PHARAPHRASING (PARAPHRASING)

Source : Yang Yu et al. (2013) , p.330

Dye effluents derived fromtextile printing and dye manufacturing are oftenharmful to aquatic
environments [1]. Thus, several methods have been created, namely adsorption [2],
coagulation [3], chemical oxidation [4], photodegradation [5], and aerobic or anaerobic
treatment [6] in an attemptto eliminate these dyes along with other contaminants. The use of
solid porous materials such as activated carbon [7], aerogels [8], zeolites [9], clays [10], and
kaolinite [10], is evidently the simplest yet efficient, economical, and flexible method of all
the adsorption technologies. However, activated carbon has been the material popularly
utilized to eliminate effluent dyes because of its characteristics of having high surface area,
porous structure, and high adsoprtion effectiveness and capacity [11, 12]. Unfortunately, it is
costly to produce and challenging to regenerate. This situation has contributed to a rising
attention towards the utilization of cheaper and environmentally friendly materials to
remediate the environment.
Natural zeolites havebeen found to provide a cheaper alternative to remove effluent.
By definition, natural zeolites are aluminosilicate crystalline mineralswhich are microporous
in nature, comprising 3-dimensional frameworks of tetrahedrally coordinated
AlO

SiO 4

or

[13]. The zeolites pores channels or cavities which can be substituted with other

organic compounds (e.g. dyes, humic acids or phenolic compounds) and inorganic cations
(e.g.,

2+

Hg ,

2+

Pb ,

2+

Ag ,

2+

Cu ,

2+

Cd ,

2+

Cr ,

2+

Co

known to loosely support a variety of cations (e.g., Na+, K+,

or

2+

Mn )[14-19] are

2+
Ca ,and

2+
Mg ). There

appears to be a substantialinterest in the use of natural/modified zeolites to remediate the

environment and treat wastewater due to their microporosity, moderate/high surface area, ionexchange properties, low cost and universal occurrence [20, 21]. Researchers have suggested
that natural zeolites contain a good affinity for basic dyes in aqueous solutions such as
methylene blue [2, 22], reactive red 195 [23], reactive blue 21 [23] and rhodamine [22, 24]).
Surface modification and/or functionalization bear the potential to improve the dye
adsorption performance of natural zeolites. Graphene oxide (GO), which is a single layer
nanosheet of oxygenated grapheme sheets [25], has been acknowledged as one of the good
candidates for this.The epoxy and hydroxyl groups in GO, residing on the basal planes of the
GO sheets will be functionalized by oxygen, while carboxyl groups can mostly be found at
the edges of GO edges [25]. The GO nanosheets are thus hydrophilic and negatively charged
by the functional groups as they contain oxygen. In addition, GOis inherently prone to

interact with positively charged species such as metal ions [26], dyes [27, 29] and
biomolecules [30].

GO can be further modified using diazonium salts which are covalently functionalized
on the electron-rich sp2 carbon domains of GO nanosheets [25, 31, 32]. To possibly improve
the performance of GO in the adsorption of dyes and other organic compounds, the surface
(e.g., SH,

NH 2

and COOH groups) could be transmitted with additional functional

groupdensity. The surface of a clinoptilolite-rich natural zeolite can be functionalized with

GO nanosheets which can be continued with the covalent attachment of a diazonium salt, 4carboxybenzenediazoniumtetrafluoroborate, to the GO surface. This process leads to the
production of a commonly called carboxy-GO/zeolite adsorbent. Investigation is embarked
on the adsorption affinity, kinetics and equilibrium loading capacity of both the pristine
natural zeolites and the carboxy-GO/zeolites adsorbent towards the aqueous solutions of
rhodamine B. Lastly, the effect of surface functionality, initial dye concentration, pH and dye
exposure time on the adsorption of rhodamine B onto the adsorbents are all indicated.

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