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Introduction
In contrast to popular belief, digital literacy is actually much more than
just having basic technological skills. Jones-Kavalier and Flannigan, who
wrote Connecting the Digital Dots: Literacy of the 21st Century, defined
digital literacy as the ability to read and interpret media; to reproduce
data and images through digital manipulation, and to evaluate and apply
new knowledge gained from digital environments. Digital literacy concerns
how people use technology: whether they are proficient users, whether
they understand how digital media affects their lives, whether they are
able to discern and filter out what is good and trustworthy from the vast
sea of information, and whether they are able to use it to create content
for effective communication with others.
In this paper, we will examine successful digital literacy initiatives from
different countries from the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and attempt to apply these initiatives
to our target audience: the Left-behind Children in China.
China is a country with medium Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.699
(UNDP, 2013).
Due to Chinas rapid urbanization over the past 30 years, problems such
as a widening economic gap have arisen. Impoverished sectors have been
created, as some parts of China move forward and other parts remain
stuck. One such neglected group is the Left-behind Children.
The Left-behind Children are a special social group consisting of a huge
and still increasing number of children from migrant worker families.
Their homes, located in Chinas poor countryside, have few job
opportunities. Hence, their parents have to leave their homes to become
migrant workers; to help earn a living from the bigger cities.
The Left-behind Children usually live with their grandparents or guardians
in the rural areas. Some common issues they face are psychological
problems, education inadequacy, sexual assault, school violence and
youth crime.
Following the increasing number of Left-behind Children, some socialists
started to pay attention to this group of people. Ruan Mei, a female
socialist in China, spent 3 years going across five provinces and visiting
more than 1600 teachers and 1900 Left-behind Children. She then
published a book titled, Century pain: Chinas left-behind children
research in 2008.
Thereafter, various organizations, the medias and even the Chinese
Government began to pay attention to this specific group.
The two portions of this group are the ones living in the East and have
some access to digital technology, and the ones living in the rural West
who have no access to computers and/or the Internet. From this, we can
infer that there is a digital divide even from within this group of Leftbehind Children.
A wide digital divide still separates rural and urban China. (Peng, 2010)
How do we bridge that divide? We propose a digital literacy initiative,
studying the problems the Left-behind Children and matching them
against successful initiatives of OECD countries.
China should set up learning centres for its schoolteachers, where they
will be trained in digital literacy. This is accredited and must be made
compulsory for all teachers to go through before going out to work. Digital
literacy must be part of every schoolteachers job training. Having this will
ensure quality digital education for the students. Training will include
having proficiency on computers, web 2.0 (searching of internet, online
safety, etc.), and the use of other digital entities such as teaching
resources. Presently, teachers in the cities are more trained than the
teachers in the rural areas because the government does not see the
need to deploy trained teachers to rural areas. Once the infrastructure is
established, teachers in rural areas should also be trained, and teachers
from the cities can also find themselves becoming more useful in the rural
areas.
This initiative should be fully funded by the government. However, private
companies, especially those who have vested interest in digital media,
should be engaged to structure and teach the courses. This is because
with their expertise, better quality teaching can be expected.
The interactivity of digital media can help to ease learning difficulties of
these poor children. For example, a simple visual demonstration of a
certain subject is better at increasing the depth of understanding as
compared to just having to read plain text. Students get a hands-on
experience with what they are learning when using laptops. There's
greater student-student or student-teacher engagement through the use
of online portals. It is important for the students to have the ability to
create, store, edit, reuse, manage, view and deliver digital learning
content. Frequent practice of this in school will in turn infuse a kind of
digital literacy into them, enabling them to move forward on their own
once they understand the different concepts and usage of technologies
(e.g. email, printing, etc.).
Larry Gelwix
permanent.
quoted,
Practice
doesnt
make
perfect,
it
makes
Likewise its vital for these children be constantly taught and trained the
correct way of usage when it comes to digital technology. This will ensure
they practise the right mindsets and techniques.
