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 6: CO2 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)

Regional averages for the quantity of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of
production vary from 43 to 205 tonnes of carbon dioxide per thousand tonnes of
hydrocarbon production, as shown in Figure 7.
In 2012 the range was between 58 and 217 tonnes per thousand tonnes of
production. The wide range across regions points towards the strong influence of
different types of production assets on greenhouse gas metrics.
21
Tonnes CO2 per thousand tonnes production
250
2013 overall
(128)
204
205
2013
200
2012
162
2011
150
Overall 128
94
100
81
67
50
62%
Africa
33%
23%
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
43
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 7: CO2 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)
1.1.2 Emissions by source

The source was specified for 57% of the carbon dioxide emissions reported for 2013.
As shown in Figure 8, 61% of the reported carbon dioxide emissions where the
source was specified were from energy use, 35% were from flaring and 4% were
from venting.
Vents 4%
Fugitive losses 0.01%
Flare 35%
Figure 8: CO2 emissions by

source 2013
Energy 61%
Note: based only on emissions where

the source is specified.
22
1.2 Methane (CH4)

Methane is emitted from sources including process vents, gas-driven pneumatic
devices and tank vents. It also escapes as fugitive emissions from process
components (valves, flanges, etc.). In addition, some methane emissions result
from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in flares.

Participating companies in 2013 reported normalized emissions of 0.97 tonnes of
CH4 per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production. This is 27% lower than the
average result for the 2012 participating companies as indicated in Figure 9.
This increase is principally due to changes in the companies reporting CH4 data in
2013. When companies that did not report CH4 data consistently for the years 2011,
2012 and 2013 are excluded from the calculation, the CH4 emissions are 1.09, 1.02
and 1.07 tonnes per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production respectively.
Tonnes CH4 per thousand tonnes production
1.4
1.14
1.2
1.04
1.0
1.18
1.24
1.33
1.02
0.97
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 9: CH4 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)

Regional averages for methane emissions expressed per unit of production vary
from 0.1 to 2.6 tonnes of methane per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production,
as shown in Figure 10. In 2012, the range was between 0.2 and 2.7 tonnes per
thousand tonnes of production. The wide range across regions points towards the
strong influence of different types of production assets on greenhouse gas metrics.
The aforementioned change in companies reporting in 2013 significantly affected
the results for the Asia/Australasia region, resulting in a drop of average intensity
for the region of 58%.
23
Tonnes CH4 per thousand tonnes production
3.0
2013 overall
(0.97)
2.56
2013
2.5
2012
2.0
2011
1.5
1.13
1.04
Overall 0.97
1.0
0.57
0.5
0.0
62%
Africa
33%
0.45
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
10%
FSU
0.90
23%
0.12
Middle
East
20%
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 10: CH4 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)

The source was specified for 49% of the total methane emissions reported in 2013.
Where the source was specified, 42% were from vents (including venting, vessel
loading, tank storage, etc.), 27% of methane emissions were from fugitive losses,
26% were from flaring and 5% were from energy use, as shown in Figure 11.
Vents 42%
Energy 5%
Flare 26%
Figure 11: CH4 emissions by

source 2013
Fugitive losses 27%

24
1.3 Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

For E&P activities, CO2 and CH4 are the principal contributors to greenhouse
gas emissions.
The CO2 and CH4 data presented above are used to calculate an estimate of
the GHG emissions for the contributing IOGP reporting companies, using the
conversion to CO2 equivalent (GHG = CO2 + 21 CH4).

Participating companies in 2013 reported normalized emissions of 148 tonnes
of GHG per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production. This represents an 8%
reduction in intensity compared with the average for 2012 participating companies
(see Figure 12).
Tonnes GHG per thousand tonnes production
180
164
163
160
159
158
158
161
148
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
GHG: Total Greenhouse Gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed as CO2 equivalent)
Figure 12: GHG emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)

Regional averages for quantity of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of production
vary from 46 to 258 tonnes of greenhouse gas per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon
production, as shown in Figure 13. In 2012, the range was between 61 and 271
tonnes per thousand tonnes of production. The wide range across regions points
towards the strong influence of different types of production assets on greenhouse
gas metrics.
25
Tonnes GHG per thousand tonnes production
300
2013 overall
(148)
258
250
2013
227
2012
192
200
2011
Overall 148
150
106
91
100
50
0
62%
Africa
33%
23%
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
86
46
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
GHG: Total Greenhouse Gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed as CO2 equivalent)
Figure 13: GHG emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)

The source was specified for 56% of the total reported greenhouse gas emissions.
Where the source is specified, 55% of the reported greenhouse gas emissions are
from energy use, 34% are from flaring, 6% are from venting or vents and 5% are
attributable to fugitive losses, as shown in Figure 14.
Vents 8%
Fugitive losses 3%
Figure 14: GHG emissions by

source 2013
Flare 34%
Energy 55%

26
1.4 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)

NMVOC emissions mainly occur from non-combustion sources such as flaring,
venting and fugitive releases (including crude oil loading). In addition, to a lesser
extent NMVOCs are emitted in the exhaust of combustion equipment.
Tonnes NMVOC per thousand tonnes production
Global normalized NMVOC emissions for 2013 participating companies were 0.49
tonnes per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon, essentially unchanged compared with
the average for 2012 participating companies. See Figure 15.
0.8
0.7
0.68
0.58
0.6
0.53
0.5
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.49
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 15: NMVOC emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)

Regional averages for quantity of NMVOC emitted per unit of production vary from
0.23 to 0.83 tonnes per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as shown in
Figure 16.
In 2012, the range was between 0.22 and 0.71 tonnes per thousand tonnes of
production.
Tonnes NMVOC per thousand tonnes production
27
0.9
0.83
0.8
0.76
2013 overall
(0.49)
2013
0.7
2012
0.62
0.6
2011
Overall 0.49
0.5
0.43
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.0
62%
Africa
33%
23%
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
0.26
0.23
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 16: NMVOC emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)

The source was specified for 51% of the total NMVOC emissions reported in 2013.
Where the source is specified, 35% of NMVOC emissions reported for 2013 come
from venting or vents, 30% from flaring, 26% from fugitive losses and 9% from
energy use, as shown in Figure 17.
Energy 9%
Vents 35%
Flare 30%
Figure 17: NMVOC emissions

by source 2013
Fugitive losses 26%

28
1.5 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur oxide emissions by the E&P industry arise through oxidation during
combustion of sulphur naturally contained within fuels or flared gas (H2S content)
and diesel (sulphur content).

Global SO2 emissions for 2013 participating companies were 0.21 tonnes per
thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, a 24% increase compared with the
average for 2012 participating companies. See Figure 18.
This increase is principally due to changes in the companies reporting SO2 data.
When companies that did not report SO2 data consistently for the years 2011, 2012
and 2013 are excluded from the calculation, the SO2 emissions are 0.18, 0.17 and
0.18 tonnes per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production respectively.
Tonnes SO2 per thousand tonnes production
0.25
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 18: SO2 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)

Regional averages for quantity of SO2 emissions expressed per unit of production
vary from 0.02 to 0.57 tonne per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as
shown in Figure 19.
In 2011, the range was between 0.03 and 0.64 tonne per thousand tonnes of
production. The wide range across regions points towards the strong influence of
different types of production assets on the metric.
29
Tonnes SO2 per thousand tonnes production
0.7
2013 overall
(0.21)
0.57
0.6
2013
2012
0.5
2011
0.4
0.3
0.24
Overall 0.21
0.17
0.18
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.09
62%
Africa
33% 0.02
23%
95%
0.05
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 19: SO2 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)

The source was reported for 55% of the total SO2 emissions in 2013.
Where the source was specified, 72% of sulphur dioxide emissions reported in
2013 were from flaring, 25% were from energy use and 3% were from venting or
vents, as shown in Figure 20.
Vents 3%
Energy 25%
Figure 20: SO2 emissions by

source 2013
Flare 72%

30
1.6 Nitrogen oxides (NOX)

Emissions of nitrogen oxides, (principally nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide,
expressed as NOX), occur almost exclusively from the combustion of natural gas or
other fuels. These emissions are a function of the combustion equipment, loading
and technology.

Global NOX emissions for 2013 participating companies were 0.40 tonnes per
thousand tonnes of production, 7% lower than the average for 2012 participating
companies. See Figure 21.
Tonnes NOx per thousand tonnes production
0.5
0.41
0.41
0.4
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.43
0.40
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 21: NOX emissions per unit of hydrocarbon (20072013)

In 2013, normalized NOX emissions ranged from 0.10 to 0.80 tonne per thousand
tonnes of hydrocarbon production for participating companies, as shown in
Figure22.
In 2012, the range was between 0.13 and 0.83 tonne per thousand tonnes of
production. The wide range across regions points towards the strong influence
of different types of production assets on the metric. The large change in results
between 2012 and 2013 for South & Central America is due to the change in
companies participating between years.
31
Tonnes NOx per thousand tonnes production
0.9
2013 overall
(0.40)
0.80
0.8
2013
0.7
2012
0.6
2011
048
0.47
0.5
Overall 0.40
0.4
0.35
0.29
0.3
0.18
0.2
0.1
0.0
62%
Africa
33%
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
0.10
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 22: NOX emissions per unit of hydrocarbon (by region)

The source was reported for 48% of the total nitrogen oxide emissions reported
in 2013.
Where the source was specified, 93% of nitrogen oxide emissions reported in 2013
were from energy use. The remaining 7% were from flaring, as shown in Figure 23.
Flare 7%
Vents 0.01%
Figure 23: NOX emissions by

source 2013
Energy 93%

32
2. Energy consumption
The energy used to produce oil and gas covers a range of activities. These include:
powering compressors to re-inject produced gas or to export it
through pipelines
driving turbines to generate electricity needed for operational activities,
including logistics, and for living quarters (e.g. at offshore platforms)
driving pumps that produce the hydrocarbons (and any associated
produced water)
heating produced oil for separation
producing steam for enhanced oil recovery
driving the pumps to re-inject produced water, inject water for waterflooding and transport the produced oil through pipelines.
Energy consumption will vary widely depending upon the specific local
circumstances and operational conditions. For example, mature or remote fields
usually consume more energy than other fields.
In 2013, IOGP reporting companies consumed on average 1.5 gigajoules of energy
for every tonne of hydrocarbon produced, as shown in Figure 24. This is an
increase of 4% compared with the 2012 average and reflects a change in the
companies reporting data and in the number of assets operated.
As in previous years, data indicate that onshore production in 2013 was more
energy intensive than offshore production.
Gigajoules energy per tonne production
1.8
Unspecified
Purchased energy
1.5
Onsite combustion
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 24: Energy consumed per unit of hydrocarbon production by source

