Kineses: random movement, stop at goal.

Doesnt know goal til it gets there (wood

louse move til wet)
Taxis: goal directed behavior- phototaxis: move toward light-geotaxis -moves w.
gravity to ground-thignotaxis-stay against wall
Fixed action pattern: complex series of actions (spider builds web) (stickleback
protect territory) (squirrel burries nuts)
Genetic transmission: selective breeding; human twins
Natural Selection: behavioral traits that increase probability of breeding are
selected for can learned info or skills be genetically transmitted from parent to
offspring? NO
Orienting response: idea that anything new in the environment will perk up the
senses-it happens in all animals & everyone shows it in a diff way (sensitizationwhen something new happens, you pay a little more attention to it, but it eventually
goes away)- then you habituate to it (increased attention, increased vigilance,
increased awareness.. In reaction to novelty)- salivating when food is in your mouth
Habituation: a decrease in conscious awareness of repeated stimuli or actions
(assumes you are still physically capable of the sensation or reaction)
Does habituation represent a loss of ability to sense or react? NO-habituation lacks
conscious awareness- you get habituation if a new stimulus signals nothing of
importance
Dishabituation: can occur when the stimulus changes or your arousal level
increases (caffeine or adrenaline)
Sensitization: first stage of associate learning process- if new stimulus reliably
predicts an important event
Pavlovian (classical) conditioning: process where previously neutral stimuli (CSs)
come to elicit involuntary conditioned (learned) responses, reflexes, or emotions
(CRs) by reliably predicting events (USs) that initially innately caused these
response (URs)
Drug Tolerance: ex-addict will have withdrawal symptoms in a place they used to
do drugs
Metabolic tolerance: body increases ability to breakdown and eliminate the drug
Functional tolerance: brains reaction is decreased (via receptor downregulation)
Overdose puzzle: why do people occasionally overdose on a safe dose of heroin
The Vietnam war puzzle: why didnt more Vietnam veterans crave heroin when
they returned to the United States
Answer to puzzles: they were away from the usual drug context or environment
PTSD symptoms: 1. Relive event 2. Avoids all cues 3. Increased anxiety & arousal (hyper-vigilant, sleep probs, easy to startle)
Amygdala: the area that controls intense fear reactions
Conditioned Excitation: when a CS comes to predict the presence of a US
Conditioned inhibition: when a CS comes to predict the absence of an otherwise
expected US. EX: light, shock, and clicker. Add the clicker with the shock and it is the
conditioned inhibitor. The light no longer comes with fear after clicker is involved.
Spontaneous Recovery: Conditioned response comes back on its own
Testing for inhibition: to determine if the clicker(rats and lights) is an independent
inhibitor, it is necessary to present it with a novel excitor. As a control, a CS not
conditioned to be an inhibitor (one habituated to) is also paired with a novel excitor to be sure suppression of activity is not simply due to the novelty of being paired
together for the first time
Habituation represents lack of conscious awareness
Researchers used habituation to test babies vision. They put an image in front of the
baby to see if they would stare at it for a long time. If baby stopped staring for long
time after putting image in front of them for the several time, they could see. If baby

stared for long time at new pic, they could see. Infants greater attention to some
stimuli reveals their ability to distinguish different stimuli.

Pavlovs Dogs: Involuntary conditioned response- cant control, voluntary- can control
CS
US
UR
Bell->food->saliva
CS
CR
Bell->saliva
How do you know the CR is a true Conditioned response? How do you know its due
to the CS- do other tests on it
Are conditioned responses general, or are they specific to the particular US
anticipated? General
Pseudoconditioning- proven wrong. Example = repeated blasts of air to the eye (US)
could render a person jumpy enough that they would blink (UR) whenever any
sudden stimulus (CS) was presented
Gloria dino dish- trying different foods
Learned vs. innate behavior: innate is triggered by a stimulus which must occur
within the context of the animals environment. Learned are modified by experience.
Evidence that behavioral tendencies can be inherited- mental illness. Natural
selection: freezing in rats (when predator comes the rats that learned to freeze will
survive)
Paired (around same time) vs. unpaired group (all happening at random times)
CS->US
CS
US
CS->US
US
CS
CS->US
CS
US
CS->CR
CS-> No response(tru CR) (if you get CR here, its pseudoconditioning)
Acquisition and extinction: rats received drugs in either paired or unpaired groups. 3 rd
group received saline. After 8 session all groups received drug and were tested for
analgesia. The paired group was most tolerant. 4 extinction sessions later, 2 nd test
showed the paired and unpaired did not differ. This demonstration of extinction to
drug tolerance
- activity goes up (acquisition) CS (light)-> US (food)
- activity goes down (extinction) CS (light)->nothing
- 24 hr rest->spontaneous recovery (over and over)
What is learned conditioning? US center- part of brain stimulated when US present
Response center- for every UR present (Pavlov thinks they are connected and work
when classical conditioning occurs) S-R association: direct association between CS
center and response center. S-S association: connection between the CS and
response center might be less direct, CS is presented, CS center is activated which
then activates US center
Devaluation: technique of decreasing the effectiveness of the US after an excitatory
CS has been created

Shep Segal- when rat in is morphine box, and given morphine, their pain tolerance
slowly goes up. When back in own cage, it drops back down. When back in morhpine
box, goes back up.