Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
P e r io d
Ca
Fr
(2 2 3 )
F r a n c iu m
133
87
Cs
C a e s iu m
85
55
Rb
R u b id iu m
Ra
Ti
Hf
La
Unq
A c tin id e
e le m e n ts
Ta
59
Pr
58
(2 3 1 )
232
238
U r a n iu m
Pa
P r o ta c tin iu m
T h o r iu m
Th
144
92
141
91
N e o d im iu m
P r a s e o d y m iu m
140
90
Nd
60
(2 6 3 )
Unh
U n n i lh e x iu m
184
106
T u n g s te n
96
74
M o
M o ly b d e n u m
52
42
Cr
C h r o m iu m
24
C e r iu m
(2 6 2 )
Ce
(2 6 1 )
U n n il p e n t iu m
Unp
181
105
T a n ta lu m
93
73
Nb
N io b iu m
51
41
V a n a d iu m
23
U n n ilq u a d iu m
178
104
Ac
(2 2 7 )
A c tin iu m
139
89
H a f n iu m
91
72
L a n th a n u m
89
57
Z ir c o n iu m
Zr
48
40
Y ttr iu m
45
39
T it a n iu m
Sc
S c a n d iu m
22
21
L a n th a n id e
e le m e n ts
(2 2 6 )
R a d iu m
137
88
Ba
B a r iu m
88
56
Sr
S tr o n tiu m
40
38
C a lc iu m
24
20
39
37
P o t a s s iu m
23
19
M a g n e s iu m
M g
9
12
B e r y liu m
S o d iu m
Na
7
11
L ith iu m
Be
Li
H
H y d ro g e n
Tc
Np
(2 3 7 )
N e p tu n iu m
(1 4 7 )
93
P r o m e th iu m
Pm
61
186
Re
R h e n iu m
(9 9 )
75
T e c h n e tiu m
55
43
M n
M anganese
25
Pu
(2 4 2 )
P lu to n iu m
150
94
S a m a r iu m
Sm
62
190
O s
O s m iu m
101
76
Ru
R u th e n iu m
56
44
Iro n
Fe
26
A to m ic N u m b e r
S ym bol
Nam e
M o la r m a s s in
g m o l 1
K ey
G ro u p
Ir
Am
(2 4 3 )
A m e r ic iu m
152
95
E u r o p iu m
Eu
63
192
Ir id iu m
103
77
Rh
R h o d iu m
59
45
Co
C o b a lt
27
Ni
Pd
Pt
Cm
(2 4 7 )
C u r iu m
157
96
G a d o lin iu m
G d
64
195
P la t in u m
106
78
P a lla d iu m
59
46
N ic k e l
28
Cu
S ilv e r
G o ld
Bk
(2 4 5 )
B e r k e liu m
159
97
T e r b iu m
Tb
65
197
Au
108
79
Ag
6 3 .5
47
C opper
29
T H E P E R IO D IC T A B L E
Z in c
Cd
Hg
Cf
(2 5 1 )
C a lifo r n iu m
163
98
D y s p r o s iu m
Dy
66
201
M e rc u ry
11 2
80
C a d m iu m
6 5 .4
48
Zn
30
Si
Al
In
Ti
Es
(2 5 4 )
E in s te in iu m
165
99
H o lm iu m
Ho
67
204
T h a ll iu m
11 5
81
In d iu m
70
49
G a
G a lliu m
27
31
A lu m in iu m
T in
Lead
Fm
(2 5 3 )
F e r m iu m
167
100
E r b iu m
Er
68
207
Pb
11 9
82
Sn
73
50
G e
G e r m a n iu m
28
32
S ilic o n
12
14
C a rb o n
11
13
B o ro n
Bi
M d
(2 5 6 )
M e n d e le v iu m
169
101
T h u liu m
Tm
69
209
B is m u th
122
83
Sb
A n t im o n y
75
51
As
A r s e n ic
31
33
P h o s p h o ru s
14
15
N itr o g e n
Te
Po
No
(2 5 4 )
N o b e liu m
173
102
Y tte r b iu m
Yb
70
(2 1 0 )
P o lo n iu m
128
84
T e l lu r iu m
79
52
Se
S e le n iu m
32
34
S u lp h u r
16
16
O xygen
Cl
At
Lr
(2 5 7 )
L a w r e n c iu m
175
103
L u t e tiu m
Lu
71
(2 1 0 )
A s ta tin e
127
85
Io d in e
80
53
Br
B r o m in e
3 5 .5
35
C h lo r in e
19
17
F lu o r in e
Xe
Rn
(2 2 2 )
R adon
131
86
Xenon
84
54
Kr
K ry p to n
40
36
Ar
A rg o n
20
18
N eon
Ne
10
He
H e liu m
1.
2.
When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid sodium bromide, bromine is
produced. When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid sodium chloride, no chlorine is
produced.
The reason for this difference is
A
the chloride ion is a weaker reducing agent than the bromide ion.
3.
Compound X is a white solid. On heating this compound, a colourless, acidic gas is the only
gaseous product. A flame test is carried out on the solid residue and a reddish flame is observed.
Compound X is
A
calcium nitrate.
calcium carbonate.
magnesium carbonate.
strontium nitrate.
(Total 1 mark)
4.
Which of the following does not apply to the elements Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba in Group 2 of the
Periodic Table?