(20072013)
Detailed review - energy consumption
33
The majority of energy requirements were met by combustion of fuels on-site

rather than by purchase of electricity or steam, see Figure 25.
Source unspecified 16 %
9%
91%
Source specified 84%
Purchased energy
Onsite combustion
Figure 25: Energy consumed by source (20072013)

In Figure 26, the (overall) energy consumption is normalized against the quantity of
hydrocarbons produced for each region.
This analysis shows that operations in North America were the most energy
intensive (3.09 gigajoules per tonne of hydrocarbon produced), while the Middle
East was the least energy intensive (0.34 gigajoules per tonne). The wide range
across regions points towards the strong influence of different types of production
assets on the metric.
Gigajoules energy per tonne production
4.0
2013 overall
(1.46)
3.5
2013
3.09
3.0
2012
2.5
2011
1.91
2.0
1.5
1.44
1.28
0.0
1.34
1.06
1.0
0.5
Overall 1.46
62%
Africa
33%
95%
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
0.34
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 26: Energy consumed per unit of hydrocarbon production by region
34
3. Flaring
Flaring is the controlled burning of hydrocarbons produced in the course of
petroleum exploration and production operations. It includes the controlled and
safe burning of gas that, for safety or technical reasons or for lack of export
infrastructure, is not used or exported.
In 2013, 15.1 tonnes of gas were flared for every thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon
produced versus 13.9 in 2012 and 15.7 in 2011, as shown in Figure 27.
25
Tonnes hydrocarbon flared

per thousand tonnes production
20.4
20
18.8
17.6
16.0
15.7
13.9
15
15.1
10
62%
2007
33%
2008
23%
95%
20%
10%
2009
2010
2011
2012
34%
2013
Figure 27: Hydrocarbon flared per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)
Detailed review - flaring
35
Figure 28 shows flaring per unit of hydrocarbon production, as reported by the

participating companies, by region.
Tonnes hydrocarbon flared

per thousand tonnes production
60
2013 overall
(15.12)
2013
50
43.91
2012
40
2011
30
20.61
20
10
0
16.08
62%
Africa
Overall 15.12
9.75
33%
95%
5.37
3.83
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
7.09
20%
10%
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 28: Hydrocarbon flared per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)
36
4. Produced water
Produced water is the highest volume liquid discharge generated during the
production of oil and gas. It consists of formation water (water present naturally
in the reservoir), floodwater (water previously injected into the reservoir) and/or
condensed water (in the case of some gas production).
After extraction, produced water is separated and treated (de-oiled) before
discharge to surface water (including seas, rivers, lakes, etc.) or to land (including
to evaporation ponds). Produced water can also be injected either into the
producing reservoir where it can enhance hydrocarbon recovery or into another
appropriate formation for disposal. The volume of produced water typically
increases as recovery of oil and gas from a field progresses, that is, the field
becomes mature.
As context, the worldwide volume of produced water reported in this database in
2013 was approximately 1.6 times that of hydrocarbon production.
Most countries regulate the discharge of produced water taking into account
differing environmental conditions and sensitivities between onshore and offshore.
The quality of produced water is most widely expressed in terms of its oil content.
There are a number of analytical methodologies in use around the world for
measuring oil in water. As a result of differences in analytical methodologies, care
should be taken when interpreting aggregated data.
Note 1: For this analysis aqueous discharges from crude oil and natural gas facilities are
categorized by the source of production and not the location where the discharges occur, in
other words where production is offshore and discharges are generated from an onshore
facility, the discharges are reported as offshore.
Note 2: For various reasons companies either discharge or re-inject produced water.
The split between the produced water injected and discharged changes over time and this
influences the quantity and quality of oil discharged to surface.
Note 3: There are marked differences in the scope of reporting for each region between the
years, onshore and offshore.
Detailed review - produced water
37
Aqueous discharge covers the discharge of produced water, mainly produced

formation water.
In 2013, participating companies reported the oil content of 841 million
tonnes of discharged produced water. Where the location was specified,
approximately 91% of water discharged was from offshore operations and 9%
was from onshore operations.
For every tonne of hydrocarbon produced in 2013, 0.6 tonne of produced water
was discharged to the surface and 1.0 tonne of produced water was
re-injected. In 2012, 0.5 tonne of produced water was discharged to the
surface and 0.9 tonne was re-injected.
The overall average oil content of produced water discharges was 13.1 mg/l,
compared with 13.3 mg/l in 2012 and 11.9 mg/l in 2011. Offshore the average
oil content in produced water was 13.4 mg/l, whilst onshore it was 10.5 mg/l
(See Figures 29, 30 and 31).
Overall 8.2 tonnes of oil was discharged per million tonnes of hydrocarbon
production in 2013 by participating companies, an 18% increase compared
with 2012 participating companies (7.0 in 2012 and 6.3 in 2011). The quantity
of oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production was 1.9 t/106 t onshore
and 10.0 t/106 t offshore (See Figures 32, 33 and 34).
38
4.1 Quality (oil content) of produced water discharges
20
2013
Milligrammes oil per litre

of produced water discharged
2012
2011
15
13.38
13.13
2010
2009
10.53
2008
10
2007
5
62%
0
33%
Onshore
23%
95%
10%
Offshore
20%
34%
Overall
Figure 29: Oil discharged per unit of produced water discharged

The global quantity of oil discharged per unit of produced water was 13.1 mg/l for
2013 participating companies, essentially unchanged compared with the average
for 2012 participating companies.
Onshore results show a 50% increase compared with 2012. This increase is largely
due to a change in the companies reporting offshore data. Offshore the average
has decreased by 3% compared with 2012.
A very small amount of produced water discharged was reported for the FSU and
the Middle East both onshore and offshore compared with the other regions. The
percentage of produced water re-injected in these regions was high (see Figures
36 and 37 for produced water re-injection).
The offshore database for quality of produced water for South & Central America
was affected substantially by a change in reporting scope.
39
30
57.59
80.08
2013 overall
(10.5)
2013
25
2012
20.70
20
2011
14.16
15
Overall 10.5
10
8.15
5
33%
0
Africa
no data
Milligrammes oil per litre of produced water

discharged (equivalent to tonnes per million tonnes)
1.20
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
FSU
Middle
East
20%
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Milligrammes oil per litre of produced water

discharged (equivalent to tonnes per million tonnes)
Figure 30: Oil content of produced water discharged onshore (by region)
30
51.16
36.88
2013 overall
(13.4)
2013
25
2012
20
16.48
15
16.51
11.94
Overall 13.4
12.10
13.24
10
4.99
20%
33%
0
Africa
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 31: Oil content of produced water discharged offshore (by region)
2011
40
Tonnes oil discharged per million tonnes production
4.2 Quantity of oil discharged in produced water per unit of

production
15
2013
2012
12
11.27
2011
2010
8.18
2009
2008
2007
2.53
62%
33%
Onshore
23%
95%
10%
Offshore
20%
34%
Overall
Figure 32: Oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production

Overall the rate of oil discharged per unit of production for participating companies
in 2013 was 18% higher compared with the average for 2012 participating
companies. This is largely driven by a change in the companies reporting in the
South America region between 2012 and 2013.
Regional averages for the quantity of oil discharged by unit of production of
hydrocarbons vary, onshore (see Figure 33), from a few kg per million tonnes in
the FSU and Middle East regions to 8.0 t/106 t in Africa and Asia/Australasia, while
offshore (Figure 34) they vary from almost zero in the FSU to 20.0 t/106 t in
Asia/Australasia.
As noted above, the difference between the overall averages onshore and
offshore reflects the fact that produced water is largely re-injected onshore
(where environmental sensitivities to produced water especially salt are
generally high) while the offshore environment is generally less sensitive to
produced water discharges.
41
Tonnes per milliion tonnes of production
20
2013 overall
(2.5)
2013
15
2012
2011
10
8.02
8.01
5
Overall 2.5
33%
0
Africa
0.04
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
20%
0.12
FSU
Middle
East
1.06
North
America
0.91
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 33: Oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production onshore (by region)
19.97
Tonnes oil per million tonnes of production
20
2013 overall
(11.3)
2013
15
2012
12.86
Overall 11.3
10
9.54
10.57
2011
9.13
5
33%
0
Africa
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
20%
0.09
FSU
0.62
Middle
East
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 34: Oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production offshore (by region)
42
4.3 Produced Water Injection
100%
2013
2012
80%
2011
2010
2009
60%
2008
2007
40%
20%
0%
62%
33%
Onshore
23%
95%
20%
10%
Offshore
34%
Overall
Figure 35: Percent of produced water re-injected overall

Expressed as percent of total produced water generated.
As stated previously, produced water is often injected back into reservoirs

(re-injection) to improve hydrocarbon recovery or into other geological strata
for disposal.
Over the 3 years shown the proportion of water re-injected by participating companies
compared with water discharged has increased offshore and decreased onshore.
Onshore, where disposal to surface is often constrained by regulatory and
environmental concerns, injection of produced water is the principal disposal route
with 88% of water being returned below ground (see Figure 36).
Offshore (Figure 37), where, in the majority of locations, de-oiled produced water
can be discharged to sea with limited impact, there is much less re-injection
(27% in 2013). Exceptions to this include locations where injection would be
beneficial to the management of the reservoir and water chemistry allows for
reinjection or where environmental sensitivity is considered to be high.
While the average is 27% offshore, there is a large variety among the regions.
For example, participating companies in the FSU and Middle East regions reported
more than 90% of the offshore produced water re-injected, while in North America
less than 2% of produced water was re-injected.
43
100%
2013
2012
80%
2011
60%
40%
20%
33%
0%
Africa
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
FSU
Middle
East
North South & Overall

America Central
America
Figure 36: Percent of produced water re-injected onshore (by region)

Expressed as percent of total produced water generated onshore.
100%
2013
2012
80%
2011
60%
40%
20%
0%
Africa
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
FSU
Middle
East
North South & Overall

America Central
America
Figure 37: Percent of produced water re-injected offshore (by region)

