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DE MONTERREY
MAESTRA EN CIENCIAS CON ESPECIALIDAD EN
AUTOMATIZACIN
INSTRUMENTACIN
Tema:
Calibracin de Instrumentos
Nombre:
Perodo Lectivo:
Monterrey Mxico
CALIBRACIN DE INSTRUMENTOS
1. OBJETIVOS
2. DESARROLLO
Los instrumentos seleccionados para esta actividad de laboratorio son:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Motor C.C.
Termopar Tipo J
Vlvula Elctrica de control de flujo (entrada 4 20mA)
Vlvula Neumtica de control de flujo (3 15 psi de entrada)
Transmisor de Presin Diferencial
MOTOR C.C.
Constante
de
Velocidad
1849
3694
4615
0.98
2.02
2.48
2 1 4615 1849
rpm
1844
V2 V1
2.46 0.98
V
Motor
Generador/Tac
metro
V
G
m
Figura 1. Configuracin del Motor con el Generador/Tacmetro
-1-
Ve
Vo
loc
ltaj
id
e
ad
de
Re
fer
Ar
en
m
cia
ad
ur
a
Gener
M ador/T
Ve
loc
o acm
id
t m etro
ad
Re
o
sp
r
ue
V
G
Conexi
n a
las
Entrad
as
Analg
icas
P
C
st
a
Figura 2. Arquitectura de conexin para las pruebas al motor c.c.
-2-
F s
k
s 1
Figura 4. Clculo de la constante de tiempo del sistema utilizando cursores de tiempo en LabVIEW
F s
1
0.038s 1
-3-
[1]
Velocidad [rpm]
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.014
0.144
0.439
0.763
1.101
1.407
1.869
2.286
2.628
3.182
3.682
4.039
4.408
4.664
5.095
1.842
1.831
1.859
1.819
1.851
1.854
1.845
1.867
1.812
1.81
1.805
19.564
262.551
305.807
401.31
492.895
683.678
832.632
940.068
1021.529
1122.837
1222.532
Voltaje [V]
9.257
9.457
9.842
10.083
10.233
10.585
10.866
11.088
11.323
11.453
11.534
11.621
11.815
12.123
12.21
12.306
12.401
12.493
12.69
12.885
12.979
13.108
Velocidad [rmp]
2379.927
2445.688
2547.906
2624.851
2666.349
2751.158
2832.426
2894.371
2956.768
2994.857
3136.337
3107.667
3105.673
3282.14
3389.049
3258.003
3248.584
3293.984
3393.398
4069.937
3495.72
3427.406
-4-
Voltaje [V]
15.431
15.548
15.702
15.815
15.955
16.127
16.248
16.496
16.65
16.704
16.81
16.987
17.183
17.319
17.561
17.644
17.703
17.803
17.963
18.129
18.374
18.507
Velocidad [rpm]
4823.754
4326.028
4336.172
4405.686
4433.847
4378.249
4894.543
4779.404
4829.68
4710.513
4466.937
5213.028
4699.128
4596.42
4860.188
5251.247
5392.395
5276.538
5611.008
5173.585
5604.02
5569.858
5.762
6.19
6.472
6.892
7.345
7.637
7.915
8.175
8.391
8.586
8.812
9.027
1405.386
1526.629
1619.158
1726.856
1872.162
1955.958
2063.439
2188.601
2158.347
2202.792
2251.759
2311.921
13.236
13.435
13.694
13.904
14.14
14.347
14.5
14.686
14.812
14.978
15.163
15.276
3596.164
3658.094
3718.74
3639.802
3700.259
3929.182
4018.279
4352.539
4067.668
4374.392
4218.839
4341.495
18.554
18.618
18.763
18.878
18.965
19.014
19.032
19.043
19.065
0.006
5806.506
5853.854
5004.309
5737.594
5041.75
5021.884
5663.584
5051.975
5260.366
1.842
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
10
15
20
Figura 6. Curva de respuesta del motor C.C a una rampa de voltaje, con los datos de la Tabla 2.
