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The Puritan imagination was central to the nature of American writing and
puritan narratives defined a shape for the writing of America.
Puritanism turned into a hard-working enterprise, relations with Europe and
England became distant and estranged and the thirteen American colonies finally
declared their independence and became the First New Nation.
Willian Bradford was a leader of the Mayflower separatists and governor of
Plymouth for thirty years after its settlement.
Bradford and any other Puritan insisting on radical purification of religious
belief and practice and the voyage to New England was an act of faith and the
simple truth was an account of the significant actions of Gods Chosen People,
sent on a divine errand into the Wilderness.
John Winthrop was governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the north
founded ten years after Plymouth.
Both Bradford and Winthrop see the migrants as none other than Israelites; the
facts are clear allegorical and transcendental meanings, evidence of Gods
participation in the successive stages of human history.
The material of journals is the stuff of millenarian epic, but it is epic without
known outcome. Signs and meanings are always uncertain and satanic deception
is always a possibility.
The Puritans were attempting to found a new order of society based on a new
covenant of men and a new relation of religion and law.
The essential elements the separatists brought with them they left Britain to
found their Bible were the search for the relationship between Gods and mans
history, between providential intentions and individual conscience.
Central to the Puritans life was the question of individual election and
damnation, the relation of private destiny to predestined purpose.
The central expression of the American Puritan mind were the history, annals,
scientific observation, the diary and so on, the Puritan period is not what we
would now call imaginative literature. Metaphor and typology are the shaping
elements of Puritan writing.
British Protestant spirit had its own metaphysical and allegorical resources that
marked early Puritan writing and later American literature.
Puritan thought anticipated many aspects of Romanticism especially
transcendentalism. But Romanticism celebrated the imagination as a path to
spiritual understandings, the Puritan mind required piety.
Anne Bradstreet was, perhaps, the first major woman poet in English language.
Also born in England, she sailed in 1630 on the Arbella. Both her father and her
husband (by whom she had eight children) were governors of Massachusetts
Bay.
Anne produced poetry between domestic duties, not about great political,
historical or theological matters, and represents a crucial antecedent.
Anne acquired a contemporary reputation as the first author of American poems;
her brother-in-law published her work in London in 1650.
Anne drew for models on the writing of Renaissance England and her themes
were her own provincial and displaced world, her domestic life. Its create
tension in her verse.
Edward Taylor has been recognized as the major Puritan poet, the best and the
most productive America would produce till the mid-nineteenth century.
Taylor born in Britain and received his education there before emigrating in
1668. A minister in Westfield, Massachusetts, he was a Puritan first and a poet
second; his poetry never deviates from dedication to the glory and goodness of
God.
Taylors poetry shows that there is an extraordinary compatibility between the
Puritan world view and the sensibility of metaphysical verse.
Taylors verse employs conceits of the metaphysical tradition to render the
psychological and emotional pressures of New England Calvinism, using the
linguistic intensity of poetic creation as itself a means of reaching toward God
and redemption.
Taylors poems pass beyond literary artifice to become emblems of transcendent
relationships, beyond allegory into the moral, psychological and symbolic
intensity that comes to characterize the American writing.
The narrative drew the essential Puritan myth: a chosen people crossing the sea
to enter a wilderness peopled with devils, suffering and seeking redemption.
For Taylor, soul and body, grace and sin, the will of God and the intransigence of
his fallen creature, all require violence of conception and expression to resolve
their contradiction.
Taylors verse employs the conceits of the metaphysical tradition to render the
psychological and emotional pressures of New England Calvinism, therely using
the linguistic intensity of poetic creation redemption.
Taylors poems pass beyond literary artifice to become emblems of transcendent
relationships, beyond allegory into the moral, psychological and symbolic
intensity that comes to characterize so much of the richest American writing.
Puritans cosmic, transcendental and providential vision, their faith and escape
from Old World to a redemptive new one their exceptionalist belief in the
powerful recovery of history lingers in American culture.