A
Their metal hydroxides, M(OH)2, become more soluble down the group.
Their oxides, MO, react with water to form the metal hydroxide, M(OH) 2.
5.
6.
What are the products, other than water, when chlorine is passed through cold, dilute aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution?
A
7.
When solutions of iodine are titrated with aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution, Na 2S2O3(aq),
the thiosulfate ions are oxidized to
2
S2O4
S2O6
S2O8
S4O6
(Total 1 mark)
13.
15.
16. 20 cm of sulfuric acid, concentration 0.25 mol dm , was neutralized in a titration with barium
3
hydroxide, concentration 0.50 mol dm . The equation for the reaction is
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(a)
10 cm
20 cm
25 cm
40 cm
3
3
3
(1)
(b)
During the titration, the barium hydroxide was added until it was present in excess. The
electrical conductivity of the titration mixture
A
increased steadily.
decreased steadily.
17.
Which of the following trends occurs going down the elements in Group 2?
A
18.
19.
oxidation
reduction
disproportionation
Which of the terms above best describes what happens to the chlorine in the following
reactions?
(a)
A
B
C
D
(1)
(b)
(c)
20. Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2, decomposes when it is heated. One product is the brown gas,
nitrogen dioxide.
(a)
(i)
Write an equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)
(ii)
(b) Sodium nitrate decomposes to give different products to magnesium nitrate. Write an
equation for the decomposition of sodium nitrate. State symbols are not required.
(1)
(c)
Scientists have found that the bonds between nitrogen and oxygen in the nitrate ion are all
the same length. Is the students suggestion supported by this evidence? Explain your
answer.
(1)
21.
(i)
(ii)
Give the result for the test with this solvent in a reaction in which bromine is
produced.
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
State TWO observations, which would differ from those with potassium bromide,
when potassium iodide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.
(2)
(iii)
One product of the reaction with potassium iodide is hydrogen sulfide, H 2S. How
does this show that iodide ions are more powerful reducing agents than bromide
ions?
(1)(c)In areas where the natural concentration of fluoride ions in rocks is low,
some water authorities add fluoride to the water supply to improve the dental health of children. An
alternative would be to supply free fluoride tablets.
Give ONE reason why it could be considered more ethical to supply free fluoride tablets
rather than to add fluoride compounds to the water supply.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
)
30.
What would be the colour of the solution when iodine is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent?
A
Grey
Brown
Yellow
Purple
(Total 1 mark)
6
31.
Starch is often used as an indicator in titrations between sodium thiosulfate and iodine solutions.
What colour change would you see at the end-point as sodium thiosulfate is added to iodine
solution in the presence of starch?
A
Yellow to colourless
Colourless to yellow
Blue-black to colourless
Colourless to blue-black
(Total 1 mark)
32.
33.
Iodine can react with sodium hydroxide solution to form NaIO3(aq), according to the equation
below.
3I2(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) 5NaI(aq) + NaIO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Which of the statements about the reaction is false?
A
35.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Other Group 2 carbonates can also undergo thermal decomposition. Describe and
explain the trend in thermal stability of carbonates down Group 2.
(3)
(b)
(ii)
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with the sodium
hydroxide solution.
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of quicklime. Give your answer to
three significant figures.
(2)
(c)
(i)
Describe how to carry out a flame test on the impure sample of quicklime to
confirm that it contains calcium ions.
(3)
(ii)
If the flame test gave a green colour, in addition to the expected brick red flame,
which Group 2 metal is also likely to be present?
(1)
(Total 16 marks)
38.
Barium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Strontium hydroxide
(Total 1 mark)
39.
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
(Total 1 mark)
40.
41.
+1
+2
(Total 1 mark)
42.
Which concentrated acid should be used to dissolve a carbonate of a Group 2 metal to carry out
a flame test?
A
ethanoic acid
hydrochloric acid
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
(Total 1 mark)
43.
colourless
green
red
yellow-red
(Total 1 mark)
44.
Separate flame tests are carried out with lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and
strontium salts. How many of these metal ions would colour the flame red?
A
4
(Total 1 mark)
45. A Group 2 element reacts vigorously with water to produce a soluble hydroxide, which forms a
white precipitate when neutralised by sulfuric acid and forms a carbonate which is very stable to heat.
The element could be
9
magnesium
calcium
strontium
barium
(Total 1 mark)
46.
The Group 2 metals, considered in order of increasing atomic number, show a decrease in
A
nuclear charge
chemical reactivity
ionic radius
(Total 1 mark)
47.
When a Group 1 metal nitrate is heated, brown fumes are observed. The metal could be
A
lithium
sodium
rubidium
caesium
(Total 1 mark)
48.
49.
10
= 1000 cm
16.3 cm
7 cm
9.3 cm
3
3
3
1
(a)
(i)
The record of measurements reveals faults both in the procedure and the recording
of measurements. State one fault in each of these.
Procedure .........................................................................................................
Recording of measurements .............................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the number of moles of iodine which reacted.
(1)
(iv)
(b)
The disinfecting action of chlorine in swimming pools is due to the presence of chloric(I)
acid, HClO, formed by the reaction of chlorine with water.
In many swimming pools, chemicals other than chlorine are used to form chloric(I) acid.
This is partly because the use of chlorine gas causes much more corrosion of metal parts
in swimming pools than does chloric(I) acid.