Como se puede observar en la curva de respuesta del motor c.c., de la figura anterior,
resulta muy sencillo notar que el motor tiene un rango dinmico lineal bastante amplio,
y que sin embargo como se nota en la curva el ruido de la parte final, cuando el voltaje
aplicado est ms arriba de los 15 V y en consecuencia la velocidad del motor se ubica
por encima de los 4000 rmp, se debe principalmente a la respuesta del
generado/tacmetro cuyo acoplamiento mecnico produca vibracin excesiva en esa
regin de trabajo, y no necesariamente es una consecuencia de no linealidad del motor
de corriente continua.
2.1.4. CURVA DE CALIBRACIN
Para hallar una curva de calibracin del motor, nos regiremos principalmente a los
datos de la tabla 1, en los que se ilustraron los datos que relacionan velocidad con
voltaje del tacmetro.
Constante
de
Velocidad
1849
3694
4615
0.98
2.02
2.48
2 1 4615 1849
rpm
1844
V2 V1
2.46 0.98
V
Cabe destacar que los datos de velocidad fueron medidos con el tacmetro ptico con
el que el laboratorio cuenta, que se ilustra en la figura 7.
-5-
Voltaje [V]
Velocidad [rpm]
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
1.852
1.807
1.821
1.833
Voltaje [V]
Velocidad [rpm]
Voltaje [V]
Velocidad [rpm]
14.236
17.957
18.416
18.128
3932.198
4798.773
4828.716
5044.162
13.193
12.403
11.356
9.944
3434.721
3324.985
3065.954
2626.118
-6-
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.007
1.699
3.862
6.258
8.442
11.11
1.857
1.79
1.813
1.822
1.849
1.835
1.799
1.83
1.823
348.266
1027.239
1698.497
2288.285
3029.289
17.883
17.494
17.006
16.613
16.329
16.071
15.774
15.55
15.314
15.053
14.737
14.448
14.162
13.859
13.519
4694.215
4595.009
4462.008
4373.369
4290.237
4270.593
4136.084
4086.209
4035.17
3956.681
3868.267
3793.61
3717.656
3640.276
3660.166
8.345
6.882
5.001
2.877
1.073
0.159
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
2161.084
1651.929
1112.275
486.457
29.267
1.849
1.812
1.813
1.824
1.775
1.797
1.821
1.852
1.807
1.821
2.2.
TERMOPAR TIPO J
Temperat
ura de
Referenci
a
Termo
par
Conexin a las
Entradas
Analgicas
Curva de
Linealizacin
Tipo J
P
C
-7-
F s
k
s 1
-8-
Figura 12. Clculo de la constante de tiempo del sistema utilizando cursores de tiempo en LabVIEW
F s
1
33.5s 1
[2]
2.3.
-9-
Como se puede notar en la figura 14, el sensor que se implement para medir el
desplazamiento del vstago de la vlvula es uno virtual basado en visin artificial y
algoritmos de segmentacin de imgenes para saber la posicin del vstago en funcin
del tiempo y poder desplegar esa informacin en una grfica y poder generar curvas de
linealidad, histresis y dotar de informacin suficiente al usuario para generar una
curva de calibracin. Es muy importante resaltar que la vlvula funciona con un lazo
de corriente de 4 20 mA.
2.3.1. GRFICA DE LA RESPUESTA TRANSITORIA ANTE UN ESCALN DE
CORRIENTE
En la figura 15 se muestra la grfica de apertura de respuesta a un escaln de la
vlvula de control. La manera en que este experiment se llev a cabo consisti de los
siguientes pasos:
1. Conectar la vlvula a una fuente de corriente y confirmar su funcionamiento.
2. Iluminar la zona de inters para el anlisis con imgenes, en este caso la
zona de inters vendra a ser el vstago.
3. Aplicar un cambio de 0 a 20 mA (0 100%) en la vlvula y medir su
comportamiento, generando una grfica.
