Method christiansen:

Total discharge side:

Consideration of two geometric progressions affects not only the factor F,
but also influence the total flow entering the side entrance from Q equals
the sum of all download stores.
To pass this effect, Eq. (21) is rewritten as:

Moreover, based on our second course, qc1 is approximately equal to

Therefore, equation (32) takes the following form:

In order to compare the total inflow calculated by the model suggested by

the conventional approach and Christiansen (1942) in which Q = Nq, a
series of numerical calculations were performed. For this purpose, a
combination of input parameters N, m .DELTA.P considered. The value of N
was varied from 5 to 100 by an increment of 5; m was chosen as 1.75,
1.852, 1.9 and 2; and four values were considered for .DELTA.P as AP = 0.2,
0.15, 0.1 and 0.05. Using these data, the values of C1 and C2 is calculated
using Eqs. (31) and (14). The value of Q / q was obtained using Eq. (33). The
relative error between this amount and the value of the total inflow in the
entrance (Q = Nq) was calculated and plotted against the total number of
outlets in Fig. 4. This figure shows that the relative errors are negligible and

they

are

always

Determinacin de

between

0.5%

and

2%.

e) Determination of P:
Determining .DELTA.P, consider a horizontal lateral pipe on which means N,
with a separation equal discharge will q are located. The neglect of the
velocity along the side, which is acceptable for drip and sprinkler irrigation
systems [21], we can write:

Based on our first course, we have:

Equating equations. (34) and (35) gives:

Considering equations. (4) and (23):

Finally, using Equation (29) yields.:

An example is given to illustrate the application of the friction coefficient set

(Eq. 25) and the calculation of the total frictional pressure drop along the
side. Suppose an irrigation system as spray wheels is designed such that
outlets 15 are fixed on an aluminum pipe. The spacing between the outputs
and also among the first exit and side entrance is 10 m. Calculate the total
head loss for this pipe friction factor using both F Christiansen and method
proposed in this paper. Suppose the pipe diameter is 3 "design discharge
outlets is 0.9 liters / sec with a head pressure equal to half 35m.The friction
loss is assumed to be described by Hazen -Williams [C with couplers tubes
approximately every 10 m [7]].Solucin:
1. Mtodo Christiansen:
Para m = 1,852 y 15 puntos de venta, FC = 0,3846 (Tabla 1). El flujo total a
la entrada de la lateral se calcula como Q = Nq = 15 0.9lps = 13,5 lps.

Donde CHW es el coeficiente de Hazen-Williams.

2. El mtodo de este documento:

1. Utilizando la Ec. (38), P = 0,2059 0,2.

2. De la Tabla 3, para P = 0,2 y N = 15, c1 = c2 = 0,9899 y 0,9955.
3. De la Tabla 1, la ajustada F-factor de 15 puntos de venta (para m = 1,852
y P = 0,2) es 0,3763.
4. = 0,4 15 = 6; = 0,6 15 = 9.

5 Descarga total del lateral (De la ecuacin (21)) es:

Este ejemplo demuestra que la Christiansen [9] mtodo sobreestima

ligeramente la prdida de carga total de friccin a lo largo del lateral (el
error relativo aqu es 2,26%). La fabricacin de un banco de pruebas para
evaluar el factor F de la Christiansen en colectores, Mohammed et al. [23]
tambin inform de que el valor de F era relativamente mayor que el factor
experimental F. Sin embargo, Scaloppini y Allen [21] consideran errores de
un orden de magnitud tal para estar dentro del rango de precisin de los
medidores de presin comnmente utilizados en los sistemas de riego por
aspersin. Vale la pena sealar que estos errores se reducirn
significativamente si el nmero de puntos de venta a lo largo de los tubos
aumenta. Un estudio reciente de Yildirim [18] tambin da testimonio de esta
declaracin. Resolver un ejemplo para el diseo hidrulico de un sistema de
riego por aspersin, Yildirim [18] informa de que el coeficiente de
Christiansen para los vertidos desiguales de los puntos de venta y m =
1.852, l = 12 m, q = 0,315 L / s y N = 33 se calcul como 0,3627, mientras
que Christiansen [9] dio F = 0,3689 para N = 33. Nuestro mtodo tambin
da F = 0,36, que muestra que la premisa de considerar la igualdad de
descarga en los puntos de venta se convierte en lgico cuando el nmero
total de puntos de venta es grande.

La frmula de Hazen-Williams para el clculo de la prdida de carga por

friccin en el sistema SI es: