Kuliah 6

Perembesan Air (Water-Influx)

Oleh: Taufan Marhaendrajana, PhD

Definisi
Water influx (perembesan air) adalah aliran air
ke reservoir dari aquifer yang bersinggungan
karena penurunan tekanan di reservoir akibat
produksi.
Besarnya rembesan air ini dipengaruhi oleh:
Dimensi dari aquifer
Permeabilitas aquifer
Luas kontak aquifer dengan reservoir

Klasifikasi Aquifer
Many gas and oil reservoirs produced by a mechanism termed water drive.
Often this is called natural water drive to distinguish it from artificial water
drive that involves the injection of water into the formation. Hydrocarbon
production from the reservoir and the subsequent pressure drop prompt a
response from the aquifer to offset the pressure decline. This response comes
in a form of water influx, commonly called water encroachment, which is
attributed to:
Expansion of the water in the aquifer
Compressibility of the aquifer rock
Artesian flow where the water-bearing formation outcrop is located
structurally higher than the pay zone

Interaksi Reservoir-Aquifer
Reservoir-aquifer systems are commonly
classified on the basis of:

Degree of pressure maintenance

Flow regimes
Outer boundary conditions
Flow geometries

Degree of Pressure Maintenance

Based on the degree of the reservoir pressure maintenance provided by the
aquifer, the natural water drive is often qualitatively described as:
Active water drive
Partial water drive
Limited water drive
The term active water drive refers to the water encroachment mechanism
in which the rate of water influx equals the reservoir total production
rate.
Active water-drive reservoirs are typically characterized by a gradual and slow
reservoir pressure decline. If, during any long period, the production rate and
reservoir pressure remain reasonably constant, the reservoir voidage rate
must be equal to the water influx rate.

Water influx rate = oil flow rate + free gas flow rate + water production rate
ew =
where
ew
Qo
Bo
Qg
Bg
Qw
Bw

Q o Bo

Q g Bg

Qw Bw

= water influx rate, bbl/day

= oil flow rate, STB/day
= oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
= free gas flow rate, scf/day
= gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf
= water flow rate, STB/day
= water formation volume factor, bbl/STB

Contoh:
Calculate the water influx rate ew in a reservoir whose pressure is stabilized at
3000 psi.
Given:
initial reservoir pressure = 3500 psi; Qo = 32,000 STB/day; Bo = 1.4 bbl/STB; GOR =
900 scf/STB; Rs = 700 scf/STB; Bg = 0.00082 bbl/scf; qw = 0; Bw = 1.0 bbl/STB
Jawaban:
ew = (1.4) (32,000) + (900 700) (32,000) (0.00082) + 0 = 50,048 bbl/day

Outer Boundary Conditions

The aquifer can be classified as infinite or finite (bounded). Geologically all formations are
finite, but may act as infinite if the changes in the pressure at the oil-water contact are not
felt at the aquifer boundary. Some aquifers outcrop and are infinite acting because of
surface replenishment. In general, the outer boundary governs the behavior of the
aquifer and, therefore:
a. Infinite system indicates that the effect of the pressure changes at the oil/aquifer
boundary can never be felt at the outer boundary. This boundary is for all intents
and purposes at a constant pressure equal to initial reservoir pressure.
b.

Finite system indicates that the aquifer outer limit is affected by the influx into
the oil zone and that the pressure at this outer limit changes with time.

Flow Regimes
There are basically three flow regimes that influence the rate of water influx
into the reservoir. As previously described in Chapter 6, those flow regimes are:
a. Steady-state
b. Semisteady (pseudosteady)-state
c. Unsteady-state

Flow Geometries
Reservoir-aquifer systems can be classified on the basis of flow geometry as:
a. Edge-water drive
b. Bottom-water drive
c. Linear-water drive

RECOGNITION OF NATURAL WATER

INFLUX
A comparatively low, and decreasing, rate of reservoir
pressure decline with increasing cumulative withdrawals
is indicative of fluid influx.
If the reservoir pressure is below the oil saturation
pressure, a low rate of increase in produced gas-oil ratio
is also indicative of fluid influx.
Early water production from edge wells is indicative of
water encroachment.
Calculation of increasing original oil-in-place from
successive reservoir pressure surveys by using the
material balance assuming no water influx is also
indicative of fluid influx.