Compounds used to chlorinate swimming pool water in this way include calcium
chlorate(I) and chlorine dioxide.
(i)
State and explain the type of reaction that occurs when chlorine attacks a metal,
using the example of iron.
(2)
(ii)
Suggest one other reason why the use of chlorine is undesirable in swimming
pools.
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
Discuss and explain the science communitys advice that CFCs should no longer be used
in aerosols, foams and refrigerants. Support your answer with one or more equations.
(6)
(Total 17 marks)
51.
(a)
barium
(1)
(ii)
strontium
(1)
(b)
When barium is burnt in excess oxygen a compound containing 81.1% barium and 18.9%
of oxygen is formed.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.
(2)
(c)
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of barium with water. Do not include any state
symbols..
(1)
(ii)
When a small piece of barium is added to water, the barium gets smaller and
eventually disappears.
State TWO other observations you could make.
(2)
(iii)
What would be the effect of adding a piece of blue litmus paper and a piece of red
litmus paper to the aqueous product of the reaction in (ii)?
Red litmus .........................................................................................................
Blue litmus ........................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
52.
(a)
Write the equations to show the action of heat on the following solid nitrates. State
symbols are not required.
(i)
(ii)
(b)
The solubilities of the sulphates and hydroxides of calcium and barium are shown below.
Use the information in the table to answer the questions that follow.
12
(i)
Substance
Solubility
Substance
Solubility
CaSO4
slightly soluble
Ca(OH)2
slightly soluble
BaSO4
insoluble
Ba(OH)2
soluble
Both calcium and barium metals react with water to give the metal hydroxide and
hydrogen gas.
What difference would you expect to see after calcium metal and barium metal
have reacted with water?
(2)
(ii)
The reaction between barium metal and excess dilute sulphuric acid stops after a
very short time. Suggest an explanation for this.
(2)
(c)
Suggest the solubility in water of radium sulphate. Put a cross ( ) in the correct box.
A
Very soluble
Soluble
Slightly soluble
Insoluble
(1)
(d)
Write the ionic equation for the reaction of calcium metal with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Include state symbols in your equation.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
53.
(a)
(b)
The reaction between solid sodium halides and concentrated sulphuric acid changes as the
group is descended.
(i)
NaCl
Complete the balancing of the equation for the reaction of sodium bromide with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
+
2NaBr +
8NaI
H2SO4
NaHSO4 + HCl
(ii)
..................................
NaHSO4 ..................................
13
SO2
..................................
H2S
..................................
(2)
(iii)
Use the changes in oxidation number of sulphur in the reactions in (i) to show that
the halides become more powerful reducing agents as the group is descended.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
54.
(i)
(ii)
The table below gives some information about the sulphates of the Group 2 elements
magnesium and barium.
sulphate
lattice energy
/ kJ mol
hydration
enthalpy of cation
1
/ kJ mol
MgSO4
2874
1920
BaSO4
2374
1360
solubility
3
/ mol dm
1.83
9.43 10
Use the lattice energy and hydration enthalpy values to explain the difference in the
solubility of the two salts.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
55.
This question is about the manufacture of bromine from bromide ions found in seawater.
(a)
In the first step, chlorine gas is bubbled into acidified seawater. This converts the bromide
ions to bromine. The low pH prevents hydrolysis of the liberated bromine.
(i)
Complete and balance the equation for the hydrolysis of bromine with water which
is a disproportionation reaction.
Br2(aq) + H2O(l)
(ii)
?
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of chlorine gas
with bromide ions.
(2)
(b)
In the second step, air is blown through the reaction mixture to remove the bromine as a
vapour which is then mixed with sulphur dioxide gas and water vapour.
14
The unbalanced equation for this reaction is Br2 + H2O + SO2 H + Br + SO4
(i)
Identify the elements which are oxidised and reduced and give their oxidation
numbers.
Element oxidised
........................
Element reduced
........................
(ii)
H2O +
SO2
H +
Br +
SO4
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
56.
(a)
Complete and balance an equation for each of the following reactions. Do not include
state symbols.
(i)
Ba +
H2O
...............................................
(1)
(iii)
NaCl +
H2SO4 ...............................................
(1)
(b)
barium .................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
lithium ................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Explain how compounds of elements in Groups 1 and 2 produce colours in the flame test.
(3)
(d)
When potassium is burnt in excess oxygen, a compound is produced that contains 54.9 %
potassium.
Calculate the percentage of oxygen present and hence calculate the empirical formula of
this compound.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
57.
(a)
Hydrogen chloride can be prepared by reacting concentrated sulphuric acid with solid
sodium chloride.
Write an equation for the reaction which occurs. State symbols are not required.
(2)
15
(b)
When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid sodium bromide, the products of the
reaction include sulphur dioxide and bromine.
2H2SO4 + 2NaBr Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O + Na2SO4
Sulphur and bromine change oxidation number in this reaction.
(i)
Write the oxidation numbers at the start and the end of the reaction.
Sulphur changes from ..................... to .....................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why the numbers in the balanced equation are consistent with the changes
in oxidation number.
(2)
(c)
(i)
Boiling point
/K
Hydrogen chloride
188
Hydrogen bromide
206
Hydrogen iodide
238
(ii)
Predict a value for the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride. Explain your reason for
choosing this value.
Predicted value ......................................