Teachers should constantly educate them on the right and wrong uses of
the Internet. This is important socially, because being newly introduced to
the Internet, these students are still unwary of the predators on the web
which could in turn lead to possible undesirable consequences such as
eventual rape or scams. Hence precaution is still better.
While some children are struggling with the lack of equipment, there are
those who are faced with having inadequate knowledge on handling the
technology they have. There are two kinds of worrying results produced
by this lack of knowledge: they make unintended online purchases and
land up with unexpected bills; they unknowingly release personal data to
dubious websites and chat rooms, which can lead to all kinds of crimes
being committed. The consequences of this lack of knowledge? They pay
whether with money, or with virginity, or with their safety.
15 year-old young girl Liu is a junior school student. At the beginning of
2013, she fell into an online love affair with a boy. She didnt have any
precaution at all when the boy requested for a video-chat and
subsequently her detailed personal information. Through the video-chat
and the information she provided, the boy and his friends found her in a
cybercaf easily. They induced her into going to a hotel and raped her by
turns. Whats more, Liu was forced to provide sexual services to old men
to earn money. She tried to escape but was heavily beaten in the
process.
----Xu Cang District Juvenile Criminal Prosecutor: Xu Ying
The China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) released their
latest figures in July 2013, showing there were more than 590 million
Internet users in China, with 19% of them are under 18 years of age. The
more worrisome thing is, the cyber crime rate has been increasing rapidly
these recent years, especially via QQ.
QQ is the most popular instant messenger established by Tencent in China
and its a messaging application is similar is Skype and MSN. QQs
monthly active accounts have reached up to 721 million. Individuals may
change their mobile number from time to time but are unable to change
their QQ number. After several years of usage, QQ saves all the social
relation information of every user. Some criminal gangs used different
softwares to hack into users QQ accounts; pretending to be the account
owners and cheating their friends. Besides QQ, there were also other
cheating methods, for example, putting up fake websites to deceive
others. They registered website addresses similar to banks and big brands
and created similar content to cheat customers into performing monetary
transactions on their websites.
Although the percentage of Internet users among the Left-behind Children
are not specified, they are certainly still the main targets of the criminal
gangs. Without parents care and education, the Left-behind Children have
a stronger psychological need to feel loved, resulting in wrong choices due
to ignorance.
American Library Associations (ALA) Office for Intellectual
Freedom and Open Society Institute, United States of America
The ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom, with support from the Open
Society Institute initiated the Choose Privacy campaign back in January
2010. The purpose of this campaign was to give libraries the tools they
need to educate and engage users, and give citizens the resources to
think critically and make more informed choices about their privacy (ALA,
2013).
This campaign is not just one that makes the audience the passive
receiver of the message, but also gives the audience a chance to actively
participate and engage in critical thinking based on the resources given;
and also to have national conversations on what the government is doing
or should be doing with their personal information.
With knowledge and understanding, people can make educated choices.
In line with this campaign, the Pollak Library of California State University
has also produced specific guides on how to handle personal online data,
for example, Facebook profiles, Twitter accounts, and how to guard against
identity theft (Pollak Library, 2013).
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On the second day of 2013 spring festival, he stole RMB3000 from home
and stayed at a cybercaf. He was playing a MMORPG game when his
grandma found him two weeks after his ran away from home. His
grandma was so angry that she tied him on a tree outside the house. The
next morning, Li Fan was found dead, frozen.
----SINA NEWS, 28 Feb 2013
The case of Li Fan is just one of the many tragic cases of the Left-behind
Child group in todays modern society. According to Professor Tao Ran, a
medical expert at Beijing Military Command General Hospital, more than
half of the Internet addiction patients had lived apart from their parents
since before they were younger than 3 years old. There were more than
5000 cases in Beijing Military Command General Hospital. Professor Tao
Ran said that the lack of parental care was one of the main factors
causing Internet addiction. You may notice that these 5000 cases were
just the tip of the iceberg. For most of the Left-behind Children with
Internet addiction, they have not even realised their problem.
Compared to the children with normal families, the Left-behind Children
not only lack of self-control, but also parental surveillance. Due to the onechild policy in China, most children are the only child in their family.