F NE o
F NpBo Rp Rs Bg WpBw
Eo ( Bo Boi ) ( Rsi Rs ) Bg

Indication of water influx

No water influx

N
F

Eo

WATER INFLUX MODELS

The mathematical water influx models that are
commonly used in the petroleum industry include:
Pot aquifer
Schilthuis steady-state
The Van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state
Edge-water drive
Bottom-water drive

The Carter-Tracy unsteady-state

Fetkovichs method
Radial aquifer
Linear aquifer

Fast Convolution Method (FCM)

Water Influx Calculation

Using POT Aquifer Model

Water influx = (aquifer compressibility) (initial volume of water)(pressure drop)

We

(cw + cf)

Wi

(pi p)

Mempertimbangkan area of contact:

We = (cw + cf) Wi f (pi p)
where
We
cw
cf
Wi
pi
p
f

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

cumulative water influx, bbl

aquifer water compressibility, psi1
aquifer rock compressibility, psi1
initial volume of water in the aquifer, bbl
initial reservoir pressure, psi
current reservoir pressure (pressure at oil-water contact), psi
encroachment angle

ra2 re2 h
Wi

5
.
615

where
ra
=
re
=
h
=

radius of the aquifer, ft

radius of the reservoir, ft
thickness of the aquifer, ft
porosity of the aquifer

360

Radial aquifer geometry

Contoh:
Calculate the cumulative water influx that results from a pressure drop of 200 psi at
the oil-water contact with an encroachment angle of 80. The reservoir-aquifer
system is characterized by the following properties:
Reservoir

Aquifer

Radius, ft

2600

10,000

porosity

0.18

0.12

cf, psi-1

4x10-6

3x10-6

cw, psi-1

5x10-6

4x10-6

h, ft

20

25

Solution
Step 1. Calculate the initial volume of water in the aquifer.

10,0002 2,6002 250.12

156.5MMbbl
Wi
5.615

Step 2. Determine the cumulative water influx.

We = (4 + 3) 10-6 (156.5 10-6 ) (80/360) (200) = 48,689 bbl

Water Influx Calculation

Using Schilthuis Steady-State Model

where
ew =
k
=
h
=
ra
=
re
=
t
=
C
=

rate of water influx, bbl/day

permeability of the aquifer, md
thickness of the aquifer, ft
radius of the aquifer, ft
radius of the reservoir
time, days
water influx constant, bbl/psi/day

Contoh:
The data given :
pi = 3500 psi; p = 3000 psi; Qo = 32,000 STB/day; Bo = 1.4 bbl/STB; GOR = 900
scf/STB; Rs = 700 scf/STB; Bg = 0.00082 bbl/scf; Qw =0; Bw = 1.0 bbl/STB
Calculate Schilthuis water influx constant.
Solution
Step 1. Solve for the rate of water influx ew.
ew = (1.4) (32,000) + (900 700) (32,000) (0.00082)+ 0
= 50,048 bbl/day
Step 2. Solve for the water influx constant

Cumulative Water Influx:

where
We =
C =
t
=
pi =
p =

cumulative water influx, bbl

water influx constant, bbl/day/psi
time, days
initial reservoir pressure, psi
pressure at the oil-water contact at time t, psi

Contoh: (class exercise)

The pressure history of a water-drive oil reservoir is given below:
t, days

p, psi

3500

100

3450

200

3410

300

3380

400

3340

The aquifer is under a steady-state flowing condition with an estimated water influx
constant of 130 bbl/day/psi. Calculate the cumulative water influx after 100, 200,
300, and 400 days using the steady-state model.

Water Influx Calculation

Using Van Everdingen-Hurst Unsteady-State Model
The model solution can be used to determine the water influx in the following
systems:
Edge-water-drive system (radial system)
Bottom-water-drive system
Linear-water-drive system

We BpWeD
B 1.119ct re2 hf
where :
We
=
B
=
p
=
WeD =
f
=

cumulative water influx, bbl

water influx constant, bbl/psi
pressure drop at the boundary, psi
dimensionless water influx
ratio of encroachment angle

Dimensionless Water Influx

Edge Water Drive

Idealized Radial Flow Model

kt
t D 6.328 10
ct re2
3

Contoh:
Calculate water influx at the end of 1, 2, and 5 years into a circular reservoir with an
aquifer of infinite extent. The initial and current reservoir pressures are 2500 and 2490
psi, respectively. The reservoir-aquifer system has the following properties.
Reservoir

Aquifer

Radius, ft

2000

infinite

porosity

0.15

0.20

cf, psi-1

2x10-6

0.3x10-6

cw, psi-1

1x10-6

0.7x10-6

h, ft

20

25

k, md

50

100

w, cp

0.5

0.8

Solution
Step 1. Calculate the total compressibility coefficient ct.
ct = 0.7 (106) + 0.3 (103) = 1 106 psi1
Step 2. Determine the water influx constant.
B = 1.119 (0.2) ( 1 106) (2000)2 (25) (360/360) = 22.4

Step 3. Calculate the corresponding dimensionless time after 1, 2, and 5 years.

