Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
including SAP2000
Prof. Wolfgang Schueller
If you do not have the SAP2000 program get it from CSI. Students should
request technical support from their professors, who can contact CSI if necessary,
to obtain the latest limited capacity (100 nodes) student version demo for
SAP2000; CSI does not provide technical support directly to students. The reader
may also be interested in the Eval uation version of SAP2000; there is no capacity
limitation, but one cannot print or export/import from it and it cannot be read in the
commercial version. (http://www.csiamerica.com/support/downloads)
See also,
((1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by
Wolfgang Schueller, 2016, published originally by Prentice Hall, 1996,
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd
ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2015.
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the
Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website:
http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Axial Systems
Beams
Frames
Arches
Cable-supported Structures
SURFACE STRUCTURES
SPACE FRAMES
LATERAL STABILITY OF STRUCTURES
L I NE E L E M E NT S
AXIAL STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS
TENSILE MEMBERS
COMPRESSIVE
MEMBERS
BEAMS
FLEXURAL STRUCTURE
SYSTEMS
BEAM-COLUMN
MEMBERS
FRAMES
S UR F A CE E L E M E NT S
TENSILE MEMBRANES
SOFT SHELLS
MEMBRANE FORCES
PLATES
SHELLS
RIGID SHELLS
post-beam structures,
bent and folded beams,
rectangular portal frames,
cantilever frames,
braced frames,
pitched frames,
arches,
and so on.
Aluminum Lounge
Chair without arms,
1958, Charles and Ray
Eames designers for
Herman Miller
Facep constructive
system, Fiat car distributor,
Bussolengo, 1976, Italy,
Angelo Mangiarotti Arch
St Alexander's
Church,
Morrisonville, New
York, Jeremiah
Oosterbaan Arch
Skeleton building
Economist Building,
London, England,
1962, Alison and Peter
Smithson Arch
Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1958, Alfonso Eduardo Reidy
Beijing, 2006
Richard J. Klarchek
Information
Commons, Loyola
University Chicago,
2007, Solomon
Cordwell Buenz,
Halvorson and Partners
Striuct.
Indeterminate Frames
Cantilever Frames
Braced frames
Pitched Frames
Multi-bay Frames
Multi-bay, Single-Story Frames
Multi -Story Frames
Vierendeel Trusses
The loading on a simply supported inclined beam is investigated in with a pin support at the
base and a roller support at the top, which however may have different orientations.
The typical gravity loading of an inclined member consists of the dead load wD acting along
the structure, and the live load wL, which is usually given by codes on the horizontal
projection of the structure (a). To determine the maximum moment, it is convenient to
transfer the dead load to the horizontal projection of the beam (b), since the maximum
moment of a simply supported inclined beam is equal to that for an equivalent beam
on the horizontal projection carrying the same loading as the inclined beam. In other
words, the moment is independent of beam slope and support conditions.
The shear depends on the beam inclination but not on the orientation of the top support. It is
equal to the shear of the beam on the horizontal projection multiplied by cos. The parallel
load components cause axial forces along the beam and are equal to the load on the
horizontal projection multiplied by sin. The axial force flow depends on the beam inclination
and on the reaction condition of the top support.
The uniform lateral loading case is analogous to the uniform gravity loading case; just
visualize the span L and height h to be exchanged. For example, the maximum moment due
to the wind pressure q on the vertical projection of the beam is,
The fact that the moment is independent of the geometry of the bent or folded beam for
vertical support conditions, is demonstrated in the drawing.
Various folded beam systems are investigated in the following drawing ranging from a simple
inclined beam (B), a stair (E.), to other roof frame shapes.
Notice SAP automatically transfers the loads from the projection to an equivalent load along
the member!
wL + wD/cos
wD + wLcos
wL
wD
h
L/cos
wD cos + wLcos2
The parallel load component causes axial force action in the member: (wD + wLcos) sin
and from the perpendicular load component the shear is determined: (wD + wLcos) cos
-7.94 ft-k
50 ft-k
34.46 ft-k
50 ft-k
49.70 ft-k
50 ft-k
1 k/ft
-5.76 ft-k
53.85 ft-k
37.69 ft-k
53.85 ft-k
54.11 ft-k
53.85 ft-k
7.94 ft-k
8 ft-k
13.61 ft-k
8 ft-k
15.87 ft-k
8 ft-k
b
a
The magnitude of the maximum moment for simple folded or bent beams
under uniform vertical loads does not change when the load is applied on
the horizontal projection of the beams. Naturally, the magnitude of the
axial forces will change.
b
a
Mmax = wL2/8
c
MEMBER ORIENTATION
Is defined by local coordinate system
Quite common are three-hinged frame systems where the hinge is placed
at mid-span of the beam as demonstrated in the following drawing for
various one-story, single-bay frame shapes.