Expressed as percent of total produced water generated offshore.
44
5. Non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings

discharged to sea
While much of the drilling in the offshore oil and gas industry is achieved using
water-based drilling fluids (muds), technical challenges often require the
use of non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADF) that provide higher lubricity, better
performance at higher temperatures and well-bore stability compared with
water-based muds.
These challenges arise especially with techniques such as extended-reach
and directional drilling, either or both of which may be required to develop new
reservoirs or to improve recovery from previously identified resources.
IOGP reports non-aqueous base fluids (NABFs) according to the classifications in
Table 1.
Classification
Base fluid
Aromatic (%)
PAH (%)
Group I
Diesel and Conventional Mineral Oil
>5.0
>0.35
Group II
Low Toxicity Mineral Oil
0.5 5.0
0.001 0.35
Group III
Enhanced Mineral Oil
<0.5
<0.001
Synthetics
(esters, olefins, paraffins)
Classification is defined in IOGP report Environmental aspects of the use of non aqueous drilling fluids associated
with offshore oil & gas operations, Report No. 342, May 2003.
Table 1: NABF classifications
Detailed review - non-aqueous drilling fluids
45
In the past, diesel-based and mineral oil-based fluids (Group I fluids) were used
to address these technical challenges, but it was recognized that the discharge
of cuttings with adhering diesel or oil-based muds might cause adverse
environmental impacts.
Less harmful low-toxicity mineral oil fluids (Group II, with reduced aromatic
content) and later more sophisticated drilling fluids (Group III, with low to
negligible aromatic content) were developed to deliver high drilling performance
while ensuring that any discharges of drilling fluids adhering to cuttings or whole
mud posed minimal threat to the marine environment.
Non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADF) contain more than 30% non-aqueous base
fluid (NABF) as a continuous phase (typically 50%80% by volume). The remainder
consists of brine, barite and other materials such as gels and emulsifiers.
The data gathered for this report relate to NABF adhering to cuttings that are
discharged to the marine environment. NADFs as such are not discharged.
Figure 38 provides a regional view of adhered base fluid quantities on cuttings
discharged to the sea while drilling with NADFs. Information on NABF discharges
in 2013 has been provided by less than half (21 of 43) of the reporting companies.
Regional analysis shows that, for the companies reporting NABF retained on
cuttings in 2013, cuttings with Group III fluids (14,663 tonnes, 96% of the total
reported) were discharged, and that discharges of cuttings with Group II fluids were
limited (4% of the total reported) and were reported only in Africa (684 tonnes).
Absolute values rather than normalized values are shown in Figure 38. Drilling
discharges are not normalized because drilling activity is not directly linked to
hydrocarbon production.
The number of wells that are drilled varies from year to year for various reasons
including the prices of oil and natural gas as well as other economic factors.
Absolute volumes reported can also vary with the number or mix of companies
contributing cuttings-related data between years.
NABF Group II
3040
2011
Africa
46
2012
NABF Group III
1651
NABF Unspecified
1135
2013
23876
2011
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
14688
2012
2013
153
2011
2012
2
1365
2013
4436
2011
FSU
Middle
East
2012
2013
2011
2012
2013
0
1718
2011
North
America
2012
1210
2013
1162
2407
2011
South &
Central
America
2971
2012
11528
2013
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Tonnes
Note: NABF discharges were reported by 21 of the 43 participating companies in 2013.

No Group 1 NABF discharges to the sea were reported in the years 20082013.
Figure 38: Total base fluid (NABF) retained on cuttings discharged to the sea
(by region)
Detailed review - spills
47
6. Spills
Spills are an important environmental performance indicator for the oil and gas
industry since they can have a significant and visible impact on the environment.
The degree of environmental impact is highly dependent on the nature of the
release, where it occurred and how it was subsequently managed. Oil exploration
and production companies have spill contingency plans and measures in place to
respond to and mitigate spills.
For the purpose of this report a spill is defined as any loss of containment
that reaches the environment (i.e. is not retained within secondary or other
containment), irrespective of quantity recovered.
Spills may have a number of causes such as equipment failure (including
corrosion), operating errors, and unlawful third party damage such as sabotage
and theft.
The majority of spills reported by IOGP member companies are oil spills, which
include spills of crude, condensate and processed oil.
Chemical spills with release to the external environment occur only infrequently
and quantities released are generally small. Relatively few reports of chemical
spills have been received. The data for these are presented in Table A.34 in
Appendix A.
6.1 Oil spills

In 2013, companies reported a total of 6,666 oil spills. Of these, 4,396 (66%) were
spills of less than one barrel in volume, amounting to a total of 75 tonnes of oil.
Because of the small cumulative volume involved and, as some companies do not
report spills less than 1 barrel in size, these <1 barrel size spills are not included
in the detailed analysis provided below.
In 2013, 2,270 spills greater than 1 barrel in size were reported, representing a
total of 7,585 tonnes of oil. 77% of the reported oil spills (6,347 tonnes) occurred
onshore and 7% occurred offshore (308 tonnes). The location was not specified for
the remaining 16%.
Figure 39 shows the total number of spills normalized per unit of hydrocarbon
production onshore and offshore. The normalized rate for 2013 was 1.2 oil spills
per million tonnes of production (0.8 in 2012, 1.5 in 2011). The normalized rate of
spills onshore is higher than that offshore.
Spills per million tonnes production
48
4.0
2013
3.5
2012
2011
3.0
2010
2.33
2.5
2009
2008
2.0
2007
1.5
1.23
1.0
0.5
62%
0.0
33%
23%
95%
10%
Onshore
0.15
20%
Offshore
34%
Overall
Figure 39: Number of oil spills >1 barrel in size, per unit of hydrocarbon production
Figure 40 shows the number of spills normalized per unit hydrocarbon
production by region. Rates for 2013 vary from 0.2 to 3.8 spills per million tonnes of
production.
Spills per million tonnes of production
10
2013 overall
(1.23)
2013
2012
2011
6
3.76
2.51
1.79
Overall 1.23
33%0.25
0
Africa
0.50
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
20%
0.26
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
0.40
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 40: Number of oil spills >1 barrel in size, per unit of hydrocarbon production
(by region)
20
49
2013
46.98
Tonnes per million tonnes production
2012
16
2011
2010
2009
12
2008
8.42
2007
4.13
62%
20%
33%
10%
Onshore
34%
0.31
Offshore
Overall
Figure 41: Quantity of oil spilled, per unit of hydrocarbon production

The quantity of oil spilled per unit of hydrocarbon production in 2013, based on
reports received, has fallen to 4.1 tonnes per million tonnes of production, 13%
lower than the rate for 2012 as shown in Figure 41.
Tonnes per million tonnes of production
25
2013 overall
(4.13)
2013
20
2012
2011
15
10
10.14
6.63
Overall 4.13
5
33%0.45
0
Africa
5.18
1.92
0.67
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
FSU
Middle
East
20%
North
America
1.67
34%
South &
Central
America
Figure 42: Quantity of oil spilled (oil spills >1 barrel in size), per unit of
hydrocarbon production (by region)
50
Figures 41 and 42 show the reported quantities of oil spilled per unit of
hydrocarbon production, onshore and offshore respectively, in the different
geographic regions.
2013 overall
(8.4)
31.7
49.63
55.53
32.5
Tonnes per milliion tonnes of production
20
2013
15
2012
2011
10
Overall 8.4
9.21
8.46
6.61
3.60
2.10
33%1.39
0
Africa
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
FSU
Middle
East
20%
North
America
34%
South &
Central
America
hydrocarbon production onshore (by region)
2013 overall
(0.3)
22.1
Tonnes per million tonnes of production
20
2013
16
2012
2011
12
4
0.48
Africa
33%0.13
Overall 0.3
0.41
Asia/
Europe
Australasia
0.03
FSU
0.81
Middle
East
20%
0.15
North
America
34%0.05
South &
Central
America
hydrocarbon production offshore (by region)
1400
51
Unspecified
1265
Offshore
1200
Onshore
Number of spills
1000
800
600
404
400
243
200
0
102
1<X<10 barrels
28
93
77
10<X<100 barrels
16
>100 barrels
11
24
Unspecified size
Spill size
Figure 45: Distribution of oil spills onshore and offshore (2013) number of spills
in each size category
Figure 45 shows the distribution of spills larger than 1 barrel in terms of number
of spills in each size category for 2013. In terms of number of events, the
distribution is dominated by the number of spills between 1 and 10 barrels in size.
However, the quantity released overall (for those spills where a size category was
specified) is dominated by a few relatively large events; spills >100 barrels in size
represent 62% of the total oil spilled.
In addition to the data shown in Figures 46 and 47, a total of 4,396 spills
(3,176 onshore, 725 offshore, and 495 unspecified location) of less than 1 barrel
in size were reported by participating companies.
1400
52
Unspecified size
1265
>100 barrels
1200
10<X<100 barrels
Number of spills
1000
1<X<10 barrels
800
600
404
400
243
200
77
102
28
11
Onshore
93
24
16
Offshore
Unspecified
Figure 46: Distribution of oil spills onshore and offshore, by size (2013) number
of spills
Quantity of oil spilled (tonnes)
4500
Unspecified size
4095
4000
>100 barrels
3500
10<X<100 barrels
1<X<10 barrels
3000
2500
2000
1640
1500
1000
588
500
0
22
Onshore
46
97
145
Offshore
19
129
306
493
0
Unspecified
Figure 47: Distribution of oil spills onshore and offshore, by size (2013) quantity
of oil spilled (tonnes)
53
6.1.1 Spills greater than 100 barrels in size

In 2013, 100 spills in which more than 100 barrels of oil was released (77 onshore,
7 offshore, 16 unspecified location) were reported by participating companies
amounting to 4,734 tonnes. Participating companies provided incident descriptions
for 78 of the 100 individual incidents.
The 4 largest of the 78 were:
367 tonnes (~2,738 barrels) of crude oil was spilled in a single sabotage/theft
incident in Nigeria
306 tonnes (~2,281 barrels) of crude oil was spilled in a single incident in
Nigeria. This incident was categorized as other: operational but no detailed
information was available
280 tonnes (~2,087 barrels) of crude was spilled in a sabotage incident in Nigeria
231 tonnes (~1,723 barrels) of crude oil flowed into an emergency pit as a
result of a failure to the power supply to a treatment plant control system.
168 tonnes of the oil was recovered
Cause (excluding intentional third party damage)
A specific cause was provided for 77 of the spills >100 barrels in size in 2013.
Excluding the 32 categorized as third party damage, the remaining 45 spills >100
barrels in size were collectively associated with 24% of the total oil spilled (1,833
tonnes). Figure 48 shows the distribution of cause for operational spill incidents
>100 barrels in size, where the cause was reported, for 2013.
Of the 8 spill incidents categorized as other in 2013, 1 was due to an unplanned
third party electrical failure, 1 was due to interference by livestock, 2 were the
result of freezing conditions and 4 were operational but no details were available.
Other 18%
Operator or
technical
error 29%
54
Corrosion 20%
Equipment failure
(excluding corrosion)
33%
Figure 48: Operational spills

>100 barrels in size, by cause
excluding third party damage
(2013)
As % of spill incidents >100 barrels
where cause was indicated
Intentional third party damage (sabotage, theft, vandalism, etc)