100t
t D 6.328 10
(0.2)(0.8)(1106 )(20002 )
3

t (tahun)

t (hari)

tD

365

361

730

722

1825

1805

Step 4. Using Table 10-1, determine the dimensionless water influx WeD
t (tahun)

t (hari)

tD

WeD

365

361

123.5

730

722

221.8

1825

1805

484.6

Step 5. Calculate the cumulative water influx.

We (22.4)(2500 2490)WeD
t (tahun)

t (hari)

tD

WeD

We (bbl)

365

361

123.5

27664

730

722

221.8

49683

1825

1805

484.6

108550

Change in
Boundary
Pressure
Boundary Pressure Versus Time

We B pWeD

Illustration of superposition concept

Contoh:
Using the data given in previous Examples:
Reservoir

Aquifer

Radius, ft

2000

infinite

porosity

0.15

0.20

cf, psi-1

2x10-6

0.3x10-6

cw, psi-1

1x10-6

0.7x10-6

h, ft

20

25

k, md

50

100

w, cp

0.5

0.8

calculate the cumulative water influx at the end of 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The
predicted boundary pressure at the end of each specified time period is given
below:
t, months
p, psi

2500

2490

12

2472

18

2444

24

2408

Solution:

B = 1.119 (0.2) ( 1 106) (2000)2 (25) (360/360) = 22.4

t D 6.328 103

100t
(0.2)(0.8)(1106 )(20002 )

t = 6 months

tD = 180.4, WeD = 69.46

We = (22.4) (2500-2490) (69.46) = 15559.04 bbl
t = 12 months
t,
months

t, days

p, psi

Dp

2500

182.5

2490

10

12

12

365

2472

18

6 t, months180.4t, days69.46

Total Water Influx

Dt

DtD

WeD

We

123.5

24700

0
360.9

p, psi
28006.3

tD

2500
52706.3

182.5

2490

90

12

365

2472

18

t = 18 months
t,
months

t, days

p, psi

Dp, psi

2500

182.5

2490

10

547.5

12

365

2472

18

18

547.5

2444

28

Total Water Influx, bbl

t = 24 months ?

Dt, days

DtD

WeD

We, bbl

541.3

173.7

38908.8

365

360.9

123.5

49795.2

182.5

180.4

69.46

43565.3

132269.3

Water Influx Calculation

Using Fetkovich Method
Equation of Water Influx

We U pan pan1

Aquifer Pressure

pan1 pan e t 12 psn1 psn 1 e t

Where:

365J / U , year 1
Radial Aquifer

Linear Aquifer

U ( / 360)hct ra2 rr2 / 5.615 RB/psi

U ALct / 5.615 RB/psi

7.08 10 3 kh ( / 360)
J
lnra / rr 3 / 4

RB/D/psi

0.003381kA
L

RB/D/psi

Example of Water Influx Calculation

Using Fetkovich Method
Example:
h
k

=
=
=
ct =
rr =
R =
=

100 ft
200 mD
0.25
7x10-6 psi-1
9200 ft
5
140o

Time
(years)

Pressure at OWC
(psia)

2740

2500

2290

2109

1949

1818

1702

1608

1535

1480

10

1460

Example of Water Influx Calculation

Using Fetkovich Method
U ( / 360)hct (ra2 rr2 ) / 5.615
(140 / 360)( 0.25)(100)( 7 10 6 )( 46000 2 9200 2 )
77348.27 RB/psi

7.08 10 3 kh ( / 360) 7.08 10 3 (200)(100)(140 / 360)

J

116.5 RB/D/psi
lnra / rr 3 / 4
(0.55)ln5 3 / 4

365(116.5) /(77348.27) 0.5498 year 1

For T = 1 year:

pa(1) pa(0) e t 12 p s(1) p s(0) 1 e t

(2740)e 0.5498(1) 12 (2740 2500)(1 e 0.5498(1) )

2689 psia

We(1) U pa(0) pa(1) 77348.27(2740 2689) 3.945 MMRB

Example of Water Influx Calculation

Using Fetkovich Method (Continued)
For T = 2 year:

pa( 2) pa(1) e t 12 p s( 2) p s(1) 1 e t

(2689)e 0.5498(1) 12 (2500 2290)(1 e 0.5498(1) )

2565 psia

We(2) U pa(1) pa(2) 77348.27(2689 2565) 9.591 MMRB