- 10 -
F s
k
s 1
- 11 -
F s
1
14.7 s 1
[3]
Apertura[%]
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.37837838
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.53513514
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.53513514
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.82432432
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.53513514
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.12972973
98.12972973
97.8972973
97.51351351
97.51351351
97.2972973
97.08108108
96.88108108
96.88108108
96.88108108
96.75675676
96.32432432
96.04864865
96.1972973
95.17297297
94.69189189
94.49459459
94.49459459
94.30540541
94.30540541
93.99459459
94.30540541
93.34594595
92.64864865
93.62162162
93.08108108
92.82702703
92.41081081
91.67567568
91.79189189
91.47567568
91.24324324
90.91891892
90.76486486
90.76486486
90.48648649
90.48108108
89.94594595
89.48918919
88.98918919
88.77297297
88.58918919
88.58918919
87.83783784
87.95135135
87.67567568
87.24324324
86.72162162
86.27027027
85.9
85.51351351
83.78378378
83.56756757
83.36756757
83.13513514
83.18378378
82.27027027
82.09459459
Voltaje[V]
9.505
9.676
9.794
9.965
10.1
10.139
10.182
10.34
10.462
10.59
10.78
10.82
11.119
11.188
11.238
11.274
11.316
11.418
11.451
11.51
11.563
11.603
11.632
11.655
11.718
11.915
11.974
11.991
12.023
12.063
12.079
12.139
12.224
12.362
12.434
12.527
12.592
12.648
12.688
12.796
12.901
12.961
13.049
13.118
13.168
13.22
13.266
13.27
13.316
13.418
13.556
13.628
13.671
13.687
13.743
13.806
13.855
13.885
13.914
13.914
13.977
13.996
14.023
14.059
14.088
14.125
14.158
14.171
14.204
14.243
14.256
14.312
14.345
14.388
14.473
14.546
14.631
14.687
14.746
14.845
14.901
15.022
15.118
15.17
15.354
15.45
15.812
15.937
15.969
16.022
16.131
16.186
16.288
Apertura[%]
14.97837838
13.74864865
12.72432432
12.72432432
12.1027027
11.26216216
10.59459459
10.35945946
9.72972973
9.008108108
8.108108108
7.051351351
5.405405405
4.7
3.994594595
4.167567568
3.475675676
3.243243243
2.854054054
2.702702703
2.364864865
1.92972973
1.92972973
1.575675676
1.22972973
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Voltaje[V]
20.287
20.27
20.267
20.238
20.146
20.093
20.073
20.067
20.063
20.06
20.057
20.05
20.047
20.014
19.938
19.928
19.909
19.892
19.873
19.886
19.873
19.853
19.754
19.715
19.705
19.692
19.652
19.633
19.59
19.56
19.547
19.524
19.514
19.514
19.455
19.392
19.297
19.281
19.268
19.228
19.175
19.143
19.09
19.044
18.978
18.939
18.903
18.903
18.903
18.886
18.873
18.87
18.758
18.587
18.436
18.422
18.39
18.383
18.383
18.38
18.39
18.304
18.235
18.242
18.225
18.215
18.212
18.202
18.186
18.166
18.14
18.127
18.123
18.08
18.044
17.956
17.896
17.89
17.87
17.88
17.811
17.748
17.683
17.66
17.508
17.423
17.41
17.406
17.4
17.383
17.377
17.39
17.36
- 13 -
Apertura[%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
1.22972973
1.662162162
1.87027027
1.92972973
2.162162162
2.702702703
Voltaje[V]
12.809
12.786
12.763
12.727
12.707
12.54
12.484
12.375
12.352
12.349
12.346
12.342
12.31
12.273
12.145
12.076
12.02
11.954
11.938
11.938
11.836
11.701
11.635
11.593
11.52
11.448
11.399
11.33
11.274
11.247
11.198
11.172
11.149
11.106
11.014
10.938
10.856
10.79
10.728
10.695
10.632
10.59
10.577
10.531
10.521
10.521
10.521
10.514
10.524
10.517
10.478
10.346
10.32
10.304
10.294
10.291
10.294
10.274
10.264
10.225
10.139
10.06
10.021
9.949
9.883
9.85
9.84
9.778
9.764
9.669
9.521
9.436
9.383
9.353
9.172
9.113
9.025
8.972
8.9
8.9
8.824
8.761
8.669
8.567
8.485
8.452