Explanation
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
58.
Flame tests were performed on the following compounds of calcium and sodium.
(i)
(ii)
62.
(a)
this reaction.
Equation
(4)
(b) State the trend in the solubility of the Group 2 hydroxides, as the atomic mass of the
Group 2 element increases.
(1)
(c)
(i)
Show that the following data are consistent with the empirical formula CaN 2O6.
Symbol of element
% by mass
Ca
24.4
17.1
58.5
(2)
(ii)
Explain why the thermal stability of the Group 2 nitrates increases as the atomic
number of the Group 2 element increases.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
63.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
State the appearance of a gas evolved when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid
sodium bromide.
(1)
(d)
ClO ......................................................................
ClO3 ......................................................................
(2)
(e)
17
(f)
(i)
Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs when
the first electron affinity of chlorine is measured.
(2)
(ii)
65.
Write the ionic equation to show the disproportionation of the chlorate(I) ion. Use
oxidation numbers to explain the meaning of the term disproportionation in this reaction.
(3)
(b)
Domestic bleaches are dilute solutions of sodium chlorate(I). The amount of ClO ions in
a sample can be found by reacting it with excess acidified potassium iodide solution.
ClO + 2I + 2H I2 + Cl + H2O
The iodine produced is then titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
3
10.0 cm of a domestic bleach was pipetted into a 250 cm volumetric flask and made
up to the mark with distilled water.
3
A 25.0 cm portion of the solution was added to excess acidified potassium iodide
solution in a conical flask.
3
This mixture was titrated with 0.100 mol dm sodium thiosulphate solution, using
starch indicator added near the end point.
3
Give the colour change you would see at the end point.
(1)
(ii)
The equation for the reaction between iodine and thiosulphate ions is
2
2S2O3 + I2 S4O6 + 2I
Calculate the amount (moles) of chlorate(I) ions in 1.00 dm of the original bleach.
(5)
(iii)
Use the equation below to calculate the mass of chlorine available from 1.00 dm
of the original bleach. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
(c)
Sodium thiosulphate can be used to remove the excess chlorine from bleached fabrics.
2
+ 10H + 8Cl
(d)
Starch-iodide paper can be used to test for chlorine. It contains starch and potassium
iodide.
Explain the reactions taking place when a piece of damp starch-iodide paper is put in a
gas jar of chlorine. State what you would see.
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
67.
Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide which produces an alkaline solution with water. Write an
2
equation to show how the oxide ion, O , acts as a base in the reaction with water.
(Total 1 mark)
68.
(a)
Element
Colour
chlorine
bromine
iodine
(3)
(b)
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and solid
potassium chloride, KCl.
(1)
(ii)
When potassium bromide, KBr, reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid, bromine
and sulphur dioxide are produced.
Give the oxidation numbers of bromine and sulphur in the reactants and products.
Hence identify the oxidising agent, giving a reason for your choice.
KBr .................
H2SO4 .................
Br2 .................
SO2 .................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
69.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Which of potassium nitrate or lithium nitrate has the higher thermal stability?
Explain your answer.
19
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
72.
You may find the following table useful in answering the question below.
Element
Electronegativity
Hydrogen
2.1
Oxygen
3.5
Draw a diagram to show a hydrogen bond between two water molecules and explain why it
forms.
Diagram
Explanation ..........................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
73.
(a)
Hydrogen iodide, HI, has a boiling temperature of 35 C, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, a
boiling temperature of 85 C.
(i)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen iodide molecule (showing outer shell
electrons only).
(2)
(ii)
Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
chloride.
(3)
(b)
Hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride react with water to form acidic solutions.
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide with water.
(1)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a lump of calcium oxide, CaO, to form
an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(ii)
In a similar reaction with dilute sulphuric acid and a lump of calcium oxide, the
reaction stops after a short time even though some calcium oxide remains. State
why the reaction stops so quickly.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
74.
Name a metal, in Group 1 or 2, which has compounds that do not give a colour to the flame in a
flame test.
(Total 1 marks)
75.
(a)
Complete the electronic configuration of the strontium atom, using s,p,d notation.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
2
1s 2s .............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of a strontium atom. Include state symbols in the equation.
(2)
(ii)
The first ionisation energy of strontium is marked on the grid below. Estimate and
plot the next THREE ionisation energies for strontium.
(2)
(c)
Suggest why strontium compounds are used in distress flares and fireworks.
(1)
(d)
(ii)
(e)
Write balanced equations for the following reactions, including state symbols.
(i)
(ii)
(f)
(Total 14 marks)
76.
(a)
(i)
Write the ionic half-equation to show the oxidation of calcium, Ca, to calcium ions,
2+
Ca .
(1)
(ii)
Write the ionic half-equation to show the reduction of water to hydrogen, H 2, and
hydroxide ions, OH .
(1)
(iii)
Combine the two ionic half-equations above to produce an equation which shows
the effect of adding calcium to water.
(1)
(iv)
State what you would expect to see when calcium is added to water.
(2)
(b)
State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as the atomic
number increases.
(1)
(c)
Write an equation to show the reaction between sodium and chlorine, to produce sodium
chloride.
(Total 8 marks)
77.
(a)
(b)
Explain why the hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, HCl, are:
(i)
water soluble
(2)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
ClO ......................................................................................................................
ClO3 ......................................................................................................................
