Years of Lead (Italy)

2 Asylum

The Years of Lead was a period of socio-political turmoil in Italy that lasted from the late 1960s into the early
1980s. This period was marked by a wave of terrorism,
initially called Opposing Extremisms (Opposti Estremismi) and later renamed as the Years of Lead (Anni
di piombo). Among the possible origins of the name
are a reference to the vast number of bullets red,[1] or
the 1981 lm Marianne and Juliane by Margarethe von
Trotta, of which Italian title is Anni di piombo.[2]

2.1 France

The Mitterrand doctrine, which was established in 1985

by then French president Franois Mitterrand, stated that
Italian far-left terrorists who ed to France and who were
convicted of violent acts in Italy, excluding active, actual, bloody terrorism during the Years of Lead, would
The left-wing autonomist movement lasted from 1968 un- receive asylum and would not be subject to extradition to
til the end of the 1970s. The years of lead began with Italy. They would be integrated into French society.
the shooting death of the policeman Antonio Annarumma
in 1969 and the Piazza Fontana bombing. These events The act was announced on 21 April 1985, at the 65th
are attributed to the far-right, the far-left, and the Ital- Congress of the Human Rights League (Ligue des droits
ian and American governments secret services, depend- de l'homme, LDH), stating that Italian criminals who had
given up their violent pasts and had ed to France would
ing on the source.
be protected from extradition to Italy:

Widespread unrest of 1960s and

1970s

Italian refugees... who took part in terrorist action before 1981... have broken links
with the infernal machine in which they participated, have begun a second phase of their lives,
have integrated into French society... I told the
Italian government that they were safe from any
sanction by the means of extradition.[7]

There was widespread social conict and unprecedented

acts of terrorism carried out by both right- and left-wing
paramilitary groups. An attempt to endorse the neofascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) by the Tambroni
Cabinet led to rioting and was short-lived. The Christian
Democrats (DC) were instrumental in the Italian Socialist
Party (PSI) gaining power in the 1960s and they created
a coalition. The assassination of the Christian Democrat
leader Aldo Moro in 1978 ended the strategy of historic
compromise between the DC and the Italian Communist
Party (PCI). The assassination was carried out by the
Red Brigades, then led by Mario Moretti. Between 1969
and 1981, nearly 2,000 murders were attributed to political violence in the form of bombings, assassinations,
and street warfare between rival militant factions. Although political violence has decreased substantially in
Italy since that time, instances of sporadic violent crimes
continue because of the re-emergence of anti-immigrant,
neo-fascist, and militant communist groups.

2.2 Brazil
Some Italian citizens accused of terrorist acts have found
refuge in Brazil such as Cesare Battisti and others former
members of the Armed Proletarians for Communism, a
far-left militant and terrorist group which committed acts
of illegality and crimes in Italy during the period known
as Years of Lead.

2.3 Nicaragua

Some Italian far-left activists found political asylum in

Nicaragua, including Alessio Casimirri, who took part in
In 2000, a Parliamentary Commission report from The
the kidnapping of Aldo Moro.
Olive Tree (l'Ulivo), a centre-left political coalition, concluded that the strategy of tension had been supported by
the United States to stop the PCI, and to a certain degree
also the PSI, from reaching executive power in the coun- 3 Chronology
try.[3][4][5]
On 4 May 2007 the Italian Parliament declared 9 May as 3.1
a memorial day dedicated to the victims of terrorism.[6]
1

1969

2
3.1.1

3
Public protests

Public protests shook Italy during 1969, with the

autonomist student movement being particularly active,
leading to the occupation of the Fiat automobile factory
in Milan. Mario Capanna of the New Left movement,
was prominent at the time, along with members of Potere
Operaio and Autonomia Operaia (Antonio Negri, Oreste
Scalzone, Franco Piperno), and Lotta Continua (Adriano
Sofri).
3.1.2

Death of Antonio Annarumma

CHRONOLOGY

Pellegrino.[11]

3.2 1970
3.2.1 The Golpe Borghese
In December, a neo-fascist coup, dubbed the Golpe
Borghese, was planned by several far-right leaders and
supported by members of the Corpo Forestale dello Stato,
along with the right-aligned entrepreneurs and industrialists. The Black Prince, Junio Valerio Borghese, took
part in it. The coup, called o at the last moment, was discovered by the press, and publicly released a few months
later.

