RESORTES

Entia non multiplicantor sunt prater

necessitatum.
(No complicar el asumto ms de lo
necesario.)
Galileo Galilee

Imagen: Coleccin de resortes de

compresin helicoidales

1998 McGraw-Hill

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Un ciclo Esfuerzo-Deformacin

Curva Esfuerzo Deformacin para

un ciclo completo

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.1, page 737

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Materiales de resortes
De nsity,
, lbf/in.3

M aximum
service
temper ature
F

Principal char acteristics

11.5 x 10

0.283

250

30 x 106

11.5 x 106

0.283

250

High strength; excellent

fatigue life
General purpose use; poor
fatigue life

Common name

Specification

Modulus
of
Elasticity,
E, psi

High car bon st eels

Music wire

ASTM A228

30 x 10

Hard drawn

ASTM A227

Shear
modulus of
elasticity,
G, psi

Stainless steels
Martensitic

AISI 410, 420

29 x 106

11 x 106

0.280

500

Austenitic

AIAI 301, 302

28 x 106

10 x 106

0.282

600

Copper-based alloys
Spring brass
ASTM B134

16 x 10

6 x 10

0.308

200

Phosphor bronze

ASTM B159

15 x 106

6.3 x 106

0.320

200

Beryllium copper

ASTM B197

19 x 106

6.5 x 106

0.297

400

Nickel-based alloys
Inconel 600

31 x 10

0.307

600

Inconel X-750

Ni-Span C

11 x 10

31 x 10

11 x 10

0.298

1100

27 x 106

9.6 x 106

0.294

200

Unsatisfactory for subzero

applications
Good str ength at moder ate
temper atures; low stress
relaxation
Low cost; high conductivity;
poor mechanical properties
Ability to withstand repeated
flexures; popular alloy
High elastic and fatigue
strength; hardenable.
Good str ength; high cor rosion
resistance
Precipitation hardening; for
high temperatures
Constant modulus over a wide
temper ature range

Tabla 16.1 Propiedades tpicas de materiales comunes para resortes

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 16.1, page 738

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Coeficientes de esfuerzos
Material

Size range
in.
mm
Music wirea
0.004-0.250
0.10-6.5
Oil-tempered wireb
0.020-0.500
0.50-12
Hard-drawn wirec
0.028-0.500
0.70-12
Chromium vanadiumd
0.032-0.437
0.80-12
Chromium siliconee
0.063-0.375
1.6-10
a
Surface is smooth and free from defects and has a bright, lustrous finish.
b
Surface has a slight heat-treating scale that must be removed before plating.
c
Surface is smooth and bright with no visible marks.
d
Aircraft-quality tempered wire; can also be obtained annealed.
e
Tempered to Rockwel C49 but may also be obtained untempered.

Constant, Ap
m
0.146
0.186
0.192
0.167
0.112

ksi
196
149
136
169
202

Mpa
2170
1880
1750
2000
2000

Tabla Coeficientes usados en Ec. (16.2) para cinco materiales de resortes [Desde
Design Handbook (1987)]

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 16.2, page 739

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Resorte Helicoidal

Figure Bobina helicoidal (a)

Alambre recto antes de hacer la
espira; (b) Alambre embobinado
mostrando el corte transversal (o
corte directo); (c) Bobina de
alambre mostrando el corte
torsional.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.2, page 741

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Esfuerzos cortante en alambre y bobina

Figura Esfuerzos cortantes actuando en el alambre y bobina. (a) Carga de torsin

pura; (b) Carga transversal; (c) Carga torsional y transversal sin efectos de la
curvatura; (d) t Carga torsional y transversal con los efectos de la curvatura.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.3, page 743

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Ends Used in Compression Springs

Figura Cuatro tipos de extremos generalmente usados en resortes de

compresin. (a) Simples; (b) Simples rebajados; (c) Cerrados sir
rectificar; (d) Cerrados y rectificados.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.4, page 746

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Compression Spring Formulas

Term
Number of end coils, Ne
T otal number of coils, Nt
Free length, l f
Solid length, ls
pitch, p

Plain
0
Na
pNa+d
d(Nt+1)
(lf-d)/Na

Type of spring e nd
Plain and
Square d or
ground
close d
1
2
Na+1
Na +2
p(Na +1)
pNa +3d
dNt
d(Nt+1)
lf/(Na +1)
(lf-3d)/Na

Square d and
ground
2
Na+2
pNa+2d
dNt
(lf-2d)/Na

Table 16.3 Useful formulas for compression springs with four end conditions.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Table 16.3, page 746

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Lengths and Forces for Compression Springs

Figure 16.5 Various lengths and forces applicable to helical compression springs. (a)
Unloaded; (b) under initial load; (c) under operating load; (d) under solid load.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.5, page 747

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Force vs.
Deflection

Figure 16.6 Graphical

representation of
deflection, force and
length for four spring
positions.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.6, page 747

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Buckling Conditions for Compression Springs

Figure 16.7 Critical buckling conditions for parallel and nonparallel ends of
compression springs. [From Design Handbook (1987).]
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.7, page 748

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Ends for Extension Springs

Figure 16.8 Ends for extension springs.

(a) Conventional design; (b) side view of
Fig. 16.8 (a); (c) improved design over
Fig 16.8 (a); (d) side view of Fig. 16.8
(c).

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.8, page 756

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Preferred Range of Initial Shear Stress

Figure 16.10 Preferred range of initial shear stress for various spring indexes [From
Almen and Laszlo (1936).]
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.10, page 757

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Torsion Spring

Figure 16.11 Helical torsion spring.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.11, page 761

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Leaf Spring

Figure 16.12 Leaf spring. (a) Triangular-plate, cantilever spring; (b)

equivalent multiple-leaf spring.
1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.12, page 765

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Belleville Spring

Figure 16.13 Typical Belleville spring.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.13, page 768

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Belleville Spring Behavior

Figure 16.14 Force-deflection response of Belleville spring [From Norton

(1996)].

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.14, page 768

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Stacking of Belleville Springs

Figure 16.15 Stacking of Belleville spring. (a) In parallel; (b) in series.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.17, page 769

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Dickerman Feed Unit

Figure 16.16 Dickerman feed unit. [From SME (1984).]

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.16, page 770

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid

Case Study - Dickerman Feed Unit Spring

Figure 16.17 Figure used in case study.

1998 McGraw-Hill

Text Reference: Figure 16.17, page 771

Hamrock, Jacobson and Schmid