(2)
22
(Total 10 marks)
83.
(a)
I2O7 .............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
IO 4 ..............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
2+
Iodine, I2, can be reduced to iodide ions, I , by tin(II) ions, Sn , which are themselves
4+
Construct the oxidation and reduction half-equations for the above system.
(2)
(ii)
Use the above half-equations to construct the overall ionic equation for the
reaction.
(Total 5 marks)
89.
(a)
Cl2 + 2I I2 + 2Cl
(b)
(c)
(i)
Define disproportionation.
(1)
(ii)
90.
(a)
Calcium and magnesium react vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid but with dilute
sulphuric acid the calcium stops reacting even though the magnesium continues.
(i)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium metal and dilute
hydrochloric acid. Include all state symbols.
(2)
(ii)
Calcium reacts slightly more vigorously than magnesium with dilute hydrochloric
acid. Suggest, in terms of atomic structure, why this is so.
23
(2)
(iii)
Suggest why calcium stops reacting with dilute sulphuric acid after a few seconds
even though it did react initially.
(2)
(b)
(i)
Calcium nitrate
(2)
(ii)
State the relative thermal stability of potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate and
explain how it is related to the sizes and charges of the ions involved.
(5)
(Total 14 marks)
93.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
State what you would see when aqueous bromine is added to a solution of
potassium iodide.
(1)
(c)
2+
ions to Fe
3+
ions.
Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of bromine to bromide ions.
(1)
(ii)
2+
ions to Fe
3+
ions.
(1)
(iii)
2+
(d)
Chlorine and bromine react with aqueous sodium hydroxide in a similar way at
room temperature.
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of bromine with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(2)
(ii)
(e)
Potassium bromide, KBr, reacts with potassium bromate, KBrO 3, in the presence of
dilute sulphuric acid to form bromine, potassium sulphate and water.
24
(ii)
Which substance in this reaction is the oxidising agent? Give a reason for your
choice.
Substance: .
Reason: ..
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
96.
(a)
Chlorine
Gas
Bromine
Iodine
(2)
(b)
Describe how you could use solutions of silver nitrate and ammonia to distinguish a
solution of sodium iodide from a solution of sodium bromide.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
97.
(a)
Ca + O2 .....................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
State and explain the trend in thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group 2 elements
as the group is descended.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
100. (a)
Hydrogen chloride can be made from sodium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Write a balanced chemical equation to represent this reaction.
(1)
(b)
(i)
How would you confirm that a solution said to be HCl(aq) contained chloride ions?
(3)
25
(ii)
(c)
(i)
Give a chemical test for chlorine, stating what you would do and what you would
see.
(2)
(ii)
Hydrogen chloride can be oxidised to chlorine by lead(IV) oxide, PbO 2. Write the
oxidation numbers of lead and of chlorine in the boxes provided.
PbO
+ 4H Cl
PbC l2 + C l
+ 2H 2O
(2)
(d)
Sodium iodide reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to give iodine, not hydrogen
iodide. Explain why iodides react differently from chlorides in this case.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
102. (a)
(i)
State how a flame test would distinguish between samples of calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2 and barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2.
(2)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
103. Barium and magnesium are both in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. Several bottles on the Group
2 shelf of the chemicals store had damaged labels.
(a)
Two bottles are clearly labelled sulphate. The solid in bottle A dissolves easily in water
but none of the solid in bottle B appears to dissolve when added to water.
Which of these two bottles contains barium sulphate?...............................................
(1)
26
(b)
Bottle C, labelled magnesium carbonate, contains a white powder. When heated this
powder produces a colourless gas that turns limewater cloudy.
State whether this label is correct and explain your answer.
(2)
(c)
Describe a test to show that the solid in bottle D is barium hydroxide and not magnesium
hydroxide.
(3)
(d) Bottle E is clearly labelled magnesium nitrate. When a sample of the chemical is
heated it gives off a brown gas and a gas that relights a glowing splint.
Give the name of each of the gases formed and write an equation for this chemical
reaction.
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
105. (a)
The compounds lithium chloride, sodium bromide and potassium iodide can be
distinguished from one another by the use of flame tests.
(i)
Flame colour
Lithium chloride
Sodium bromide
Potassium iodide
(3)
(ii)
(b)
These compounds can also be distinguished from one another by the use of concentrated
sulphuric acid.
(i)
State what would be seen when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to separate
solid samples of each of these compounds.
Lithium chloride...............................................................................................
Sodium bromide...............................................................................................
Potassium iodide..............................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Write an equation, including the state symbols, for the reaction between solid
lithium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
106. (a)
Seawater contains aqueous bromide ions. During the manufacture of bromine, seawater is
27
(ii)
(iii)
State which of the elements chlorine or bromine is the stronger oxidising agent and
explain the importance of this in the extraction of bromine from seawater, as
represented in the equation above.
(2)
(b)
When sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, is heated, sodium chlorate(V) and sodium chloride are
formed.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
During one process for the manufacture of iodine the following reaction occurs:
+
SO 4 .............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Use your answers to part (c)(i) to explain whether SO2 has been oxidised or
reduced in the above reaction.
(1)
(iii)
Name a reagent that could be used to confirm that a solution contains iodine, and
state what would be seen.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
108. (a)
(b)
.............
.............