On 19 November 1969, Antonio Annarumma, a Milanese policeman, was assassinated during a riot of farleft demonstrators.[8][9] He was the rst public ocial to
die in the ensuing wave of violence referred to as The 3.3 1971
Years of Bullets.
3.3.1 Assassination of Alessandro Floris

On 26 March 1971 Alessandro Floris was assassinated in

Genoa, by a unit of the October 22 Group, a far-left terrorist organization. An amateur photographer had taken a
Main article: Piazza Fontana bombing
photo of the killer that enabled police to identify the terrorists. The group was investigated and more members
The Monument to Victor Emmanuel II, the Banca arrested. Some ed to Milan and joined the "Gruppi di
Nazionale del Lavoro in Rome and the Banca Commer- Azione Partigiana" (GAP) and later the Red Brigades.[12]
ciale Italiana and the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in
The Red Brigades considered the group Gruppo XXII
Milan were bombed in December.
Ottobre its predecessor and in April 1974, it kidnapped
Local police arrested 80 or so suspects from left-wing Judge Mario Sossi in an eort to free the arrested memgroups, including Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist initially ber. The eort was unsuccessful.[13] Years later, the Red
blamed for the bombing, and Pietro Valpreda. Their guilt Brigades killed the judge Francesco Coco on June 8,
was denied by left-wing members, especially by members 1976 out of revenge, along with his two police escorts,
of the student movement, then prominent in Milans uni- Giovanni Saponara and Antioco Deiana.[14]
versities, as they believed that the bombing was carried
out by fascists. Following the death of Giuseppe Pinelli,
who died on 15 December while in police custody, the 3.4 1972
radical left-wing newspaper Lotta Continua started a campaign accusing police ocer Luigi Calabresi of Pinellis 3.4.1 Assassination of Luigi Calabresi
murder. The accusation of wrongful death at the hands
of the police was eventually determined to be false by the On 17 May 1972, police ocer Luigi Calabresi, recipient
state, but only after many years of investigation.
of the gold medal of the Italian Republic for civil valour,
Meanwhile, the anarchist Valpreda and ve others were was assassinated in Milan. Authorities initially focused
convicted and jailed for the bombing. They were later on suspects in Lotta Continua, before detaining two neoreleased after three years of preventive detention. Over fascist activists, Gianni Nardi and Bruno Stefano, along
a 36-year period, numerous suspects were investigated, with the German Gudrun Kiess, in 1974. They were
with no convictions. The identity of the perpetrators re- ultimately released. Sixteen years later, Adriano Sofri,
Giorgio Petrostefani, Ovidio Bompressi, and Leonardo
mains unknown to this day.
Marino were arrested in Milan following Marinos conThe Red Brigades, the most prominent far-left terror- fession to the murder. Their trial nally established their
ist organization, conducted a secret internal investiga- guilt in the organisation and carrying out the murder.[15]
tion that paralleled the ocial inquiry.[10] They ordered
that the inquiry remain secret, because of the unfavorable light that it could shed on other terrorist organiza- 3.4.2 Peteano bombing
tions. The inquiry was discovered after a re-ght beVincenzo_Vinciguerra
tween Red Brigade forces and Italian police (carabinieri) Further information:
at Robbiano di Mediglia in October 1974. The cover-up The_1972_Peteano_bombing
was exposed in 2000, by then Italian President Giovanni
3.1.3

Piazza Fontana bombing

3.6

1974

On 31 May 1972, three Italian Carabinieri were killed in 3.6 1974

Peteano in a bombing, blamed on Lotta Continua. Ocers of the Carabinieri were later indicted and convicted 3.6.1 Piazza della Loggia bombing
for manipulating the investigation in false directions.[16]
Judge Casson identied Ordine Nuovo member Vincenzo Main article: Piazza della Loggia bombing
Vinciguerra as the culprit who had planted the Peteano
bomb.
In May 1974, a bomb exploded during an anti-fascist
The neo-fascist terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra, arrested demonstration in Brescia, killing eight and wounding over
in the 1980s for the bombing in Peteano, declared to mag- 90. In 2005, the Court of Cessation issued an arrest waristrate Felice Casson that this false ag attack had been in- rant against Delfo Zorzi, a former Ordine Nuovo member
tended to force the Italian state to declare a state of emer- currently living in Japan.
gency and to become more authoritarian. Vinciguerra explained how the SISMI military intelligence agency had
protected him, allowing him to escape to Francoist Spain. 3.6.2 Planned neo-fascist coup
Cassons investigation revealed that the right-wing organization Ordine Nuovo had collaborated with the Italian Military Secret Service, SID (Servizio Informazioni
Difesa). Together, they had engineered the Peteano terror and then wrongly blamed the militant Italian far-left,
the Red Brigades. He confessed and testied that he had
been covered by an entire network of sympathizers in
Italy and abroad who had ensured that after the attack he
could escape. A whole mechanism came into action,
Vinciguerra recalled, that is, the Carabinieri, the Minister of the Interior, the customs services and the military
and civilian intelligence services accepted the ideological
reasoning behind the attack. [17][18]