THE
EFFECT OF
HINGE
LOCATION
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Three-Hinged Frames
Restaurant Bangkok
United Airlines Wash Hangar, San Francisco, Calif., 1958, Myron Goldsmith (SOM)
United Airlines Maintenance Hangar, San Francisco, Calif., 1958, Myron Goldsmith
(SOM)
Republic Newspaper
Plant, Columbus, 1971,
Myron Goldsmith
(SOM)
Museum fr Kommunikation,
Frankfurt, Germany, 1990,
Gnter Behnisch Arch
Guastalla School,
Guastalla, Italy, 2015,
Mario Cucinella
Architects
Technical University
Otaniemif, Auditorium,
Helsinki, Finland, 1964, Alvar
Aalto Arch
Ib = 1.55Ic: k = 0.58
W14x90
W14x90
W24x62
k = (I/L)b /(I/L)c
1
Ib = 2.07Ic : k = 0.78
W14x82
W14x82
W24x68
W14x74
W24x76
Ib = 2.64Ic: k = 0.99
1
When the hinge in the three-hinged portal frame is taken out, then the two-hinged
frame becomes once statically indeterminate; now the force flow cannot be found
anymore simply by statics, the bending stiffness EI of the members must be
considered. For example, the support moment Ms in the two-hinge frame of one
material (Ec = Eb) is dependent on the stiffness of the beam (Ib/Lb) and column
(Ic/Lc) that is the stiffness factor k.
MS = -[wL2/12]/[3/(3+2k)]
where, k = (I/L)b/(I/L)c = (Ib/Lb)Lc/Ic = n(Lc/Lb),
where, Ib = nIc
Ms = - wL2/20
Ms = - wL2/16
Ms - wL2/14
Fortunately, not the actual stiffness but the relative stiffness is used to
determine the force flow along the members. Since the material does not
generally vary, the stiffness factor for the two-hinged portal frame can be
expressed simply in terms of nLc/Lb.
k = (I/L)b/(I/L)c = (Ib/Lb)Lc/Ic = n(Lc/Lb)
where, Ib = nIc
Ib = 0.77Ic
k = (I/L)b /(I/L)c = 0.29 0.3
Ib = 1.55Ic:
k = 0.58 0.6
Ib = 2.07Ic:
Ib = 2.64Ic:
k = 0.78
k = 0.99 1
k = 0.3
k = 0.6
k = 0.9
k = 1.0
A typical frame must support a roof area of one-half of a bay on each side; that is, the
joists on each side of the frame transmit to the frame one-half of the gravity roof load.
w = wD + wL = 40(0.025 + 0.030) = 1.0 + 1.2 = 2.2 k/ft
The curtain panels transmit the lateral wind load to the spandrel beams and roof
diaphragm, which in turn apply a single load Pw to the frame at the beam-column
intersection.
Pw = 40(15/2)0.017 = 5.1 k
Here the total beam moment to be distributed to column is,
k = 0.19
k = 0.75
k = 0.38
K = 1.13
k = 0.19
K = 0.38
k = 0.75
K = 1.13
a) settlement
c) gravity load
b) beam expansion
d) diagonal contraction
Deflection
N-diagrams
M-diagrams
M-diagrams
SUPPORT SETTLEMENT
THERMAL LOADING
CANTILEVER FRAMES
c d
c d
EU Hmicycle
Office Building,
Kirchberg, City
of Luxembourg,
1979, Pierre
Bohler Arch
10'
3'
3.5'
BRACED FRAMES
Frames can be braced in a concentric or eccentric manner as indicated for portal
bents. Cases A. and B. are concentrically braced, while cases C. and D. are
eccentrically braced, and cases E. and F. have knee bracing. In the symmetrical
post-beam structures (A., C., and E.) the braces change from K-bracing, to
eccentric bracing to knee bracing. In the asymmetrical frames (B. and D.) the
change is similar from diagonal bracing to the beam-column intersection, to a
single eccentric bracing, and then to knee bracing for the post-beam structure.
The knee braces as often found in wood construction, do not provide a rigid
support to the beam; the support settlement is a function of the column stiffness.
The knee-braced corners of frames can be visualized as rigid frame connections.
In earthquake regions the use of eccentric bracing should be considered. While
the conventional concentrically braced frames are very stiff because the forces
are transmitted directly in axial fashion, under severe cyclic loading the braces
may buckle because of the lack of ductility and cause an unbalance of loading,
which may result in failure. However, when the brace is connected eccentrically to
the beam, rather than concentrically to the beam-column intersection, then the
diagonal force is transmitted in shear and bending along the beam segment,
forming a ductile link, where the plastic deformations prevent the brace from
buckling.
a.
BRACED FRAMES
a.
EXAMPLE: 8.7
Pitched Frames
The pitched frame concept ranges from residential roof construction to the folded
frame for industrial buildings. Several typical examples are shown in Fig. 7.7.
Case (A.) is basic triangular truss unit; when the tie is taken out and the roller support
is replaced by a pin support, then the structure forms a three-hinge A-frame. In wood
construction the inclined beams are called rafters. A statically indeterminate collar
frame is shown in case (C.), where the simple A-frame is internally braced by a collar
strut to reduce the bending in the beams, w. For the strut to be truly effective, floor
decking or horizontal bracing should connect the various collar ties together to form a
horizontal deep beam, which must be supported by shear walls or vertical trussing.