8.419
8.248
8.179
8.071
8.048
8.012
7.972
Apertura[%]
70.03513514
70.72162162
71.25405405
71.73513514
72.75675676
73.18918919
74.26486486
74.93783784
75.67567568
76.68918919
77.14054054
78.16216216
78.87027027
79.13513514
79.85135135
80.49459459
81.31621622
81.78648649
82.37297297
83.13513514
84.3027027
85.35945946
86.03513514
87.24324324
88.35675676
88.77297297
90.48108108
90.95135135
90.95135135
92.12702703
92.64864865
93.99459459
94.49459459
94.89459459
95.89189189
96.17027027
96.71081081
97.08108108
97.08108108
97.74864865
98.47297297
98.47297297
98.47297297
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.12972973
98.37837838
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.37837838
98.64864865
98.12972973
98.37837838
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.12972973
98.64864865
98.47297297
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
4.201
4.191
4.201
4.201
4.204
4.201
4.204
4.201
4.201
4.197
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.197
4.197
4.204
4.204
4.207
4.214
4.21
4.201
4.204
4.201
4.201
4.207
4.21
4.395
4.467
4.52
4.549
4.598
4.631
4.71
4.783
4.799
4.832
4.855
4.862
4.881
4.904
4.97
5.046
5.075
5.115
5.154
5.21
5.276
5.309
5.352
5.388
5.414
5.509
5.588
5.618
5.674
5.73
5.812
5.894
5.917
5.924
5.973
6.055
6.131
6.206
6.253
6.318
6.345
6.42
6.516
6.581
6.601
6.654
6.7
6.772
6.887
6.943
7.006
7.117
7.216
7.321
7.456
7.578
7.709
7.801
7.854
7.91
7.969
8.038
8.179
8.331
8.584
8.784
8.85
8.975
9.048
9.156
9.268
9.413
80.66486486
81.08108108
80.29189189
79.67027027
78.8972973
78.16216216
77.54594595
76.96756757
76.65945946
75.67567568
75.33783784
74.54864865
73.98648649
73.18918919
72.55675676
71.73513514
71.56216216
70.48648649
70.50540541
69.68378378
68.85945946
68.27297297
67.35135135
66.96756757
65.87837838
63.92432432
63.17567568
62.16216216
61.74594595
61.03513514
60.47297297
59.69459459
59.45945946
58.72162162
58.37837838
57.69189189
56.54054054
55.7
55.34594595
55.06756757
54.75945946
53.71621622
53.46756757
52.82432432
52.33513514
51.56756757
50.7027027
50.29459459
49.63243243
48.64864865
48.77027027
47.70810811
47.23783784
47.12162162
45.72972973
44.88918919
44.53513514
43.94864865
43.47837838
42.50540541
42.50540541
41.2972973
40.54054054
39.89189189
39.12972973
38.54324324
38.54324324
37.47027027
36.80810811
36.75675676
35.58648649
34.3027027
34.07837838
33.44594595
32.64864865
32.1972973
31.4027027
31.2027027
30.43513514
29.72972973
29.0027027
28.21621622
27.73243243
27.02702703
26.44054054
25.94594595
25.02972973
24.32432432
23.35135135
22.81081081
22.32702703
22.07297297
21.17027027
18.7027027
18.5027027
17.22972973
16.97297297
16.45135135
15.76486486
15.62972973
16.334
16.42
16.456
16.492
16.535
16.542
16.558
16.584
16.66
16.709
16.765
16.821
16.854
16.87
16.897
16.933
16.992
17.081
17.11
17.17
17.189
17.229
17.255
17.295
17.341
17.341
17.357
17.344
17.364
17.436
17.531
17.558
17.699
17.854
17.867
17.909
17.946
17.998
18.061
18.057
18.113
18.232
18.347
18.445
18.524
18.616
18.761
18.883
19.008
19.047
19.162
19.202
19.225
19.291
19.307
19.356
19.406
19.521
19.587
19.662
19.748
19.774
19.827
19.856
19.876
19.919
19.932
13.72
20.192
19.994
20.491
2.517
20.589
20.543
18.735
20.576
20.586
20.589
20.576
20.566
20.583
20.58
20.593
20.589
20.589
20.593
20.586
20.586
20.386
20.593
20.583
20.563
20.547
20.553
20.553
20.57
20.458
20.402
20.376
20.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17.344
17.252
17.235
17.219
17.196
17.176
17.153