Count Edgardo Sogno said in his memoirs that in July

1974, he visited the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
station chief in Rome to inform him of preparations for
a neo-fascist coup. Asking what the United States (US)
government would do in case of such a coup, Sogno wrote
that he was told, the United States would have supported
any initiative tending to keep the communists out of government. General Maletti declared, in 2001, that he had
not known about Sognos relationship with the CIA and
had not been informed about the coup, known as Golpe
bianco (White Coup), led by Randolfo Pacciardi.[19]
3.6.3 Bombing of Italicus train

3.5
3.5.1

1973

Main article: Italicus Express bombing 1974

The Primavalle Fire

Main article: Primavalle Fire

On August 4, 1974, 12 died and 105 were injured in the

bombing of the Italicus Roma-Brennero express at San
Benedetto Val di Sambro.

An 16 April 1973 attack by members of Potere Operaio on the house of neo-fascist Italian Social Movement 3.6.4 Arrest of Vito Miceli
(MSI) militant Mario Mattei resulted in his two sons,
aged 8 and 20, being burned alive.
General Vito Miceli, chief of the SIOS military intelligence agency in 1969, and head of the SID from 1970
to 1974, was arrested in 1974 on charges of conspiracy
3.5.2 Milan Police command (Questura di Milano)
against the state. Following his arrest, the Italian secret
bombing
services were reorganized by a 24 October 1977 law in an
attempt to reassert civilian control over the intelligence
During a 17 May 1973 ceremony honoring Luigi Calagencies. The SID was divided into the current SISMI,
abresi, in which the Interior Minister was present,
the SISDE, and the CESIS, which was to directly coordiGianfranco Bertoli, an anarchist, threw a bomb that killed
nate with the Prime Minister of Italy. An Italian Parliafour and injured 45.
mentary Committee on Secret services control (Copaco)
In 1990, it was discovered that Bertoli, who had been was created at the same time.
convicted of the bombing, was an SID informant and
member of Gladio. The secret services claimed that
this was only a coincidence. A magistrate investigating 3.6.5 Arrest of Red Brigades leaders
the assassination attempt of Mariano Rumor found that
Bertolis les were incomplete.[16] General Gianadelio In 1974, some leaders of the Red Brigades, including
Maletti, head of the SID from 1971 to 1975, was con- Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini, were arrested,
victed in absentia in 1990 for obstruction of justice in the but new leadership continued the war against the Italian
Mariano Rumor case.
right-wing establishment with increased fervor.

The year before, Potere Operaio had disbanded, although

Autonomia Operaia carried on in its wake. Lotta Continua
also dissolved in 1976, although the magazine struggled
on for several years. From remnants of Lotta Continua
and similar groups, the terror organization Prima Linea
emerged.

CHRONOLOGY

consequences included that fact that PCI did not gain executive power.
Investigative journalist Carmine Pecorelli was assassinated on March 20, 1979. In a May 1978 article, he had
drawn connections between Aldo Moros kidnapping and
Gladio.[23]

Moros assassination was followed by a large clampdown

on the social movement, including the arrest of many
3.7 1976
members of Autonomia Operaia, including, Oreste Scal3.7.1 Prima Linea: an emerging terrorist organiza- zone and political philosopher Toni Negri.
tion
On 29 April 1976, Enrico Pedenovi was killed in Milan 3.10 1979
by the organization Prima Linea. This was the rst assasA year with more assassinations
sination conducted by Prima Linea.[20]

3.8

1977

On 19 January 1979, Turin policeman Giuseppe Lorusso

was killed by the Prima Linea organization.[24]

On 29 January, Emilio Alesandrini was killed in Milan

On 12 March 1977, a Turin policeman Giuseppe by Prima Linea.[25]
Ciotta was killed by far-left terrorist organization, Prima On 9 March, university student Emanuele Iurilli was
Linea.[21]
killed in Turin by Prima Linea.[26]
On 14 May, in Milan, some activists from a far-left orga- On 20 March, investigative journalist Mino Pecorelli was
nization pulled out their pistols and began to re on the gunned down in his car in Rome. Prime Minister Giulio
police, killing policeman Antonio Custra.[22] A photog- Andreotti and Maa boss Gaetano Badalamenti were
rapher took a photo of an activist shooting at the police. sentenced in 2002 to 24 years in prison for the murThis year was called the time of the P38, referring to der, though the sentences were overturned the following
the Walther P38 pistol.
year.[27]

3.9
3.9.1

1978
Kidnapping and assassination of Aldo Moro

Main article: Kidnapping of Aldo Moro

On 16 March 1978, Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the
Red Brigades, and ve of his bodyguards killed. The
Red Brigades were a militant leftist group, then led by
Mario Moretti. Aldo Moro was a left-leaning Christian
Democrat who served several times as Prime Minister.
Before his murder he was trying to include the Italian
Communist Party (PCI), headed by Enrico Berlinguer, in
the government through a deal called the Historic Compromise. The PCI was the largest communist party in
western Europe. This was largely because of its nonextremist and pragmatic stance, its growing independence
from Moscow and its eurocommunist doctrine. The PCI
was especially strong in areas such as Emilia Romagna,
where it had stable government positions and mature
practical experience, which may have contributed to a
more pragmatic approach to politics. The Red Brigades
were ercely opposed by the Communist Party and trade
unions, a few left-wing politicians even used the condescending expression comrades who do wrong (Compagni che sbagliano). The circumstances surrounding
Aldo Moros murder have never been made clear, but the

On 13 July, in Druento (a town near Turin), policeman

Bartolomeo Mana was killed by Prima Linea.[28]
On 18 July, Carmine Civitate was killed in Turin, by
Prima Linea.[29]
On 21 September, Carlo Ghiglieno was killed in Turin by
a group of Prima Linea.[30]

3.11 1980
3.11.1 More assassinations
On 5 February 1980, in Monza, Paolo Paoletti was killed
by Prima Linea.[31][32]
On 12 February, in Rome, at the La Sapienza University, Vittorio Bachelet, vice-president of the Superior
Council of Magistrates and former president of the Roman Catholic association Azione Cattolica, was killed by
the Red Brigades.
On 19 March, in Milan, Judge Guido Galli was killed by
a group of Prima Linea.[33]
On 10 April, in Turin, Giuseppe Pisciuneri a Mondialpol
guard, was killed by Ronde Proletarie.[34]
On 2 August, a bomb killed 85 people and wounded more
than 200 in Bologna. Known as the Bologna massacre,
the blast destroyed a large portion of the citys railway sta-

5
tion. This was found to be a fascist bombing, mainly orga- On 20 May 1999, Massimo D'Antona, consultant to the
nized by the NAR, who had ties with the Roman criminal Ministry of Labour, was assassinated in an attack by a
organization Banda della Magliana.
group of terrorists of the Red Brigade, group BR-PCC,
in Rome.
On 19 March 2002, Marco Biagi, consultant to the Ministry of Labour, was assassinated in an attack by a group
On 17 December 1981, James L. Dozier, an American of terrorists of the Red Brigade, in Bologna.
general and the deputy commander of NATOs South Eu- On 2 March 2003, Emanuele Petri, state policeman, was
ropean forces based in Verona, was kidnapped by Red assassinated by a group of Red Brigades terrorists, near
Brigades. He was freed in Padua on 28 January 1982 by Castiglion Fiorentino.
the Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza (NOCS), an
In 2005 some suspected terrorists were arrested, known
Italian police anti-terrorist task force.[35]
as the New Red Brigades (Nuove Brigate Rosse). On 13
June the court in Milan (corte d'Assise) condemned 14
terrorists. The leader was sentenced to 15 years in jail.
3.13 1982
Three suspected terrorists were found not guilty.
3.13.1 The Salerno Massacre

3.12 1981

On October 21, 1982, a group of Red Brigades terrorists attacked a bank in Turin, killing two guards, Antonio
Pedio[36] and Sebastiano d'Alleo.[37]
On 26 August 1982, a group of Red Brigades terrorists
attacked a military troop convoy, in Salerno. In the attack, Corporal Antonio Palumbo and policemen Antonio
Bandiera and Mario De Marco were killed. The terrorists
escaped.

