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I.
INTRODUCTION ULTRASONICS
PRODUCTION OF ULTRASONICS
Mechanical Method
2.
Piezoelectric generator
3.
Magnetostriction generator
Mechanical method is one of the oldest methods for
producing ultrasonic waves up to 100kHz frequencies
Piezoelectric Generator
This method is based on the piezoelectric effect and
was developed by langevin in 1917. The piezo electric
effect is used to provide e.m.f and the tuning is
achieved by a variable condenser as shown below
Magnetostriction Generator
The principle of Magnetostriction effect is utilized in this
for production of ultrasonics, according to this effect a bar of
ferromagnetic material like nickel or iron changes its length
when it is placed in the strong magnetic field applied to its
length. A nickel rod placed in a rapidly varying magnetic field
alternately expands and contracts with twice the frequency of
the applied magnetic field. The expansion and contraction in
the rod produces ultrasonic sound waves in the medium
surrounding the nickel rod. The frequency of the ultrasonics
produced ranges from 8kHz to 20Khz and however the range
of frequencies depend on the mode of vibration of the
ferromagnetic material and may vary from few hundred to
300k Hz .
To generate the ultrasonics, the following circuit devised by
G.W. Pierce is used. The specimen rod AB normally invar is
placed inside a solenoid parallel to its axis. A high frequency
current is passed through the solenoid and consequently the rod
is magnetized ad demagnetized with varying current thus
producing ultrasonics.
Additive Manufacturing
Additive Manufacturing refers to a process by which digital
3D design data is used to build up a component in layers by
depositing material. The term "3D printing" is increasingly
used as a synonym for Additive Manufacturing. However, the
latter is more accurate in that it describes a professional
production technique which is clearly distinguished from
conventional methods of material removal. Instead of milling
a work piece from solid block, for example, Additive
Manufacturing builds up components layer by layer using
materials which are available in fine powder form. A range of
different metals, plastics and composite materials may be
used.
The technology has especially been applied in conjunction
with Rapid Prototyping - the construction of illustrative and
functional prototypes. Additive Manufacturing is now being
used increasingly in Series Production. It gives Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in the most varied sectors
of industry the opportunity to create a distinctive profile for
themselves based on new customer benefits, cost-saving
potential and the ability to meet sustainability goals.
There are many ways product can be 3D printed, few of them
are
1) SLA:Very high end technology utilizing laser
technology to cure layer-upon-layer of photopolymer resin
(polymer that changes properties when exposed to light)
rapid prototyping technique that allows manufacturers to proSLS on a DTM Sinter station 2000. The fragile green part
produced consists of steel powder held in a polymer matrix.
The second step in the process was a sintering furnace cycle.
In this step the green parts were placed into a furnace and
heated to 1120C with a heating rate of 2C/min. During the
heating phase the polymer was burned away leaving the steel
skeleton, which was then sintered traditionally to a porous
steel structure at 1120C for 3 h. The sintered parts were then
cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 3C/min. The
atmosphere in the furnace was inert gas with a mix of 30%
hydrogen and 70% nitrogen recommended. Finally this
structure was infiltrated with molten bronze, which was
absorbed from the base of the parts by a wicking action, which
drew the bronze through the porous matrix resulting in a near
fully dense composite. The furnace was held at 1050C for 3
h. The heating rate, cooling rate, and the atmosphere inside the
furnace were the same as for the sintering cycle.