17.133
17.061
17.002
16.946
16.913
16.88
16.857
16.824
16.808
16.798
16.762
16.732
16.709
16.699
16.703
16.703
16.68
16.571
16.417
16.232
16.15
15.973
15.937
15.93
15.887
15.848
15.831
15.828
15.825
15.825
15.802
15.752
15.706
15.621
15.558
15.555
15.545
15.522
15.496
15.466
15.391
15.377
15.377
15.351
15.335
15.325
15.285
15.272
15.262
15.259
15.236
15.177
15.098
15.039
14.957
14.914
14.884
14.845
14.749
14.717
14.657
14.592
14.523
14.5
14.473
14.46
14.411
14.384
14.352
14.128
14.115
14.079
14.046
14.036
14.006
13.987
13.868
13.842
13.75
13.75
13.737
13.72
13.622
13.549
13.536
13.437
13.388
13.174
13.145
13.105
13.063
12.997
12.947
- 14 -
2.854054054
3.12972973
3.475675676
3.686486486
4.167567568
4.375675676
5.17027027
5.856756757
6.594594595
6.859459459
7.521621622
8.559459459
9.208108108
9.635135135
10.35945946
11.04594595
11.51621622
11.82432432
12.27567568
13.06216216
14.97837838
15.13513514
15.62972973
16.21621622
16.66756757
17.22972973
19.9027027
20.44594595
21.38648649
21.25405405
22.11351351
22.63513514
23.08648649
23.73783784
24.10810811
25.78918919
26.16756757
26.57567568
26.8972973
27.47837838
27.73243243
28.67297297
29.31351351
29.96486486
31.19459459
31.57297297
32.43243243
32.64864865
33.13783784
33.8972973
34.16216216
35.13513514
36.14864865
36.80810811
37.1
37.83783784
38.54324324
39.3027027
39.75135135
40.32432432
41.71621622
42.53783784
42.65675676
43.47837838
43.94864865
44.22702703
45.24054054
46.18108108
46.92972973
47.61891892
47.91081081
49.14054054
49.35405405
49.94054054
50.76486486
51.35135135
52.33513514
53.31621622
53.31621622
53.83783784
55.03783784
55.34594595
56.34054054
56.54054054
57.65675676
58.22972973
58.72162162
59.69459459
60.16486486
60.75135135
60.92432432
62.16216216
62.86756757
63.92432432
65.1
65.84864865
66.32972973
67.56756757
68.27297297
68.85945946
7.943
7.926
7.867
7.828
7.657
7.558
7.433
7.315
7.196
7.029
6.95
6.835
6.759
6.739
6.706
6.654
6.644
6.631
6.621
6.601
6.575
6.545
6.529
6.499
6.479
6.456
6.423
6.374
6.315
6.229
6.147
6.042
5.966
5.934
5.907
5.858
5.812
5.779
5.776
5.776
5.772
5.769
5.753
5.68
5.621
5.45
5.361
5.276
5.059
4.881
4.723
4.546
4.214
4.207
4.207
4.201
4.204
4.204
4.21
4.21
4.204
4.207
4.204
4.207
4.21
4.204
4.204
4.204
4.204
4.201
4.201
4.204
4.207
4.204
4.207
4.207
4.207
4.204
4.207
4.207
4.21
4.204
4.204
4.201
4.207
4.207
4.201
4.21
4.207
4.204
4.201
4.204
4.207
4.21
4.207
4.201
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.12972973
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.12972973
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.37837838
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.37837838
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.64864865
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.64864865
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
99.01621622
98.82432432
98.82432432
99.01621622
99.01621622
99.22702703
99.45945946
100
100
100.2243243
100.2702703
100.4513514
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4
10
12
14
16
18
20
Apertura[%]
0
0.9
1.22972973
1.575675676
1.92972973
1.92972973
2.364864865
2.702702703
2.854054054
3.243243243
3.475675676
3.994594595
4.167567568
4.7
5.405405405
6.162162162
6.697297297
7.051351351
8.108108108
9.008108108
9.72972973
10.35945946
10.59459459
11.26216216
12.1027027
12.72432432
12.72432432
13.74864865
14.97837838
15.62972973
15.76486486
16.45135135
16.97297297
17.22972973
18.5027027
18.7027027
19.85405405
20.39189189