5 Terrorist organizations in Italy

(incomplete list)
Red Brigades
Prima Linea
Gruppo XXII Ottobre
Ordine Nuovo

3.14 1984
On 23 December 1984, a bomb in a train between Florence and Rome killed 16 and wounded more than 200.
In 1989, the maosi Giuseppe Calo and four others defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment for the bombing. According to prosecutors, the far-right organizations
conspired with the maa and the Camorra to carry out the
attack.[38]

3.15 1987
On 20 March 1987, Licio Giorgieri, a general in the
Italian Air Force, was assassinated by the Red Brigades
in Rome.

3.16 1988
On 16 April 1988, Senator Roberto Rulli was assassinated in an attack by a group of Red Brigades in Forl.

Continued violence

In the late 1990s - early 2000s (decade), a resurgence

of Red Brigade terrorism led to the assassination of
labour law consultants and experts, Massimo D'Antona
and Marco Biagi.

National Vanguard (Italy)

Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari

6 See also
Denitions of terrorism
History of the Italian Republic
Movement of 1977

7 References
[1] Westcott, Kathryn (January 6, 2004). Italys history of
terror. BBC News.
[2] Anni di piombo lm review (Italian)
[3] Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in
Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi (1995 Parliamentary Commission
of Investigation on Terrorism in Italy and on the Causes
of the Failing of the Arrests of the Responsibles of the
Bombings)" (in Italian). 1995. Archived from the original on 2006-08-19. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
[4] Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente Usa (in Italian). La Repubblica. February 11, 1998. Retrieved 200605-02. (With links to juridical sentences and Parliamentary Report by the Italian Commission on Terrorism)

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[5] (English)/(Italian)/(French)/(German) Secret Warfare:

Operation Gladio and NATOs Stay-Behind Armies.
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology / International Relation and Security Network. Archived from the original
on 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2006-05-02.

[24] Giuseppe Lorusso Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[6] http://www.cedost.it/testi/legge_9_maggio.htm

[26] Emanuele Iurilli Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[7] Les rfugis italiens (...) qui ont particip l'action terroriste avant 1981 (...) ont rompu avec la machine infernale
dans laquelle ils staient engags, ont abord une deuxime phase de leur propre vie, se sont insr dans la socit
franaise (...). J'ai dit au gouvernement italien qu'ils taient
l'abri de toute sanction par voie d'extradition (...).

[25] Emilio Alessandrini Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[27] Andreotti, Ex-Italian Premier Linked to Maa, Dies at

94. Bloomberg.
[28] Bartolomeo Mana Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

1981/1969an-

[29] Carmine Civitate Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[9] Nessuna Conseguenza La Morte di Antonio Annarumma. Cadutipolizia.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[30] Carlo Ghiglieno Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo.

Vittimeterrorismo.it. 1928-06-27. Retrieved 2010-0505.

[8] http://www.cadutipolizia.it/fonti/1943
narumma.htm

[10] it:Inchieste di Robbiano di Mediglia Inquiry of the Red

Brigades in Italy Wikipedia
[11] it:Commissione Stragi Commissione Stragi in Italy
Wikipedia
[12] Alessandro Floris Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. 1939-10-21. Retrieved
2010-05-05.

[31] Paolo Paoletti, AIVITER.

[32] Presidenza della Repubblica, Per le vittime del terrorismo
nellItalia repubblicana: giorno della memoria dedicato
alle vittime del terrorismo e delle stragi di tale matrice, 9
maggio 2008 (Rome: Istituto poligraco e Zecca dello
Stato, 2008), page 132, ISBN 978-88-240-2868-4
[33] Guido Galli, AIVITER.

[13] Mario Sossi ". Archivio900.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.

[14] Francesco Coco Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo.
Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[15] Luigi Calabresi Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo.
Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[16] Carlo Ginzburg, The Judge and the Historian. Marginal
Notes and a Late-Twentieth-century Miscarriage of Justice,
London 1999, ISBN 1-85984-371-9. Original ed. 1991.
[17] Daniele Ganser, NATOs Secret Armies. Operation Gladio
and Terrorism in Western Europe, Franck Cass, London,
2005, pp.34
[18] Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente USA. La
Repubblica. February 11, 1998. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
(With original documents, including juridical sentences
and the report of the Italian Commission on Terrorism)
(Italian)
[19] Philip Willan, The Guardian, March 26, 2001. Terrorists
'helped by CIA' to stop rise of left in Italy
[20] Enrico Pedenovi Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[21] Giuseppe Ciotta Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo.
Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[22] Antonio Custra Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo.
Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[23] Moros ghost haunts political life, The Guardian, May 9,
2003