Incidents caused by third party damage account for 32 of the spills >100 barrels in
size where the cause was reported in 2013. These third party spills represent 2,076
tonnes of oil, 27% of the total oil spilled.
55
6.1.2 Spills between 10 and 100 barrels in size

Detailed information has been reported for spills between 10 and 100 barrels in
size since 2010.
In 2013, 525 spills in this category were reported in total (404 onshore, 28 offshore,
93 unspecified location).
The quantity of oil recovered was reported for 82% of the 10100 barrel spills.
424 (66%) of the 640 tonnes of oil spilled in those incidents was reported to have
been recovered.
Cause (excluding intentional third party damage)
A specific cause was provided for 176 spills between 10 and 100 barrels in size
in 2013, excluding those categorized as third party damage. Collectively these
operational spills for which cause was provided represent 718 tonnes of oil spilled
(599 tonnes of crude oil, 60 tonnes of condensate, 26 tonnes of processed oil and
33 tonnes of unspecified oil).
Figure 49 shows the distribution of cause for operational spill incidents between
10 and 100 barrels in size, where the cause was reported, for 2013.
Operator or
technical error 27%
Other 3%
Corrosion 32%
Figure 49: Operational spills

10100 barrels in size, by
cause excluding third party
damage (2013)
Equipment failure
(excluding corrosion) 38%
As % of spill incidents 10100 barrels

where cause was indicated.
Intentional third party damage (sabotage, theft, vandalism, etc)

Incidents caused by third party damage account for 9 (5%) of the spills
10-100 barrels in size where the cause was reported in 2013. These spills caused
by third parties represent 28 tonnes of oil
56
6.2 Chemical spills

In the E&P sector chemical spills with release to the external environment occur
infrequently and quantities released are generally small.
In 2013, participating companies reported 849 chemical spills greater than 1
barrel in size, totalling 4,495 tonnes. Data for these are presented in Table A.34 in
Appendix A.
Appendix A
57
APPENDIX A: Data Tables

The following tables provide the data from which the figures and charts throughout
the report are compiled.
Results that differ from those published in the Environmental Performance
Indicators report for 2012 data (2012e) as a result of changes to historical data by
the submitting companies are noted at the end of this Appendix.
58

Production in this
report (106 t)
BP Review
production (106 t
Production as % of BP
Review production
Africa
373
603
62%
Asia/Australasia
271
832
33%
Europe
362
380
95%
FSU
141
1388
10%
Middle East
431
1841
23%
North America
318
1599
20%
South & Central

America
181
533
34%
TOTAL
2077
7174
29%
Africa
505
644
78%
Asia/Australasia
319
821
39%
Europe
381
399
96%
FSU
113
1370
8%
Middle East
417
1776
23%
North America
311
1534
20%
South & Central

America
187
538
35%
TOTAL
2233
7080
32%
Africa
387
600
64%
Asia/Australasia
355
819
43%
Europe
452
406
111%
FSU
127
1366
9%
Middle East
411
1775
23%
North America
295
1454
20%
South & Central

America
194
531
37%
2221
6950
32%
Region
2013
2012
2011
TOTAL
NB: Production figures given in this report relate to gross production whereas world data extracted from the BP Statistical
Review represent net production. Thus the data are not directly comparable, but the percentage of world production figures
are given as indicative of the relative regional contributions in the database.
Table A.1: Production associated with IOGP database and 2013 production in BP Statistical Review
of World Energy by region (Figures 2 and 3)
Appendix A
59
Detailed review
Gaseous emissions
2013
2012
2011
Emission per
103 t production
t/103 t
Hydrocarbon
production 106 t
Emission per
103 t production
t/103 t
Hydrocarbon
production 106 t
Emission per
103 t production
t/103 t
Hydrocarbon
production 106 t
CO2
127.53
2011
132.80
1904
132.27
2177
CH4
0.97
1968
1.33
1762
1.24
2127
NMVOC
0.49
1882
0.48
1694
0.49
2050
SO2
0.21
1945
0.17
1772
0.17
2097
NOX
0.40
1963
0.43
1809
0.41
2100
GHG*
147.94
160.68
158.23
*GHG: Total greenhouse gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed in CO2 equivalent: GHG = CO2 + (21 CH4)).
NB: Data only included where gas quantity and production level are both reported.
Table A.2: Emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production

(Figures 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21)
2013
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
77.3
45.3
28.9
11.7
18.5
65.1
12.2
259.03
391.6
260.8
178.7
61.5
54.0
814.3
162.7
1923.59
223.6
98.3
75.4
32.5
96.9
263.0
129.2
918.83
SO2 (103 t)
31.6
5.9
14.0
34.1
229.3
55.0
30.1
399.88
NOX (10 t)
179.6
132.8
108.5
28.1
41.7
259.3
50.7
800.65
85.5
50.8
32.6
13.0
19.7
82.2
15.6
299.43
CO2 (106 t)
78.84
49.48
31.58
11.53
13.41
62.65
7.13
254.62
CH4 (10 t)
481.92
745.47
197.22
69.25
37.12
747.17
62.87
2341.02
NMVOC (103 t)
268.62
101.81
90.17
24.60
73.18
220.47
38.44
817.30
SO2 (103 t)
27.85
13.10
12.29
31.77
147.27
60.46
11.41
304.14
NOX (10 t)
165.80
145.06
125.02
26.44
31.62
259.83
41.89
795.67
GHG* (106 t)
88.96
65.13
35.72
12.98
14.19
78.34
8.45
303.78
CO2 (106 t)
79.72
64.69
34.01
12.95
17.74
53.32
26.56
288.98
CH4 (10 t)
565.24
861.66
185.89
72.54
58.36
648.87
237.74
2630.30
NMVOC (103 t)
305.25
196.72
98.03
22.68
87.71
180.38
120.36
1011.13
SO2 (10 t)
31.59
9.49
16.30
30.49
199.20
57.04
20.35
364.46
NOX (103 t)
151.00
130.94
127.01
32.58
55.59
228.63
138.45
864.20
91.59
82.78
37.91
14.47
18.97
66.95
31.55
344.22
CO2 (106 t)
CH4 (103 t)
NMVOC (10 t)
3
GHG* (106 t)
2012
2011
GHG* (106 t)
Table A.3: Gross emissions of gases per region
2013
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
205.40
167.97
93.59
81.14
43.00
203.91
66.84
127.53
Production (10 t)
372
268
301
141
430
318
181
2011
CH4 emissions (t/103 t)
1.04
1.13
0.57
0.45
0.12
2.56
0.90
0.97
Production (10 t)
372
230
301
136
430
318
181
1968
NMVOC emissions (t/103 t)
0.62
0.43
0.25
0.23
0.26
0.83
0.76
0.49
Production (106 t)
358
227
296
136
377
318
171
1882
SO2 emissions (t/10 t)
0.09
0.02
0.05
0.24
0.57
0.17
0.18
0.21
Production (106 t)
358
265
296
141
400
315
171
1945
NOX emissions (t/103 t)
0.47
0.48
0.35
0.18
0.10
0.80
0.29
0.40
Production (10 t)
366
265
300
141
400
318
172
1963
*GHG emissions (t/103 t)
227.33
191.76
105.62
90.61
45.62
257.64
85.68
147.94
CO2 emissions (t/103 t)
158.00
151.56
82.63
102.13
57.87
216.65
92.91
132.80
Production (10 t)
498
319
380
113
230
289
76
1904
1.21
2.68
0.52
0.61
0.16
2.58
0.83
1.33
Production (106 t)
398
278
379
113
230
289
76
1762
0.70
0.42
0.24
0.22
0.35
0.71
0.59
0.48
Production (106 t)
386
238
376
113
206
311
65
1694
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.28
0.64
0.19
0.17
0.17
Production (106 t)
394
279
380
113
229
311
66
1772
0.41
0.43
0.33
0.23
0.13
0.83
0.62
0.43
Production (10 t)
394
316
380
113
230
311
66
1809
183.40
207.90
93.57
115.02
61.25
270.93
110.28
160.68
205.78
183.53
74.95
99.95
47.48
180.57
136.11
132.27
Production (10 t)
387
351
452
127
371
295
194
2177
1.46
2.81
0.41
0.59
0.16
2.20
1.22
1.24
Production (106 t)
387
307
451
123
371
295
194
2127
0.82
0.72
0.22
0.18
0.25
0.61
0.62
0.49
Production (106 t)
372
274
448
122
347
295
193
2050
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.24
0.54
0.19
0.10
0.17
Production (106 t)
382
277
452
126
371
295
194
2097
0.39
0.47
0.28
0.24
0.15
0.77
0.71
0.41
Production (10 t)
382
280
452
126
371
295
194
2100
236.49
242.51
83.61
112.30
50.76
226.72
161.80
158.23