21.17027027
22.07297297
22.32702703
22.81081081
23.35135135
24.32432432
25.02972973
Voltaje[V]
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.194
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.201
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.204
4.197
4.201
4.194
4.197
4.201
4.197
4.201
4.197
4.197
4.197
4.21
4.191
4.201
4.197
4.201
4.194
4.201
4.201
4.194
4.201
4.191
4.201
4.201
4.204
4.201
4.204
4.201
4.201
Apertura[%]
36.80810811
37.47027027
38.54324324
38.54324324
39.12972973
39.89189189
40.54054054
41.2972973
42.50540541
42.50540541
43.47837838
43.94864865
44.53513514
44.88918919
45.72972973
47.12162162
47.23783784
47.70810811
48.64864865
48.77027027
49.63243243
50.29459459
50.7027027
51.56756757
52.33513514
52.82432432
53.46756757
53.71621622
54.75945946
55.06756757
55.34594595
55.7
56.54054054
57.69189189
58.37837838
58.72162162
59.45945946
59.69459459
60.47297297
61.03513514
61.74594595
62.16216216
63.17567568
63.92432432
64.27837838
Voltaje[V]
4.201
4.207
4.224
4.204
4.201
4.207
4.21
4.395
4.467
4.52
4.549
4.598
4.631
4.71
4.783
4.799
4.832
4.855
4.862
4.881
4.904
4.97
5.046
5.075
5.115
5.154
5.21
5.276
5.309
5.352
5.388
5.414
5.509
5.588
5.618
5.674
5.73
5.812
5.894
5.917
5.924
5.973
6.055
6.131
6.206
- 15 -
Apertura[%]
74.54864865
75.33783784
75.67567568
76.65945946
76.96756757
77.54594595
78.16216216
78.8972973
79.67027027
80.29189189
80.66486486
81.08108108
82.09459459
82.27027027
83.13513514
83.18378378
83.36756757
83.56756757
83.78378378
84.23513514
84.7972973
85.51351351
85.9
86.03513514
86.27027027
86.72162162
87.24324324
87.67567568
87.83783784
87.95135135
88.58918919
88.58918919
88.77297297
88.98918919
89.48918919
89.94594595
90.48108108
90.48648649
90.76486486
90.76486486
90.91891892
91.24324324
91.47567568
91.67567568
91.79189189
Voltaje[V]
7.321
7.456
7.578
7.709
7.801
7.854
7.91
7.969
8.038
8.179
8.331
8.584
8.666
8.699
8.784
8.85
8.975
9.048
9.156
9.268
9.413
9.505
9.676
9.794
9.965
10.1
10.139
10.182
10.34
10.462
10.59
10.78
10.82
10.886
10.978
11.119
11.188
11.238
11.274
11.316
11.418
11.451
11.51
11.563
11.603
Apertura[%]
96.1972973
96.32432432
96.75675676
96.88108108
96.88108108
96.88108108
97.08108108
97.2972973
97.51351351
97.51351351
97.8972973
98.12972973
98.12972973
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.37837838
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
4.201
4.187
4.191
4.197
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.197
4.204
4.201
4.191
4.197
4.197
4.201
4.197
25.94594595
26.44054054
27.02702703
27.73243243
28.21621622
29.0027027
29.72972973
30.43513514
31.2027027
31.4027027
32.1972973
32.64864865
33.44594595
34.07837838
34.3027027
4.197
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.201
4.197
4.197
4.204
4.204
4.207
4.214
4.21
4.201
4.204
65.1
65.31621622
65.87837838
66.96756757
67.35135135
68.27297297
68.85945946
69.68378378
70.48648649
70.50540541
71.56216216
71.73513514
72.55675676
73.18918919
73.98648649
6.253
6.318
6.345
6.42
6.516
6.581
6.601
6.654
6.7
6.772
6.887
6.943
7.006
7.117
7.216
92.41081081
92.64864865
92.82702703
93.08108108
93.34594595
93.62162162
93.99459459
94.30540541
94.30540541
94.30540541
94.49459459
94.49459459
94.69189189
95.17297297
96.04864865
11.632
11.655
11.718
11.915
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
98.53513514
120
100
Zona Lineal
80
60
40
20
0
3
10
11
12
13
Figura 19. Curva de respuesta ante una seal rampa de la vlvula de control elctrica.