Without their parents, there is hardly anyone for them to closely connect
to, except their elderly grandparents, their guardians, their neighbours, or
their schoolmates. Such a social condition can force them to turn to the
Internet for comfort, entertainment, company, etc.
In America, France, German and Korea, they have some specified laws to
protect teenagers from the cyber pornography and cyber bullying
mandatorily. We should learn from them and create our own laws for our
children as soon as possible.
----Beijing Teenager Legal Assistance Center Lower: Liu Hui Li
Cyber pornography and bullying are widespread problems in the modern
society of China. The China Teenager Research Centre has done a survey
about teenager online behaviour, showing that 48% minor netizens have
viewed pornographic websites while 43% received emails with sex or
violent content.
Children are fast-learning and good at imitation. When they receive a
message containing pornography or violence, they are likely to imitate it
in real life; without critical thinking. Some socialists have named this
phenomenon as Network Imitating Disease (BaiDu Baike, 2012). To
develop digital literacy for these Left-behind Children, we should think
about how to filter pornography and violent content.
Some netizens on a Chinese forum have expressed outrage and concern
over photos of young children imitating sexual poses during their
playtime. The global poll showed that 62% of children aged between 10 to
11
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their habits if seeking for help would require paying a material price. The
government could outsource the making of the software to a private
company, who would then receive compensation for the making and the
maintenance of the software.
Counsellors like those from CRUSH are also necessary, and this can create
meaningful job opportunities for the more well-to-do citizens of China who
educated and controlled players of the fast-paced technological world. The
government could employ these counsellors and provide free counselling
for the Left-behind Children facing the problem of Internet or pornographic
addiction, helping these children grow up as people who can be engaged
in social activities and not people bound to a computer for the rest of their
lives.
Conclusion
As it can be seen from the discussions in the earlier sections, there are
various pros and cons to government-led initiatives and private sector
initiatives. Government-led initiatives have a wider and larger access to
the population in China, simply because they are the government and
things sanctioned by them will gain more popularity and acceptance in
China.
The government can also do things for the poor without expecting any or
much profit. For the private sector, it is unprofitable for them to go into
anything that is 100% charitable; they have to make some profit
somewhere, especially so in the long run, or it will be difficult to keep their
business running. However, private sector initiatives can sometimes be
more innovative and engaging as they have trained and professional staff
for the initiatives they embark on.
It would probably be best to have a mix of government-led and private
sector initiatives, particularly so for the Left-behind Children of China who
are unable to give immediate reciprocation to private companies due to
their impoverishment.
The government has a longer arm in this area, by usage of the Ministry of
Education, reaching the large majority of the Left-behind Children would
be made a lot easier. Yet, it would be good if they could have the expertise
and the trained manpower that the private sectors have, so as to bridge
the gap between the rich and the poor, the fortunate and the less
fortunate, of China.
We hope that China can one day become a country with high digital
literacy. Based on the initiatives we have found in OECD countries like
Australia, USA, and Singapore, we believe that if China were to apply the
same initiatives nationwide, especially so to our target group: the Leftbehind Children, the digital divide and the economic gap can slowly but
surely be bridged in the decades to come. It will not be an easy task, nor a
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quick one, because China is so big, and there are so many little provinces
and cities, each differing in their own little ways.
Taking our eye away from China momentarily, we would like to quote what
Mr Lee Kuan Yew (2013) has perceptively pointed out, India is not a real
country. Instead it is 32 separate nations that happen to be arrayed along
the British rail line. There is a lack of common language, which makes it
hard for any proper communication to take place, much harder then for
any real work to be done. As for China, it took a very hard-handed man to
unify them: Qin Shi Huang. This unification has brought about a fair share
of benefits, like a common language and currency, but no doubt, a great
deal of pain and sacrifices. Afer the Qing Dynasty, China took a plunge,
but now, once again, they are on the steady rise. Measures have to be
implemented and lessons have be learnt from those who have gone
before them, for their climb to be a smoother one. The gap ought to be
bridged for China to be unified, digitally this time round.
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