6
2012
2011
60
NB: Data only included where gas quantity and production level are both reported.
*GHG: Total Greenhouse Gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed in CO2 equivalent: GHG = CO2 + 21 CH4).
Table A.4: Emissions per unit of production (Figures 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 and 22)
Appendix A
2013
2012
2011
61
CO2 (106 t)
CH4 (103 t)
NMVOC (103 t)
SO2 (103 t)
NOX (103 t)
GHG* (106 t)
Energy
90.19
47.65
40.71
55.84
357.43
91.19
Flare
51.69
246.41
144.46
159.34
26.20
56.86
Fugitive losses
0.02
250.96
121.42
0.00
0.00
5.29
Vents
5.40
399.72
167.15
6.03
0.05
13.80
Other/Unspecified E&P
111.73
978.86
445.09
178.67
416.97
132.29
OVERALL
259.03
1923.59
918.83
399.88
800.65
299.43
Energy
91.08
45.46
16.74
46.53
342.10
92.04
Flare
48.62
197.28
123.93
91.96
21.97
52.76
Fugitive losses
0.03
271.89
65.64
0.00
0.00
5.74
Vents
8.94
322.02
184.79
5.79
0.19
15.70
105.95
1504.37
426.20
159.86
431.42
137.54
OVERALL
254.62
2341.02
817.30
304.14
795.67
303.78
Energy
92.07
192.44
15.84
50.54
388.14
96.11
Flare
57.07
384.45
138.42
115.59
29.94
65.15
Fugitive losses
0.03
384.90
76.02
4.70
0.00
8.11
Vents
8.09
462.56
197.36
12.28
0.16
17.81
131.72
1205.95
583.50
181.35
445.96
157.05
OVERALL
288.98
2630.30
1011.13
364.46
864.20
344.22
Table A.5: Emissions by source (Figures 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 and 23)
CO2
CH4
NMVOC
SO2
NOX
GHG*
Onshore Offshore
Onshore Offshore
Onshore Offshore
Onshore Offshore
Onshore Offshore
Onshore Offshore
2013
Emissions
(t/103 t)
143.02
108.50
1.36
0.55
0.59
0.41
0.39
0.08
0.39
0.36
171.88
119.63
Production
(106 t)
782
1081
782
1038
724
1011
747
1050
752
1063
782
1081
Emissions
(t/103 t)
118.56
134.26
1.49
0.77
0.60
0.45
0.30
0.12
0.53
0.37
144.95
149.83
Production
(106 t)
668
977
564
939
544
923
574
972
577
972
668
977
Emissions
(t/103 t)
142.73
126.50
1.52
1.12
0.65
0.45
0.32
0.10
0.52
0.35
174.48
149.12
Production
(106 t)
745
1230
740
1185
709
1139
739
1156
742
1156
745
1230
2012
2011
NB: Data only included where gas quantities in production activities and production levels are both reported.
*GHG: Total Greenhouse Gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed in CO2 equivalent: GHG = CO2 + 21 CH4).
Table A.6: Gas emissions in production activities per unit of hydrocarbon production
onshore and offshore
62
Energy Consumption
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
77
76
81
80
80
% purchased
% unspecified
16
19
16
16
16
Total Energy Consumption (GJ/t)
1.46
1.40
1.54
1.47
1.48
Production (106 t)
2053
2047
2024
2092
2151
% onsite combustion
NB: Data only included where energy consumption and production level are both reported.
Table A.7: Energy consumed per unit of hydrocarbon production (Figure 24)
2013
2012
Onsite
Purchased
Unspecified
TOTAL
Africa
409.11
21.16
94.93
525.20
Asia/Australasia
310.79
9.22
191.76
511.76
Europe
402.08
47.76
6.84
456.68
FSU
94.19
12.34
46.66
153.19
Middle East
91.43
29.30
26.53
147.27
North America
780.15
90.15
114.20
984.50
South & Central America
227.21
6.76
10.81
244.78
TOTAL
2314.96
216.69
491.73
3023.38
Africa
382.05
19.74
91.68
493.47
Asia/Australasia
362.11
10.06
237.12
609.29
Europe
422.01
39.21
7.24
468.46
FSU
88.67
0.74
41.99
131.39
Middle East
40.55
27.48
25.39
93.41
822.36
54.94
112.18
989.48
85.68
0.55
8.17
94.40
TOTAL
2203.43
152.72
523.77
2879.90
Africa
355.47
16.24
88.52
460.24
Asia/Australasia
398.98
9.08
192.89
600.95
Europe
468.11
30.51
7.82
506.43
96.62
0.92
43.82
141.35
Middle East
154.33
12.06
15.96
182.35
North America
729.34
54.35
116.22
899.91
308.26
10.17
11.42
329.85
2511.11
133.33
476.65
3121.08
North America
2011
FSU
TOTAL
Table A.8: Gross energy consumption (million gigajoule) by region (Figure 25)
Appendix A
2013
2012
2011
63
% Onsite
Combustion
% Purchased
% Unspecified
Total Energy
Consumption*
(GJ/t)
Productiona
(106 t)
Africa
77.8
4.0
18.2
1.44
364
Asia/Australasia
60.5
1.8
37.7
1.91
267
Europe
88.1
10.4
1.5
1.28
356
FSU
60.3
8.3
31.4
1.06
141
Middle East
62.0
19.9
18.1
0.34
430
North America
79.2
9.2
11.6
3.09
318
92.6
2.8
4.5
1.34
178
TOTAL
76.4
7.2
16.4
1.46
2053
Africa
77.4
4.0
18.6
1.01
490
Asia/Australasia
59.2
1.7
39.2
1.90
319
Europe
90.1
8.3
1.6
1.24
376
FSU
67.5
0.6
32.0
1.16
113
Middle East
42.4
29.9
27.7
0.24
383
North America
83.1
5.6
11.3
3.39
292
90.7
0.6
8.7
1.25
75
TOTAL
76.5
5.3
18.3
1.40
2047
Africa
77.2
3.5
19.3
1.19
387
Asia/Australasia
66.4
1.5
32.1
1.72
350
Europe
92.4
6.0
1.6
1.14
444
FSU
67.3
0.7
32.1
1.11
123
Middle East
84.6
6.6
8.8
0.78
233
North America
81.1
6.0
12.9
3.06
294
93.4
3.1
3.5
1.69
194
TOTAL
80.4
4.3
15.3
1.54
2024
* Data only included where energy and production level are both reported.
Production is the total hydrocarbon production for data sets where one of onsite, purchased or unspecified energy is reported.
Table A.9: Energy consumption per unit of hydrocarbon production (gigajoules per tonne )
by region (Figure 26)
2013
2012
2011
Onshore (GJ/t)
1.87
1.60
2.24
Offshore (GJ/t)
1.19
1.21
1.23
Unspecified (GJ/t)
1.34
1.47
1.30
Overall (GJ/t)
1.46
1.40
1.54
Table A.10: Energy consumption per unit of hydrocarbon production (gigajoules per tonne)
onshore and offshore
64
Flaring
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
Total flared (t/106 t)
15.12
13.93
15.73
16.02
17.59
18.75
20.44
Production (10 t)
2058
2071
2176
2235
2327
2080
2041
Table A.11: Hydrocarbon flared per unit of production (tonnes per thousand tonnes) (Figure 27)
2013

Production (10 t)
6
2012

Production (106 t)
2011
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
43.91
16.08
3.83
20.61
5.37
7.09
9.75
15.12
373
267
360
136
430
315
177
2058
35.29
15.98
3.46
10.52
5.13
5.56
5.36
13.93
498
284
378
113
416
308
73
2071
50.73
17.56
3.64
11.69
6.43
3.42
11.29
15.73
Production (106 t)
382
345
443
121
410
283
193
2176
Table A.12: Flaring per unit of hydrocarbon production (tonnes per thousand tonnes) by region
(Figure 28)
Appendix A
65
Produced water
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
Onshore
10.53
7.02
8.12
14.24
11.60
12.80
17.49
Offshore
13.38
13.86
12.22
12.85
13.64
14.84
15.48
Unspecified
14.21
15.82
14.56
14.60
12.98
21.64
18.84
OVERALL
13.13
13.30
11.85
13.14
13.34
14.77
15.84
NB: Data only included where oil in produced water and produced water quantity are both reported.
Table A.13: Oil discharged per unit of produced water discharged (milligrammes oil per litre of
produced water discharged) (Figure 29)
2013
Onshore
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
Oil discharged (t/106 t)
20.70
8.15
1.20
0.00
no data
14.16
57.59
10.53
PW discharged (10 t)
7.21
55.88
0.18
1.14
0.00
11.60
0.66
76.67
Offshore
Unspecified
16.48
11.94
12.10
51.16
4.99
13.24
16.51
13.38
129.01
317.91
162.05
0.08
5.48
37.13
99.54
751.19
14.21
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
14.21
13.16
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
13.16
16.49
11.37
12.09
3.28
4.98
13.46
16.78
13.13
OVERALL
2012
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
OVERALL
2011
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
OVERALL
149.38
373.79
162.22
1.22
5.48
48.73
100.20
841.01
Total Produced Water (106 t)*
195
988
267
164
335
287
2245
2.36
5.77
1.80
0.00
0.00
23.07
3.85
7.02
7.98
58.43
4.37
0.10
0.01
8.44
0.65
79.99
20.08
13.11
10.58
0.00
8.20
13.63
36.88
13.86
128.16
281.70
214.44
0.09
5.75
27.46
6.75
664.34
10.63
25.30
0.00
no data
no data
12.11
no data
15.82
24.84
18.13
0.60
no data
no data
9.02
no data
52.60
17.74
12.53
10.38
0.00
8.18
15.10
34.00
13.30
160.99
358.26
219.41
0.19
5.76
44.92
7.40
796.92
198
926
343
178
312
77
2040
3.17
5.52
2.06
1.68
80.08
29.70
0.34
8.12
1.58
73.63
4.62
1.19
0.02
13.23
6.74
101.01
16.39
12.27
11.00
0.00
11.72
13.02
10.32
12.22
106.94
280.06
222.23
0.05
8.12
31.98
108.27
757.65
9.86
12.45
0.00
no data
no data
33.19
no data
14.56
26.18
1.20
0.21
no data
no data
6.92
no data
34.51
14.97
10.87
10.81
1.62
11.93
19.93
9.73
11.85
134.69
354.90
227.06
1.24
8.14
52.13
115.00
893.17
172
891
368
230
295
378
2339
NB: Data only included where oil discharges and produced water discharges are both reported.
* Includes produced water re-injected + produced water discharged where oil content and either water re-injected or discharged are reported.
Table A.14: Oil content of produced water discharged (Figures 30 and 31)
66
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
Onshore
2.53
1.94
2.41
3.16
3.02
3.62
5.65
Offshore
11.27
9.98
8.49
9.14
10.17
11.08
12.18
OVERALL
8.18
6.95
6.33
6.99
7.48
8.54
9.77
Table A.15: Oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production (tonnes per million tonnes) (Figure 32)
2013
Onshore