Constante
de
Velocidad
Apertura [%]
4.52
5.73
80.3
90.5
A2 A1 90.5 80.3
%
8.43
V2 V1 5.73 4.52
A
- 16 -
2.4.
- 17 -
Como se puede notar en la figura 21, el sensor que se implement para medir el
desplazamiento del vstago de la vlvula es uno virtual basado en visin artificial y
algoritmos de segmentacin de imgenes para saber la posicin del vstago en funcin
del tiempo y poder desplegar esa informacin en una grfica y poder generar curvas de
linealidad, histresis y dotar de informacin suficiente al usuario para generar una
curva de calibracin. Es muy importante resaltar que la vlvula funciona con un lazo
una seal de control de 3 15 psi, generadas a travs de un conversor I/P, en el que
6V = 3 psi y 16V = 15 psi.
2.4.1. GRFICA DE LA RESPUESTA TRANSITORIA ANTE UN ESCALN DE
VOLTAJE
Seal Control [V]
0
1.006000042
1.123999596
1.273999691
1.423999786
2.328999996
2.473999977
2.623999596
2.773999691
2.923999786
3.073999882
3.223999977
3.373999596
3.523999691
3.673999786
3.823999882
3.973999977
4.123999596
4.273999691
4.423999786
4.573999882
4.723999977
4.873999596
5.023999691
5.173999786
5.323999882
5.473999977
5.623999596
5.773999691
5.923999786
6.073999882
6.223999977
6.373999596
6.523999691
6.673999786
6.823999882
6.973999977
7.123999596
7.273999691
7.423999786
7.573999882
7.723999977
7.873999596
8.023999691
8.173999786
8.323999882
Apertura[%]
4.015
3.404
4.511
4.35
4.511
3.867
3.314
4.764
4.764
4.6
4.454
4.296
4.764
4.764
4.764
4.764
4.454
4.619
4.6
4.764
4.764
4.6
4.296
4.764
4.6
4.764
4.6
4.296
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.764
4.6
4.764
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.764
4.6
4.6
4.6
Apertura [%]
4.6
4.764
4.764
4.6
4.93
4.6
5.317
5.712
5.145
5.712
6.482
5.317
5.145
5.976
5.706
6.162
5.519
5.347
5.317
6.141
5.347
5.712
5.145
5.519
7.341
14.5
21.442
25.397
30.684
38.724
45.082
53.263
58.468
64.111
65.016
65.016
65.341
65.382
65.762
65.016
65.794
68.477
71.594
76.397
76.85
76.85
- 18 -
Voltaje [V]
15.3739996
15.52399969
15.67399979
15.82399988
15.97399998
16.1239996
16.27399969
16.42399979
16.57399988
16.72399998
16.8739996
17.02399969
17.17399979
17.32399988
17.47399998
17.6239996
17.77399969
17.92399979
18.07399988
18.22399998
18.3739996
18.52399969
18.67399979
18.82399988
18.97399998
19.1239996
19.27399969
19.42399979
19.57399988
19.72399998
19.8739996
20.02399969
20.17399979
20.32399988
20.47399998
20.6239996
20.77399969
20.92399979
21.07399988
21.22399998
21.3739996
Apertura [%]
76.85
76.85
76.85
76.85
76.85
77.084
77.084
77.084
76.85
76.85
76.616
76.85
77.509
76.85
77.011
76.85