(ii)
(c)
Explain why hydrogen chloride forms an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
(2)
(d)
Outline how aqueous silver nitrate followed by aqueous ammonia may be used in the
identification of chloride, bromide and iodide ions in aqueous solution.
(6)
(Total 13 marks)
110. (a)
When solid calcium nitrate is heated, brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide, NO 2, are seen and
the solid remaining after decomposition is calcium oxide.
(i)
(ii)
Describe the changes you would see when cold water is added drop by drop to cold
calcium oxide and give the chemical equation for the reaction.
(3)
(iii)
State whether barium nitrate will decompose more easily or less easily than
calcium nitrate on heating with a Bunsen burner.
(1)
(iv)
Account for the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of the elements in
group 2.
(3)
6.
(b) Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed when nitrate ions, NO 3 , in acidic solution are
reduced by silver metal.
(i)
In NO...............................................................................................................
In NO 3 .............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Balance the half-equation for the reduction of nitrate ions, NO 3 , in acidic solution.
(iii)
Write the half-equation for the oxidation of silver metal, Ag, to silver ions, Ag .
(1)
29
(iv)
Hence deduce the full ionic equation for the reaction between silver metal and
nitrate ions in acidic solution. State symbols are not required.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
16.
17.
Barium carbonate
Lithium nitrate
Potassium bromide
Potassium nitrate
(a)
(b)
Which compound gives a lilac colour in a flame test and does not decompose on heating?
A
B
C
D
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
20.
The concentration of iodine in solution can be measured by titration with sodium thiosulfate
solution.
2
30
(b)
The amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere can be measured by passing a known
volume of air through iodine solution. Sulfur dioxide converts iodine to iodide ions.
2
How many moles of iodine were present in the solution of the iodine at the start of
the experiment?
(1)
(ii)
How many moles of iodine remained in the solution at the end of the experiment?
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the number of moles of iodine which reacted with the sulfur dioxide, and
hence the number of moles of sulfur dioxide in 100 m3 of air.
(2)
(iv)
(c)
Explain whether the changes below would or would not improve the experimental
procedure for measuring the concentration of sulfur dioxide in air used in (b).
(i)
(ii)
The concentration of sodium thiosulfate used to titrate the iodine was changed from
3
3
0.100 mol dm to 0.050 mol dm .
(2)
(iii)
150 m of air was passed through the iodine. The solutions used were of the same
concentrations as in the original experiment.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
35.
(a)
Lithium chloride, potassium carbonate and sodium iodide can be distinguished using
flame tests. Complete the table below.
Formula
lithium chloride
potassium carbonate
sodium iodide
Flame colour
LiCl
K2CO3
NaI
(2)
(b)
(c)
Write equations for the following reactions. Do not include state symbols.
(2)
31
(i)
(ii)
39.
(b)
A little water is added to the solid product of this reaction and the mixture is tested with
full-range pH indicator paper.
(i)
(ii)
Write the formula of the ion responsible for turning the indicator paper this colour.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
40.
(a)
(b)
In what way do the electronic transfers taking place in the production of a flame colour
differ from those occurring when lithium atoms ionise?
(1)
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
43.
(a)
Write an equation for the reaction of calcium with oxygen to form calcium oxide, CaO.
(b)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of calcium oxide, CaO, showing all the electrons.
Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram.
(1)
(2)
(c)
(i)
Name the compound formed when calcium oxide reacts with water.
(1)
(ii)
04
56
89
1014
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
44.
The element iodine can be produced from the mineral Chile saltpetre, which contains sodium
iodate, NaIO3. The iodate ions are converted to iodine in a two-step process.
Ionic equations for the reactions are shown below.
Step 2
Step 1
32
(a)
(i)
Describe a test you could carry out to confirm the presence of iodide ions in a
solution. Indicate the result of the test.
Test
Result
(2)
(ii)
Identify the TWO elements in Step 1 which show a change of oxidation number
during the reaction.
Give their initial and final oxidation numbers.
First element ........................................
(iii)
The equation for Step 1 shows that 1 mole of iodate ions, IO3 , reacts with 3 moles
of hydrogensulphite ions, HSO3. Show that your answers to (ii) agree with this
ratio.
(1)
(b)
An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of the iodine prepared in
Step 2
3
A 10.0 cm portion of the iodine solution was titrated with sodium thiosulphate solution
3
of concentration 0.0100 mol dm . The volume of sodium thiosulphate solution added at
3
the end-point was 24.0 cm .
The equation for the reaction is
I2(aq) + 2Na2S2O3(aq) 2NaI(aq) + Na2S4O6(aq)
(i)
What piece of apparatus would you use to measure out the 10.0 cm portion?
(1)
(ii)
Suggest a suitable indicator to show the end-point of this titration. State the colour
change you would see.
Indicator .................................................................................................................
From .........................................................to ........................................................
(2)
(iii)
(iv)
Calculate the number of moles of iodine which reacted with the sodium
thiosulphate solution.
(1)
(v)
33
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
48.
(a)
(i)
1s .......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Write the half-equation for the reduction of oxygen gas to oxide ions, O .
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Combine these two half-equations to produce the redox equation for the reaction of
aluminium with oxygen to form aluminium oxide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
51.
Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide which produces an alkaline solution with water. Write an
2
equation to show how the oxide ion, O , acts as a base in the reaction with water.
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)
52.
Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, but omitting spectator ions, for the
reaction which takes place.
(2)
34
(ii)
A hydrocarbon solvent is added to the reaction mixture, which is then shaken for a
few minutes, and the layers allowed to settle. What colour is this hydrocarbon
layer?
(1)
(iii)
(b)
Iodine molecules can be converted into iodide ions using sulphur dioxide. An
unbalanced equation is given below.
iodine in I2
............
iodine in I
sulphur in SO2
............
sulphur in SO4
............
2
............
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
Use the information above, or any other means, to balance the equation below.
I2(aq) +
SO2(aq) +
H2O(l)
(aq) +
SO4 (aq) +
H (aq)
(1)
(c)
The reaction between iodine and sulphur dioxide can be used to estimate the
concentration of sulphur dioxide, which is used as a preservative in wines.
In such a determination, a sample of red wine was treated with activated charcoal in order
3
to decolorise it. After filtration to remove the activated charcoal, 25.0 cm portions of the
3
decolorised wine were titrated with 0.00100 mol dm aqueous iodine, using starch as the
3
indicator. An average titre of 12.2 cm was obtained.
(i)
Why is there a need to decolorise the red wine before samples are titrated?
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
Use the information above and the balanced equation in (b)(iii) to calculate:
the number of moles of sulphur dioxide with which this iodine reacted
(3)
(iv)
Suggest why the use of activated charcoal leads to an inaccurate estimate of the
sulphur dioxide content of the wine.
35
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
53.
(a)
(i)
State and explain the trend in solubility in water of the Group 2 hydroxides.
(b)
The dissolving of sparingly soluble calcium hydroxide in water can be shown by the
equilibrium reaction
(4)
2+
Ca(OH)2(s) + (aq)
Ca (aq) + 2OH (aq)
H = 16.2 kJ mol
State and explain the effect on the solubility of calcium hydroxide of
(i)
(ii)
(c)
When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid calcium chloride, one acidic gas is
given off.
When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid calcium bromide, three gases are
given off.
Identify the three gases given off in the reaction with calcium bromide. Explain why only
one gas is given off in the reaction with calcium chloride.
(4)
(Total 18 marks)
54.
(a)
Describe TWO observations which can be made when crystals of hydrated magnesium
nitrate are heated.
Observation 1 ................................................................................................................
Observation 2 ................................................................................................................
.
(2)
(b)
Name ONE of the gases evolved. Describe a test for this gas to confirm its identity and
give the result.
Name of gas ..................................................................................................................
Test and result ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
55.
(a)
(i)
Give the formula of the ion which causes an aqueous solution to be alkaline.
(1)
(ii)
(b)
0.1 mol dm
ethanoic acid
0.1 mol dm
hydrochloric acid
36
R
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
59. (a) A few crystals of potassium iodide were put into a test tube with a similar quantity of
phosphoric acid, H3PO4. The mixture was warmed. Misty white fumes were seen at the mouth of the
test tube.
(i)
Give the name or formula of the misty white fumes which formed in this reaction.
(1)
(ii)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction. State symbols are not required.
H3PO4 +
KI
+
(2)
(iii)
A sample of the misty white fumes was collected and dissolved in water.
What reagent would be used to confirm the identity of the halide ion present in the
solution? State what you would expect to see when it is used.
Reagent ..................................................................................................................
Observation ............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
If potassium iodide crystals are reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid, a complicated
reaction occurs in which a mixture of gases is produced.
(i)
What would you see, other than misty white fumes, when this reaction occurs?
Give ONE observation.
(1)
(ii)
One of the gases in the mixture is hydrogen sulphide, H 2S. It can be identified by
holding a piece of filter paper soaked in a solution of lead nitrate, Pb(NO 3)2, or
lead ethanoate, (CH3CO2)2Pb, in the gas.
What would be observed if hydrogen sulphide is present?
(1)
(iii)
Suggest the name of the lead compound which forms in this reaction, using Stock
notation.
(1)
(iv)
The equation below shows how hydrogen sulphide could be produced from
sulphuric acid in a redox reaction.
9H2SO4 + 8KI H2S + 8KHSO4 + 4H2O + 4I2
Which element is oxidised in the reaction and which is reduced? Justify your
answer by calculating oxidation numbers.
37
(c)
An experiment was carried out to measure the purity of a sample of potassium iodide.
1.75 g of impure potassium iodide was dissolved in water, and excess chlorine was passed
through the solution. The following reaction occurred.
Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq) I2(aq) + 2KCl(aq)
The solution was warmed to drive off the excess chlorine and was then made up to
3
250 cm in a volumetric flask. A titration was used to measure the concentration of iodine
in the solution.
(i)
(ii)
Name a suitable indicator and state the colour change at the end-point of this
titration.
Indicator .................................................................................................................
Colour change from ......................................
to ...............................................
(2)
(iii)
(iv)
61.
(a)
Hydrogen iodide, HI, has a boiling temperature of 35 C, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, a
boiling temperature of 85 C.
(i)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen iodide molecule (showing outer shell
electrons only).
(2)
(ii)
Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
chloride.
(3)
(b)
Hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride react with water to form acidic solutions.
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide with water.
(1)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a lump of calcium oxide, CaO, to form
an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(ii)
In a similar reaction with dilute sulphuric acid and a lump of calcium oxide, the
reaction stops after a short time even though some calcium oxide remains. State
why the reaction stops so quickly.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
66.