Production (10 t)
6
Offshore

6
Production (106 t)
Unspecified

6
Production (106 t)
OVERALL

Production (106 t)
2012
Onshore

Production (106 t)
Offshore

6
Production (106 t)
Unspecified

Production (106 t)
OVERALL

Production (106 t)
2011
Onshore

Production (106 t)
Offshore

Production (106 t)
Unspecified

Production (10 t)
6
OVERALL

6
Production (106 t)
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
8.02
8.01
0.04
0.00
0.12
1.06
0.91
2.53
41
57
58
33
155
42
393
9.54
19.97
9.13
0.09
0.62
10.57
12.86
11.27
227
197
255
43
44
47
130
942
6.78
no data
0.02
no data
no data
1.40
no data
1.99
28
no data
59
no data
no data
25
no data
112
9.07
17.29
7.25
0.04
0.41
3.05
9.95
8.18
296
253
321
101
77
226
172
1446
5.95
5.46
0.73
0.01
0.03
1.42
0.16
1.94
57
62
11
52
110
140
27
458
10.96
18.75
9.36
0.00
0.37
7.86
7.59
9.98
241
200
274
41
128
48
38
968
3.80
11.42
0.02
no data
no data
3.08
no data
3.86
48
40
68
no data
no data
51
no data
207
9.14
15.06
7.29
0.00
0.21
3.06
4.49
6.95
346
302
352
93
237
238
64
1633
6.27
5.76
0.45
0.05
0.02
2.78
0.04
2.41
65
71
21
44
114
141
50
506
7.92
13.54
8.18
0.00
0.71
6.45
11.81
8.49
229
258
342
43
134
65
141
1211
4.35
1.82
0.02
0.00
no data
6.62
no data
2.97
59
68
10
no data
43
no data
189
7.01
11.63
6.51
0.02
0.39
4.40
8.72
6.33
353
337
431
97
248
249
191
1906
NB: Data only included where oil discharges and produced water discharges are both reported.
Table A.16: Oil discharged per unit of hydrocarbon production by region (Figures 33 and 34)
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
Onshore
88
89
90
90
89
88
89
Offshore
27
28
23
22
18
17
16
Unspecified
55
33
42
42
41
11
25
OVERALL
64
65
65
65
63
63
64
Total produced water generated: produced water discharged + produced water re-injected.
Table A.17: Percent of produced water re-injected overall (Expressed as percent total produced
water generated) (Figure 35)
Appendix A
2013
2012
2011
67
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU Middle East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
Onshore
93
91
50
61
72
97
100
88
Offshore
24
19
32
98
91
16
27
Unspecified
54
no data
61
no data
no data
no data
no data
55
OVERALL
35
64
36
76
76
89
65
64
Onshore
92
90
92
97
74
97
99
89
Offshore
18
15
30
97
90
71
28
Unspecified
28
80
71
no data
no data
no data
33
OVERALL
26
66
42
97
77
89
90
65
Onshore
84
87
94
65
81
95
97
90
Offshore
19
14
29
97
84
12
23
Unspecified
34
86
87
no data
no data
no data
no data
42
OVERALL
27
63
44
73
82
86
70
65
Total produced water generated: produced water discharged + produced water re-injected.
Table A.18: Percent of produced water re-injected (Expressed as percent total produced water
generated) by region (Figures 36 and 37)
2013
2012
2011
Onshore
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
13.10
9.63
0.98
FSU Middle East
1.55
2.63
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
35.50
254.05
7.00
Offshore
0.31
0.24
0.46
52.98
9.97
0.01
0.19
0.37
Unspecified
1.19
no data
1.57
no data
no data
no data
no data
1.22
OVERALL
0.55
1.78
0.56
3.25
3.13
8.30
1.87
1.78
Onshore
11.65
8.85
11.27
31.19
2.87
31.56
79.68
7.95
Offshore
0.22
0.17
0.43
28.05
8.96
0.02
2.43
0.39
Unspecified
0.38
3.91
2.46
no data
no data
0.01
no data
0.49
OVERALL
0.35
1.91
0.72
29.74
3.38
8.13
9.37
1.89
Onshore
5.09
6.73
14.54
1.84
4.38
18.33
38.32
8.54
Offshore
0.24
0.16
0.40
32.37
5.41
0.00
0.14
0.30
Unspecified
0.51
6.29
6.55
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.72
OVERALL
0.36
1.73
0.78
2.71
4.53
6.03
2.38
1.84
Produced water re-injected/produced water discharged where both re-injected and discharged produced water, as well as hydrocarbon
production, are reported.
Table A.19: Ratio of produced water re-injected to produced water discharged (tonnes per tonne) by region
Africa
2013
Onshore
Produced water (t/t)

Production (10 t)
6
Offshore

Production (106 t)
Unspecified

Production (10 t)
6
OVERALL

Production (10 t)
6
2012
Onshore

Production (106 t)
Offshore

Production (10 t)
6
Unspecified

Production (10 t)
6
OVERALL

Production (106 t)
2011
Onshore

Production (106 t)
Offshore

Production (10 t)
6
Unspecified

Production (106 t)
OVERALL

Production (106 t)
68
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
0.57
8.34
2.91
0.06
0.67
2.25
4.30
2.03
16.73
65.60
15.70
69.71
294.74
157.64
44.36
664.47
0.16
0.52
0.35
0.10
0.42
0.01
0.15
0.30
143.77
131.07
208.88
42.83
131.37
33.67
124.27
815.86
0.34
no data
0.38
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.34
48.63
no data
13.01
no data
no data
no data
no data
61.64
0.24
3.13
0.52
0.07
0.59
1.86
1.24
1.05
209.13
196.66
237.59
112.54
426.11
191.31
168.63
1541.98
0.09
7.76
3.92
0.06
0.63
2.11
3.63
1.70
117.11
67.80
16.14
53.28
288.03
160.56
38.09
741.01
0.11
0.35
0.34
0.06
0.40
0.01
0.55
0.28
163.50
118.47
213.01
40.63
127.57
33.29
28.86
725.32
0.18
0.29
0.31
0.01
no data
0.00
no data
0.18
74.95
8.01
15.81
10.11
no data
3.62
no data
112.49
0.12
2.93
0.58
0.06
0.56
1.72
2.30
0.94
355.56
194.27
244.96
104.02
415.60
197.46
66.96
1578.82
0.51
6.57
4.73
0.07
0.82
1.80
5.06
2.13
19.46
75.65
17.32
46.00
271.43
150.05
51.08
630.99
0.13
0.25
0.25
0.04
0.33
0.00
0.12
0.20
150.20
155.02
289.92
42.99
133.87
41.35
127.80
941.15
0.22
0.39
0.36
0.01
no data
no data
no data
0.23
43.31
7.19
13.12
9.70
no data
no data
no data
73.32
0.19
2.26
0.50
0.05
0.66
1.41
1.53
0.94
212.97
237.86
320.36
98.69
405.30
191.39
178.88
1645.46
NB: Data only included where quantities of both produced water re-injected and production are reported.
Table A.20: Produced water re-injected per unit of hydrocarbon production by region
2013
2012
2011
Total oil
discharged per
106 t production
(t/106t)
Hydrocarbon
production 106 t
Total oil
discharged per
106 t production
(t/106t)
Hydrocarbon
production 106 t
Total oil
discharged per
106 t production
(t/106t)
Hydrocarbon
production 106 t
Onshore
15
393
12
458
18
479
Offshore
12
915
12
853
15
1,072
28
13
207
10
186
13
1,336
12
1,518
15
1,736
Unspecified
OVERALL
NB: For onshore, offshore, unspecified and overall results data are only included where oil in produced water and spills are
reported as well as production levels for the dataset.
Table A.21: Total oil discharged (discharges + spills) per unit of hydrocarbon production
Appendix A
69
Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea
2013
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
North
America
South &
Central
America
TOTAL
Group I
Group II
684
684
Group III
451
153
1,365
1,162
11,528
14,663
1,135
153
1,365
1,162
11,528
15,347
Group I
Group II
775
777
Group III
406
14,688
1,210
1,913
18,217
Unspecified
470
1,058
1,529
1,651
14,688
1,210
2,971
20,523
Group I
Group II
615
619
Group III
2,388
13,727
4,436
1,595
1,917
24,063
37
10,149
123
490
10,799
3,040
23,876
4,436
1,718
2,407
35,481
Unspecified
TOTAL
2012
TOTAL
2011
Unspecified
TOTAL
FSU Middle East
Table A.22: Total base fluid (NABF) retained on cuttings discharged to sea (tonnes) by region
(Figure 38)

70
Spills
Onshore
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
Number of spills per 106 t
2.33
1.34
3.65
3.10
3.47
3.31
3.37
Quantity spilt (t/106 t)
8.42
8.62
11.97
7.16
46.98
18.27
10.67
754
735
694
798
747
747
742
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.13
0.21
0.16
0.21
0.31
1.19
5.59
0.69
1.61
3.01
4.02
955
977
1,114
1,174
1,193
1,203
1,042
2.85
1.91
1.39
1.99
1.75
2.40
2.41
7.52
7.23
6.96
18.57
17.18
7.61
10.19
124
265
199
166
178
126
129
1.23
0.85
1.51
1.38
1.49
1.43
1.59
4.13
4.76
7.94
4.49
18.92
8.78
7.01
1,832
1,977
2,006
2,139
2,117
2,075
1,913
Production (106 t)
Offshore
Production (106 t)
Unspecified
Production (106 t)
OVERALL
Production (106 t)
NB: Data only included where quantity of oil spilt and production level are both reported.
Excludes spills <1 barrel in size.
Table A.23: Number of oil spills >1 barrel in size and quantity spilled per unit of
hydrocarbon production (Figure 39)
2013
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
1.79
0.25
0.50
3.76
0.26
2.51
0.40
1.23
10.14
0.45
0.67
5.18
1.92
6.63
1.67
4.13
Production (10 t)
367
256
282
136
320
291
181
1832
1.45
0.18
0.48
0.26
0.38
2.1
0.43
0.85
13.74
0.38
2.84
0.97
4.21
4.33
0.67
4.76
393
301
370
113
308
306
187
1977
1.37
0.17
0.43
0.12
0.44
1.65
1.51
23.78
0.45
1.08
0.11
10.28
3.95
10.4
7.94
386
309
430
121
304
271
184
2006

6
2012

Production (10 t)
6
2011

6
Production (106 t)
Table A.24: Number of oil spills >1 barrel in size and quantity spilled per unit of hydrocarbon
production by region (Figures 40 and 41)
Appendix A
2013 Onshore
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
4.54
0.79
3.97
6.12
0.29
3.45
1.41
2.33
49.63
1.39
3.60
8.46
2.10
9.21
6.61
8.42
54
66
22
83
276
208
45
754
0.25
0.07
0.2
0.05
0.09
0.2
0.07
0.15
0.48
0.13
0.41
0.03
0.81
0.15
0.05
0.31
Production (10 t)
250
190
247
43
44
45
136
955
5.54
no data
0.23
no data
no data
2.85
14.61
no data
0.58
no data
no data
7.52
63
no data
13
10
no data
38
no data
124
1.79
0.25
0.50
3.76
0.26
2.51
0.40
1.23
10.14
0.45
0.67
5.18
1.92
6.63
1.67
4.13
367
256
282
136
320
291
181
1832
3.25
0.48
5.40
0.51
0.43
2.11
1.33
1.34
55.53
1.19
15.24
2.05
4.86
4.46
1.44
8.62
65
74
16
53
266
209
53
735
0.24
0.08
0.30
0.00
0.10
0.15
0.08
0.19
1.15
0.13
2.80
0.00
0.05
0.23
0.37
1.19
Production (106 t)
248
182
283
41
42
47
134
977
3.73
0.11
0.08
0.11
no data
3.83
no data
1.91
18.98
0.06
0.19
0.04
no data
7.58
no data
7.23
80
44
71
19
no data
51
no data
265
1.45
0.18
0.48
0.26
0.38
2.10
0.43
0.85
13.74
0.38
2.84
0.97
4.21
4.33
0.67
4.76
393
301
370
113
308
306
187
1977
3.13
0.34
4.13
0.24
0.52
2.15
32.92
3.65
32.50
0.42
7.59
0.23
12.32
5.29
31.70
11.97
75
56
25
58
254
176
50
694
0.38
0.13
0.22
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.06
0.19
22.12
0.46
0.76
0.00
0.02
0.03
2.44
5.59
Production (106 t)
250
248
336
43
50
52
134
1114
3.26
0.22
0.11
0.05
no data
1.54
no data
1.39
19.89
0.27
0.30
0.01
no data
3.27
no data
6.96
61
70
20
no data
43
no data
199
1.37
0.17
0.43
0.12
0.44
1.65
9.00
1.51
23.78
0.45
1.08
0.11
10.28
3.95
10.40
7.94
386
309
430
121
304
271
184
2006