For this method of construction, the collar strut provides a rigid support to the beams;
otherwise, a flexible support would only be available under unsymmetrical load action,
requiring much larger member sizes.
Case (B.) represents a post-beam structure as is typical for residential construction. In
contrast to A-frame construction, where the beams support each other at the crown to
form a continuous frame, in the post-beam structure the inclined beams or joists (if
they are closely spaced) function independently as inclined simple bending members,
supported on ridge beams. For the post-beam structure there are no ties at the base
support required because there is no thrust under gravity action. In case (D.)
intermediate beam supports are introduced to reduce bending and deflection.
Case (E.) is a three-hinge gable frame whereas in case (F.) a tie rod is added to
frame knees to reduce the thrust and thus reduce bending in the frame.
The critical moment for the gable frame is at the knee, the field moments along the
inclined frame beam are rather small when compared with the support moments so
they do not play an important role during the preliminary design process.
PITCHED FRAMES
Xiangguo Si
temple complex,
Kaifeng, China
Da Qingzhen Si (Great
Mosque) originially built in
742 and then rebuilt in the
Qing dynasty, Xian, China
Carl-Zeiss Planetarium
Stuttgart, Germany,
1977, Wilfried BeckErlang Arch
National Museum
of the Marine Corps
and Heritage
Center, Quantico,
Virginia USA, 2006,
Fentress Bradburn
Architects,
Thornton
Tomasetti/Weidling
er Struct Eng
Airport Madrid,
Spain, 2005,
Richard Rogers
Arch, Anthony
Hunt Struct. Eng
Dalian, China
SWISSBAU
1999, Basel
Factory 798 , art district, Beijing northeast Dashanzi area, previously factory
buildings buit by East German architects in the 1950s
Schwebebahnstation Kluse,
Wuppertal-Elberfeld, 1999, Bernward
von Chamier+Francisco Molina Arch,
Ralf-Harald von Felde Struct. Eng
post-beam structure
rigid frames
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
L = 20'
L = 20'
L = 20'
L = 20'
H = 3(10) = 30"
L = 20"
L = 20"
L = 20"
H = 3(10) = 30"
L = 20"
L = 20"
L = 20"
H = 3(10) = 30"
15 Sp @ 12' = 180'
7 Sp @ 25 ft = 175 ft
2(180)/3 = 120'
180/2 = 90'
15 Sp @ 12' = 180'
3 Sp @ 20' = 60'
3 Sp @ 20' = 60'
15-story planar rigid frame structure; lateral loading wind and seismic action
60 k
F7
w7
Fx
wx
F1
W
V
3 SP @ 20 = 60'
H = 10 SP @ 12' = 120'
h7 = 70'
37 k
hx
2(120)/3 = 80'
120/2 = 60'
F10
w10
7 Sp @ 25 ft = 175 ft
60 k
10 Sp @ 12' = 120'
2(120)/3 = 80'
120/2 = 60'
37.83 k
3 Sp @ 20' = 60'
Tsinghua University
Scientific Park (Tuspark),
Beijing, China, 2006
Parkinggarage Otto
Schill Str., Leipzig,
Germany
Umspannwerk
Mediapark,
Koeln, 1996,
Sandro Graf von
Einsiedel Arch.
Dokumenta Urbana
(Freiluftzikmmer), Kassel,
Germany, 1984, Herman
Hertzberger Arch
Dokumenta
Urbana, Kassel,
Germany 1984,
Otto Seidle Arch
Centraal
Beheer,
Apeldoorn, The
Netherlands,
1972, Herman
Herzberger
School of
Architecture,
Nanterre, France,
1972, J. Kalisz +
R. Salem Arch
School of Architecture,
Nanterre, France, 1972, J.
Kalisz, + R. Salem Arch
WDR Arcades/Broadcasting
House, Cologne, Germany, 1996,
Gottfried Bhm Arch
Department
Store Peek &
Cloppenburg,
BerlinCharlottenburg,
Germany, 1965,
Gottfried Bhm
Arch
VIERENDEEL TRUSSES
same member
size
h = 10'
a.
L = 8(10) - 80'
b.
a.
b.
Chancellor's
BridgeVierendeel bridge,
Berlin, 2001
Incheon International
Airport, Seoul, 2001, Fentress
Bradburn Arch.
Landesvertretung
von BadenWuertemberg,
Berlin, 2000,
Dietrich Bangert
Arch
House, Nuremberg
La Grande Arche, Paris, 1989, Johan Otto von Sprechelsen/ Peter Rice for the canopy
Court of Justice,
Hasselt, Belgium,
2013, J. MAYER H.
Architects
Irregular Frame
German
pavilion at
Shanghai
2010,
Schmidhub
er + Kaindl
Arch,
SSFStruct
Eng
Zenith Music Hall, Strasbourg, France, 2008, Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas Arch
form-TL Struct Eng (membrane)