1.

Consensus Crime with zero range of tolerance (John Hagans Types of Crime):

Acts deemed very harmful and wrong, and for which the harshest criminal
sanctions are reserved
2. Deviant Subculture: deviance on the group/organization scale leads to
deviant subculture
3. Control Theory: Deviance occurs as a result of week social bonds (Internal
and External sanctions)
4. Reinforcement Theory: We act on perceived rewards or costs which can be
social, economical and so on
5. Differential Association theory: a type of symbolic interaction theory, interprets deviance,
including criminal behavior, as behavior one learns through interaction with others. Edwin
Sutherland argued that becoming a criminal or a juvenile delinquent is a matter of learning
criminal ways within the primary groups to which one belongs. To Sutherland, people become
criminals when they are more strongly socialized to break the law than to obey i t.
6. Skinners Theory: All we need to know in order to describe and explain behavior is this:
actions
followed by good outcomes are likely to recur , and actions followed by bad outcomes are less
likely to recur.
(Skinner, 1953)
7. Social Learning Theory: . According to social learning theory, behaviors and attitudes
develop in response to reinforcement and encouragement from those around us. Reinforcement
comes to us as positive reinforcement (reward) or negative reinforcement (punishment). Behavior
that is positively reinforced is more likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is negatively
reinforced is not.
Emphasizes that people learn by observing other persons (models) whom they believe are
credible and knowledgeable. (bombers are presented as role models and they are highly
appreciated)
8. John Braithwaite (1989): Nations
with low crime rates are those
where shaming has great social power.
Disintegrative shaming:
Condemnation received by offenders in the criminal justice system; this shaming is counterproductive.
Reintegrative shaming: A method of condemning the offenders acts without condemning him
or her personhood.
9. Conflict Theory of Crime: Individuals are responding to inequities built into capitalism
(explains why parents handle their children to the banned outfits)
10.Innovation (Robert Merton Typology): Accepted cultural goals but rejected
means to achieve them
11. Labelling Theory: Deviance is found, not in the act, but in the response, in the label applied
(people are labelled as infidels)
12. Conformity: Behaving in accordance with the perceived norms and expectations of the society or
group.
13. Sapir Whorf Hypothesis:
the structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers and thus influences
their thought patterns and world views. (Quran given in Arabic, the language they do not
understand)

14.Altruistic Suicide: A suicide that occurs because of the extreme cohesion in a group. The person
committing suicide only cares about the norms of the group and can do anything to conform with
them. (Emile Durkheim)