[34] Giuseppe Pisciuneri Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[35] Collin, Richard Oliver and Gordon L. Freedman. Winter
of Fire, Penguin Group, 1990.
[36] Antonio Pedio Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo.
Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[37] Sebastiano DAlleo Associazione Vittime del Terrorismo. Vittimeterrorismo.it. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
[38] Italy Convicts 7 in Bombing of Train Fatal to 16 in 1984,
Associated Press, on The New York Times, 26 February
1989

8 Bibliography
Anna Cento Bull and Adalgisa Giorgio (dir.) Speaking Out and Silencing: Culture, Society and Politics in
Italy in the 1970s (2006) ISBN 978-1-904350-72-9
Giovanni Fasanella Giovanni Pellegrino : La guerra
civile. A book of President of anti-terrorism Commission of Italian Parliament.
Per le vittime del terrorismo nellItalia repubblicana
Istituto Poligraco e Zecca dello Stato Libreria
dello Stato Istituto Poligraco e Zecca dello Stato
S.p.A. I.S.B.N. 978-88-240-2868-4 -Edited from
The oce of Republic President

External links
Chronology of the Years of Lead (Italian)
Italys Invisible Government, Rosella Dossi, CERC
(Contemporary Europe Research Centre, University
of Melbourne)

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Years of Lead (Italy) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years%20of%20Lead%20(Italy)?oldid=654463359 Contributors: Olivier,

Qfwfq, Bogdangiusca, Varlaam, Andycjp, Ary29, Gerry Lynch, Goochelaar, Woohookitty, MGTom, Ardfern, Lapsed Pacist, Stefanomione, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, JHMM13, Ground Zero, Truman Burbank, RussBot, Leutha, Robyvecchio, Arthur Rubin, Nick-D,
Attilios, SmackBot, Mangoe, Hmains, Colonies Chris, Spearmind, Checco, Yohan euan o4, Khazar, Ian Spackman, Tazmaniacs, NEMT,
Lathrop1885, Bobfrombrockley, Estban, Borism, DBaba, Amborg, Askhaiz, DagosNavy, Epeeeche, Fetchcomms, Exiledone, Gwern,
Analytikone, CommonsDelinker, Bongomatic, Maurice Carbonaro, Paris1127, RabbitKing, VolkovBot, Fences and windows, Asarla,
Monkey Bounce, Dans, Capitalismojo, ElSaxo, Autospark, Paul Pot, Iohannes Animosus, Nbradshaw, WikHead, Eleven even, Il Moderato, Trvth, Addbot, Ironholds, Yobot, Againme, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Enok, ArkinAardvark, FrescoBot, Lothar von Richthofen, Koldo
Biguri, Asclepix, Foppy63, Democrazia, MarcelB612, Probatus, Full-date unlinking bot, E.w.bullock, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, GoingBatty, Theirrulez, Innitjest, Eyadhamid, H3llBot, SporkBot, Rcsprinter123, ClueBot NG, Jdi153, Helpful Pixie Bot, Lowercase sigmabot,
ChrisGualtieri, Nick.mon, Stumink, Jackninja5, Monkbot, DarkWaterEditing, TranquilHope, Julietdeltalima, Yogurto, Freeecontributtor,
Ilmeglioepassato and Anonymous: 64

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Contributors: www.quirinale.it, web site of the Presidet of the Italian Republic. Original artist: F l a n k e r from the original paint of Paolo
Paschetto
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Myanmar_(1974-2010).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Flag_of_Myanmar_
%281974-2010%29.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: see below Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_the_Brigate_Rosse.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Brigate_Rosse.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: F l a n k e r
File:Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_(PNF).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_the_
National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: R-41
File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Original artist:
File:Ordine_Nuovo.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ordine_Nuovo.png License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: self-created
File:Red_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Red_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: burts
File:Stragedibologna-2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Stragedibologna-2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: www.stragi.it/ Original artist: Beppe Briguglio, Patrizia Pulga, Medardo Pedrini, Marco Vaccari
File:Terzaposizione.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Terzaposizione.png License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo is from the http://www.francocenerelli.com/antologia/controme.htm website. Original artist: ?

10.3

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