Production (10 t)
6
Offshore
Unspecified

Production (106 t)
OVERALL

Production (106 t)
2012 Onshore

6
Production (106 t)
Offshore
Unspecified

Production (106 t)
OVERALL

Production (106 t)
2011 Onshore

6

Production (106 t)
Offshore

6
Unspecified

Production (106 t)
OVERALL
71

Production (10 t)
6
NB: Data only included for production level where oil quantities spilled and production are reported.
Table A.25: Number of oil spills >1 barrel in size and quantity spilled per unit of hydrocarbon
production by region (Figures 41, 42, 43 and 44)
2013
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
2012
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
2011
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
72
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
Average size (t)
10.9
1.7
0.9
1.4
7.3
2.7
4.7
3.6
Quantity spilt (t)
2677
92
80
702
580
1920
296
6347
Average size (t)
1.8
2.0
2.0
0.6
8.9
1.0
0.7
1.9
Quantity spilt (t)
124
30
101
36
11
309
Average size (t)
2.6
no data
2.5
no data
no data
no data
no data
2.6
Quantity spilt (t)
921
no data
no data
no data
929
Average size (t)
16.8
2.4
2.8
4.0
11.3
2.1
1.6
6.5
Quantity spilt (t)
3622
88
245
109
1292
933
112
6401
Average size (t)
4.7
1.7
9.2
no data
0.5
1.5
4.5
6.4
Quantity spilt (t)
285
23
793
11
49
1163
Average size (t)
5.1
0.5
2.3
0.3
no data
2.0
no data
3.8
Quantity spilt (t)
1519
14
no data
384
1919
Average size (t)
10.3
1.2
1.8
1.0
23.5
2.5
1.0
3.3
Quantity spilt (t)
2448
25
187
14
3128
928
1590
8319
Average size (t)
57.6
3.6
3.4
no data
0.6
0.4
41.0
28.7
Quantity spilt (t)
5529
114
257
328
6231
Average size (t)
6.1
0.5
2.7
0.1
no data
2.1
no data
4.9
Quantity spilt (t)
1219
21
142
1386
NB: Excludes spills <1 barrel in size.
Table A.26: Quantity of oil spilled per spill onshore and offshore (tonnes) by region
Appendix A
2013
Onshore
Number
Quantity (t)
Offshore
Number
Quantity (t)
Unspecified
Number
Quantity (t)
TOTAL
Number
Quantity (t)
2012
Onshore
Number
Quantity (t)
Offshore
Number
Quantity (t)
Unspecified
Number
Quantity (t)
TOTAL
Number
Quantity (t)
2011
Onshore
Number
Quantity (t)
Offshore
Number
Quantity (t)
Unspecified
Number
Quantity (t)
TOTAL
Number
Quantity (t)
73
<1 barrel
1<X<10
barrels
10<X<100
barrels
>100
barrels
Unspecified
TOTAL
3176
1265
404
77
11
1757
60
588
1640
4095
22
6347
725
102
28
24
161
10
46
97
145
19
308
495
243
93
16
352
129
306
493
928
4396
1610
525
100
35
2270
75
765
2044
4734
42
7585
3157
681
205
69
37
992
50
292
869
5222
18
6401
2688
140
32
10
182
31
54
102
1007
1163
301
340
139
27
506
194
628
1098
1920
6146
1161
376
106
37
1680
89
540
1598
7327
18
9483
2728
2273
181
61
20
2535
38
1788
862
5668
8318
986
161
30
17
217
15
68
100
6060
6231
247
225
38
20
283
127
153
1106
1386
3961
2659
249
90
37
3035
57
1984
1115
12834
15936
Table A.27: Distribution of oil spills onshore and offshore by size (Figures 45, 46 and 47)
2013
Africa
1<X<10
barrels
10<X<100
barrels
>100 barrels
Unspecified
OVERALL
Number
787
407
197
52
664
Quantity (t)
10.6
216.5
793.3
2705.7
6.4
3721.8
Number
252
59
68
Quantity (t)
4.0
25.4
44.8
52.2
0.0
122.5
Europe
Number
2024
110
18
10
142
Quantity (t)
22.9
42.7
63.1
73.7
9.5
188.9
Number
601
398
104
510
Quantity (t)
20.5
199.5
339.4
163.5
1.2
703.5
Middle East
Number
57
56
20
84
Quantity (t)
1.1
28.2
85.1
502.5
0.0
615.7
North
America
Number
360
523
165
29
13
730
Quantity (t)
5.8
231.3
668.8
1005.6
24.6
1930.3
South &
Central
America
Number
315
57
14
72
Quantity (t)
9.7
20.9
50.0
230.9
0.0
301.8
Africa
Number
668
341
165
69
575
Quantity (t)
16.6
201.0
757.5
4466.9
0.0
5425.3
Asia/
Australasia
Number
361
41
12
55
Quantity (t)
4.4
19.8
49.4
44.6
0.0
113.7
Europe
Number
3797
152
20
179
Quantity (t)
FSU
Middle East
2011
<1 barrel
Asia/
Australasia
FSU
2012
74
43.5
50.3
81.7
920.0
0.0
1052.0
Number
32
20
29
Quantity (t)
0.9
11.0
43.8
54.8
0.0
109.6
Number
29
66
20
26
118
Quantity (t)
0.8
32.7
68.0
1193.0
0.0
1293.7
North
America
Number
635
478
135
18
11
642
Quantity (t)
9.9
196.6
542.2
571.0
18.0
1327.7
South &
Central
America
Number
624
63
16
82
Quantity (t)
12.8
28.8
55.7
76.5
0.0
161.0
Africa
Number
635
372
98
62
533
Quantity (t)
13.6
192.3
508.9
8493.5
0.3
9195.0
Asia/
Australasia
Number
223
47
60
Quantity (t)
4.7
21.8
23.8
96.7
0.3
142.7
Europe
Number
2251
149
18
12
185
Quantity (t)
FSU
Middle East
25.9
58.2
56.3
348.6
2.5
465.6
Number
56
13
15
Quantity (t)
1.1
6.6
7.1
0.0
0.0
13.7
Number
52
89
23
20
135
Quantity (t)
1.5
39.4
89.8
3000.3
0.0
3129.5
North
America
Number
713
347
86
15
448
Quantity (t)
9.6
201.5
374.1
495.9
0.0
1071.5
South &
Central
America
Number
31
1642
15
1659
Quantity (t)
0.6
1464.0
54.7
398.8
0.0
1917.5
Table A.28: Distribution of oil spills by size by region
Appendix A
75
Number of spills
Loss from primary

containment (tonnes)
Recovered (tonnes)
163
93
Equipment failure (excluding corrosion)
15
676
473
Operator or technical error
13
460
387
Third party damage (sabotage, theft, vandalism, etc.)
32
2076
16
534
78
77
3909
1047
Corrosion
Other (4 operational, 2 freezing, 1 livestock,

1 unplanned power outage)
Total
NB: Quantity of oil recovered is not reported for all spills.
Table A.29: Oil spills > 100 barrels in size (where cause was indicated) by cause 2013 (Figure 48)
Number of spills
Loss from primary

Corrosion
57
209
Equipment failure (excluding corrosion)
66
275
Operator or technical error
47
211
Third party damage (sabotage, theft, vandalism, etc.)
28
Other
22
185
746
TOTAL
Table A.30: Oil spills 10100 barrels (where cause was indicated) by cause 2013 (Figure 49)
Excluding third party damage
Number of spills
Loss from primary

149
599
14
60
Processed oil
26
Unspecified oil
33
Crude oil
13
Condensate
16
Crude oil
Condensate
Third party damage
Table A.31: Oil spills 10100 barrels (where cause was indicated) by material spilled 2013

Number of spills
Loss from primary

20
74
37
13
49
FSU
Middle East
15
North America
123
503
South & Central

America
10
35
Africa
Asia/Australasia
Europe
Middle East
North America
10
Africa
Asia/Australasia
Europe
Third party damage
76
Table A.32: Oil spills 10100 barrels (where cause was indicated) by region
Third party damage
Number of spills
Loss from primary

Onshore
155
642
Offshore
21
75
Onshore
27
Offshore
Table A.33: Oil spills 10100 barrels (where cause was indicated) by location

2013
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
2012
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
2011
Onshore
Offshore
Unspecified
Appendix A
77
Africa
Asia/
Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South &
Central
America
OVERALL
Average size (t)
1.19
0.77
1.80
1.93
2.70
8.26
9.03
3.20
Quantity spilt (t)
13
1048
925
271
2265
Average size (t)
58.89
5.66
13.52
no data
no data
27.95
5.50
15.92
Quantity spilt (t)
471
68
1434
224
33
2229
Average size (t)
0.56
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
no data
0.56
Quantity spilt (t)
no data
no data
no data
Average size (t)
16.13
0.52
0.35
3.60
6.62
3.92
0.80
4.19
Quantity spilt (t)
113
29
33
607
791
Average size (t)
3.02
0.54
4.22
37.58
0.64
6.11
11.94
6.95
Quantity spilt (t)
27
401
225
122
430
1210
Average size (t)
13.42
0.95
2.33
0.80
no data
5.26
no data
5.68
Quantity spilt (t)
67
no data
237
312
Average size (t)
55.76
1.16
2.23
31.27
0.08
1.52
11.83
6.91
Quantity spilt (t)
390
22
281
152
272
1127
Average size (t)
0.78
4.28
3.13
7.00
no data
3.44
12.58
4.70
Quantity spilt (t)
47
282
72
327
742
Average size (t)
2.93
14.31
no data
no data
no data
1.82
no data
3.21
Quantity spilt (t)
15
14
13
42
NB: Excludes spills <1 barrel in size.
Table A.34: Chemical spills (tonnes) onshore and offshore by region