77.011
77.011
77.011
77.372
77.011
77.185
77.011
77.011
76.85
77.185
77.011
77.185
77.011
76.85
77.011
77.185
77.185
77.185
77.185
77.011
77.011
77.011
77.185
76.85
77.011
100
80
60
40
20
0
-3
12
17
22
F s
k
s 1
- 19 -
F s
1
1.351s 1
[4]
- 20 -
Pr
Vol
esi
taj
n
e
de
de
Re
fer
Ar
en
ma
cia
dur
pr
Pr
esi
n
Re
sp
ue
sta
Conexi
n a las
Entrada
s
Analgi
cas
Re
sis
ten
cia
Sh
unt
25
0
P
C
10
- 21 -
F s
k
s 1
F s
1
1.261s 1
[5]
- 22 -
2.6.
2.6.1. CIRCUITO 1
Claramente se puede notar que la red RC indicada en la figura 28, se trata de un filtro
RC pasa bajo cuya frecuencia de corte es:
fc
1
1
2RC 2 10 K10 F
f c 1.5915 Hz
- 23 -
- 24 -
2.6.2. CIRCUITO 2
Analizando en detalle la red RC de la figura 32, resulta sencillo notar que el circuito
incluye dos filtros pasa bajo en cascada, con las siguientes frecuencias de corte:
f c1
1
1
2R1C1 2 10 K10F
fc2
f c1 1.5915 Hz
1
1
2R2C2 2 1K10 F
f c1 15.915 Hz
- 25 -
En la figura 33, se ilustra la comprobacin del circuito utilizando una seal senoidal de
7Hz, y mostrando el resultado parcial de la seal de salida luego del primer filtro (seal
azul), fc1=1.59 Hz, y de la seal de salida total (seal roja) luego de pasar por el filtro
con fc2 = 15.9 Hz. Como se puede observar las dos seales poseen atenuaciones
distintas y diferentes fases por lo que el razonamiento de filtros en cascada queda
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confirmado con estos resultados, adems de confirmar este hecho con el diagrama de
bode de la figura 34.
2.6.3. CIRCUITO 3
R1C1 10 K100F
Vo
R
10 K
Vi
R1
10 K
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Av 1
f c1 1s
XFG1
15V
VCC
1
R1
10k
C1
U1
3
6
4
Probe1,Vout
100uF
VEE
LM741CN
V:
I:
VEE
-15V
R2
10k
Figura 37. Implementacin Prctica del Circuito 3
Figura 38. Anlisis Transitorio del Circuito 3 con seales de diferente frecuencia y forma
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2.6.4. CIRCUITO 4
R1C1 10 K100F
Vo
R
10 K R3
1K
Vi
R1
10 K R4
1K
f c1 1s
Av1 Av 2 1
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VCC 15V
VCC
XFG1
15V
VCC
7
0
0
1
R1
10k
C1
100uF
VCC
7
U1
3
6
0
4
R3
3
6
1k
4
4
VEE
U2
LM741CN
VEE
VEE
LM741CN
-15V VEE
-15V
R4
R2
1k
10k
Figura 41. Implementacin Prctica del Circuito 4
Figura 42. Anlisis Transitorio del Circuito 4 con seales de diferente frecuencia y forma
- 30 -
3. CONCLUSIONES
4. BIBLIOGRAFA
LIBROS:
[1]
INTERNET:
- 31 -
[2]
[3]
http://www.isotest.es/web/Soporte/catalogos/fluke/FLUKE%20718EX.pdf
http://apuntes.rincondelvago.com/calibracion-de-instrumentos.html
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