Some of the historical results in this appendix differ from those published in IOGP Report No. 2012e,
Environmental Performance Indicators report - 2012 data. Results affected are:
2012 CO2 figures corrected for North America
2012 CO2 figures corrected for South & Central America
2012 Water discharge figures corrected for North America and South & Central America
2011 and 2012 Energy figures correction moved from onsite to purchased for Europe
2012 hydrocarbon production and related data moved from onshore to offshore for South America
2012 hydrocarbon production and related data moved from offshore to onshore for Australia.
78
Glossary
79
Glossary
The following definitions have been used in this report. Some are generic, whereas
others are specifically applicable to this report.
API
American Petroleum Institute.
Barrel, Bbl
In the energy industry, a barrel is 42 US gallons

measured at 60 Fahrenheit. This is approximately
159 litres.
Base fluid
The continuous phase or suspending medium of a

drilling fluid formulation.
CH4
Methane, the principal constituent of natural gas. One

of the primary greenhouse gases.
CO2
Carbon dioxide, a colourless, odourless, and

non-flammable gas. CO2 emissions occur from
the combustion of fossil fuels. CO2 is a primary
greenhouse gas.
Crude oil
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in

natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at
atmospheric pressure after passing through surface
separating facilities. Crude oil is the raw material that
is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane,
petrochemicals, and other products.
Cuttings
The particles generated by drilling into subsurface

geologic formations and carried out from the wellbore
with the drilling fluid. Examples of drill cuttings
include small pieces of rock varying in size and texture
from fine silt to gravel.
Drilling fluid
The circulating fluid (mud) used in the rotary drilling

of wells to clean and condition the hole and to
counterbalance formation pressure. A water-based
drilling fluid is the conventional drilling fluid in which
water is the continuous phase and the suspending
medium for solids, whether or not oil is present. An
oil-base drilling fluid has diesel, crude, or some other
oil as its continuous phase with water as the dispersed
phase.
E&P
Exploration and Production (of hydrocarbons).
Emission rate
Emissions of gases per unit of hydrocarbon

production.
Energy
(as an atmospheric
emission source
category)
80
Includes emissions generated through the

consumption of fuel. Typical fuel-consuming
equipment types in E&P operations include:
Turbines (e.g. driving compressors, generators,
and pumps)
Internal Combustion Engines
Heaters
Boilers / Reboilers
Energy intensity
Energy consumed per unit of hydrocarbon production.
Exploration
Study of geological formations to detect the presence

of hydrocarbons.
Flare
Includes emissions generated by burning of gases (or

in some cases liquids) in a thermal destruction device,
including E&P flaring of associated gas (and in some
cases liquids) from oil production or well testing.
Typical equipment sources in this category include:
(as an atmospheric
emission source
category)
Flares
Thermal Oxidizers
Flaring
The controlled burning of natural gas produced

in association with oil in the course of oil and gas
exploration and production operations. It also includes
the controlled and safe burning of gas which cannot
be used for commercial or technical reasons.
Fugitive emission,
fugitive losses
Unintended emissions released to the air, other than

those from stacks or vents from the processing,
transmission, and/or transportation of fossil fuels.
They are often due to equipment leaks and evaporative
processes.
Gasoil ratio
The volume of gas at atmospheric pressure produced

per unit volume of oil produced.
Gaseous Emission
Gaseous emissions to the atmosphere from flaring

and venting, process and turbine combustion. Includes
fugitive losses from pumps, valves, flanges, pipes, etc.
Greenhouse gas
A gas that contributes to the natural greenhouse

effect. The primary six greenhouse gases (GHGs)
produced by human activities are: carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. For the
purpose of this report GHG considers only CO2 and
CH4.
Hydrocarbon
An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and

carbon (see petroleum).
Glossary
81
Hydrocarbon
production
Quantity of hydrocarbon gas and/or liquids produced.
IPIECA
The global oil and gas industry association for

environmental and social issues.
Mud
Common term for drilling fluid
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides represent the sum of nitric oxide

(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) expressed as NO2
equivalent. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is not included as a
component of NOX. NOX emissions occur from the
combustion of fossil fuels for industry and transport
and are a function of the type and quantity of fuel
burned and the type of combustion device in which
they are burned.
(NOX)
Non-aqueous
drilling fluid
(NADF)
A drilling fluid in which the continuous phase is a

water-immiscible fluid such as an oleaginous material
(e.g. mineral oil, enhanced mineral oil, paraffinic oil,
or synthetic material such as olefins and vegetable
esters). NADFs serve many purposes under difficult
drilling conditions. NADFs are usually reused.
NMVOC
Non-methane volatile organic compounds: all

hydrocarbons other than methane that can vaporize at
normal temperature and pressure.
Normalization
To compare emissions from different regions or

sources it is useful to relate them to the size of the
activity causing the emission. For example, tonnes of
CO2 can be presented by their ratio to tonnes of oil and
gas produced. This procedure is called normalization.
Offshore
For this report offshore refers to operations that take

place at sea, including inland seas directly connecting
to oceans. Operations in bays, in major inland seas,
e.g. the Caspian Sea, or in other inland seas directly
connected to oceans are counted as offshore.
Onshore
For this report onshore refers to operations that take

place within a landmass, including swamps, lakes,
rivers and estuaries, but excluding major inland seas.
On-site combustion
The local combustion of fuels by E&P companies to

produce energy for their operations.
Operator
Term used to describe a company appointed by

venture stakeholders to take primary responsibility for
day-to-day operations for a specific plant or activity.
Processing
The separation of oil, gas, and natural gas liquids and

the removal of impurities.
Produced water
(PW)
82
The water (generally brine) brought up from the

hydrocarbon-bearing strata during the extraction of
oil and gas, including formation water, injection water,
and any chemicals added downhole or during the oil/
water separation process.
For the purposes of this report produced water
discharges from crude oil and natural gas facilities
are categorized by the source of production and not
the location where they occur, i.e. where production
is offshore and discharges are generated from an
onshore facility, the discharges are reported as
offshore.
Production
All production activities including production drilling,

process and treatment, flaring and venting, pipeline
transport, and terminal operations.
(see Hydrocarbon production)
Purchased energy
Energy purchased in the form of electricity or steam.
SO2
The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide

(SO3) expressed as SO2 equivalent.
Source of emissions
In the case of gaseous emissions refers to the

process by which the emissions are released. Source
categories are Energy, Flare, Vent, Fugitive losses and
Unspecified.
Spill
Any loss of containment that reaches the environment

(i.e. not inclusive of any released volume retained
within secondary or other confinement), irrespective
of the quantity recovered (i.e. represents the gross
volume reaching the environment, not a net volume
remaining in the environment).
Spills occurring from support and standby vessels are
included but spills of produced water or process waste
water are excluded. Includes loss of containment
resulting from acts of sabotage (such as theft of oil
from pipelines and storage, or vandalism); excludes
loss as a result of acts of terrorism/attacks on
infrastructure.
Synthetics
Synthetic material as applied to synthetic-based

drilling fluid means material produced by the reaction
of specific purified chemical feedstock, as opposed to
the traditional base fluids such as diesel and mineral
oil which are derived from crude oil solely through
physical separation processes.
Glossary
83
Synthetic-based
drilling fluid
A drilling fluid that has a synthetic material as its

continuous phase with water as the dispersed phase.
Synthetic-based drilling fluids are a subset of nonaqueous drilling fluids
Tonne
A metric tonne; equivalent to 1,000 kilograms or

2,205 pounds.
Transport
The transfer of hydrocarbons from the site of

production to the point of commercial metering or
terminal or offshore loading device.
Upstream industry
Those operations within the industry to the point

where the produced resource is metered into the
transportation system. This includes Exploration and
Production.
Venting
The controlled release of unburned gas to the

atmosphere.
Water-based drilling
fluid (mud)
A drilling fluid in which water or a water miscible fluid

is the continuous phase and the suspending medium
for solids, whether or not oil is present.
Registered Office
Level 5
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London SE1 8NL
United Kingdom
Brussels Office
Bd du Souverain,165
4th Floor
B-1160 Brussels
Belgium
T +44 (0)20 3763 9700

F +44 (0)20 3763 9701
reception@iogp.org
T +32 (0)2 566 9150

F +32 (0)2 566 9159
The International Association

of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP)
has collected environmental
data from its member companies
every year since 1999.
The objective of this programme
has been to allow member
companies to compare their
performance with other
companies in the sector leading,
it is hoped, to improved and
more efficient performance.
The programme also contributes
to the industrys wish to be more
transparent about its operations.
This report summarizes
information on exploration
and production (E&P) activities
carried out by contributing IOGP
member companies in 2013.
www.iogp.org

Environmental Performance Indicators - 2013 Data

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REPORT

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 20

1.3 Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

1.4 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)

1.5 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 28

4.1 Quality (oil content) of produced water discharges

4.2 Quantity of oil discharged in produced water per unit of production

4.3 Produced Water Injection

5. Non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea

6.1 Oil spills

6.2 Chemical spills

APPENDIX A: Data Tables

Scope of data submissions

Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids retained on cuttings discharged to sea

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

Marathon Oil Company

Pan American Energy

Eni E&P Division

GDF SUEZ E&P International

Kuwait Oil Company

* Source: BP Energy Review 2014

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

Non-aqueous drilling fluids retained on cuttings

* Definitions of Group I, II and III base fluids are provided in section 5.

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

Scope of data submissions

South & Central

Figure 1: Percentage of total

Scope of data submissions

% of known production (as reported in BP Statistical Review)

Figure 2: Data provided for the 7 geographic regions

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

million tonnes hydrocarbon production

Total 2013 known

Figure 3: Production associated with IOGP database and 2013 production in BP

Scope of data submissions

Table 1: Company participation

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

Green: (90%100%): data fairly representative of participating companies in the region

Table 2: Percentage of reported production included in normalized analyses 2013

Detailed review - gaseous emissions

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

Emissions - tonnes per thousand tonnes

Figure 4: Atmospheric emissions per thousand tonnes hydrocarbon production

Detailed review - gaseous emissions

Emissions - tonnes per thousand tonnes

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

1.1.1 Emissions per unit of production

Tonnes CO2 per thousand tonnes production

Figure 6: CO2 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (20072013)

Detailed review - gaseous emissions

Tonnes CO2 per thousand tonnes production

Figure 7: CO2 emissions per unit of hydrocarbon production (by region)

1.1.2 Emissions by source

Fugitive losses 0.01%

Figure 8: CO2 emissions by

Note: based only on emissions where

Environmental performance indicators - 2013 data

1.2 Methane (CH4)

1.2.1 Emissions per unit of production