Hydrochloric acid, formed when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water, can be converted to
chlorine using an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Explain why the oxidation numbers you have given in (i) are consistent with the fact that
two moles of hydrochloric acid react with one mole of hydrogen peroxide.
(1)
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
67.
Balance this equation showing how magnesium nitrate decomposes when heated.
Mg(NO3)2(s) MgO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
(Total 1 mark)
68.
In the manufacture of beer, brewers often add small amounts of salts of Group 2 elements to the
water used. These salts influence the chemical reactions during the brewing process.
Two such salts are calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.
(a)
A flame test can be used to confirm that a sample of a salt contains calcium ions.
(i)
(ii)
A positive test results in a brick-red flame colour. Describe the changes that occur
in calcium ions to produce a colour.
(iii) Impurities in the salt may lead to other colours being observed in the flame.
What metal ion is likely to be present if a yellow flame is seen?
(1)
70.
Iodine is obtained from three sources: sea water, seaweed and nitrate ores.
(a)
(i)
Sea water containing iodide ions is concentrated, and then chlorine gas is bubbled
through the solution.
Write the balanced ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction
between chlorine gas and iodide ions.
(2)
39
(ii)
What is the final colour of the solution at the end of this reaction?
(1)
(b)
The first step of the process to extract iodine involves reaction of iodate ions with sulphur
2
dioxide gas to form iodide ions and sulphate ions, SO 4 .
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
Balance the ionic equation for the reaction between iodate ions and sulphur dioxide
gas to produce iodide ions and sulphate ions.
IO 3 (aq) + .......SO (g) + .......H O(l) I(aq) + ....... SO 24 (aq) + .......H+(aq)
2
2
(2)c)
(i)
The next step is to add a small quantity of a solution containing iodate ions. These react with the iodide ions
present to form an iodine solution.
Iodine can be extracted from this solution by the addition of a hydrocarbon solvent
and separation of the hydrocarbon solution using a separating funnel.
Draw a diagram of a separating funnel and its contents. Indicate which is the
hydrocarbon layer and state its colour. [Density of the hydrocarbon is 0.660 g cm
3
]
Colour of hydrocarbon layer .............................................................................
(3)
(ii)
71.
40
(b)
(i)
240 K
185 K
Name the intermolecular force responsible for the higher boiling point of ammonia.
(1)
(ii)
Use displayed formulae to show this intermolecular bond between two ammonia
molecules.
Clearly mark and label the bond angle between the molecules.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
74.
(a)
(b)
78.
This question is about a mixture, M, which contains 80% of potassium bromide, KBr,
and 20% of potassium chloride, KCl, by mass.
(a)
When concentrated sulphuric acid was added to mixture M and the mixture gently
warmed, four different gases were given off.
(i)
What would happen to moist universal indicator paper when held in this mixture of
gases?
(ii)
What would you see if a glass rod, dipped into concentrated ammonia solution, was
held in these gases?
(1)
(b)
(iii)
(i)
What would you see when silver nitrate solution is added to a solution of mixture
M?
(1)
(ii)
(c)
The graph below shows how the solubilities of potassium bromide and potassium
chloride vary with temperature.
41
120
P o ta s s iu m b ro m id e
S o lu b ility
100
in
w a te r
/g p e r 1 0 0 g
o f w a te r
80
60
P o ta s s iu m c h lo rid e
40
20
(i)
20
40
60
T e m p e ra tu re / C
80
100
(ii)
125 g of mixture M, containing 80% KBr and 20% KCl by mass, was added to
100 g of boiling water to make a solution.
Calculate the masses of KBr and KCl present in mixture M.
Use your calculation and the graph to predict which crystals will form on cooling
to 20 C, and what will be left in the solution.
(Total 11 marks)
83.
(a)
A few crystals of potassium bromide were dissolved in water in a test tube. A few
drops of aqueous chlorine solution were then added and a colour change was observed.
(i)
(ii)
What colour was the solution after the chlorine solution had been added?
(1)
(iii) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction of bromide ions with chlorine
solution.
Do not include spectator ions in your equation.
42
(1)
(iv)
What would you expect to see if the contents of the test tube were shaken with a
small quantity of a hydrocarbon solvent and then allowed to settle?
(2)
(b)
(i)
Hydrogen bromide can be made by bubbling hydrogen sulphide gas into liquid
bromine.
The equation for the reaction is:
2H2S(g) + 3Br2(l) 4HBr(g) + S2Br2(l)
Two elements show changes in oxidation number during this reaction.
Identify these elements, stating their original and final oxidation numbers.
First element.......................................
Initial oxidation number.............. Final oxidation number .........................
Second element ..................................
Initial oxidation number.............. Final oxidation number .........................
(3)
(ii)
The equation shows that 2 moles of hydrogen sulphide molecules react with 3
moles of bromine molecules. Show how your answers to (i) agree with this ratio.
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
91.
The following table was used to record the results of experiments in which aqueous solutions of
halogen elements were added to aqueous solutions of potassium halides.
(a)
(i)
The ticked box indicates that a reaction occurred when bromine solution was added
to potassium iodide solution.
Place ticks in appropriate empty boxes to indicate the other experiments in which
you would expect reactions to have occurred.
(1)
(ii)
Give ONE observation you would expect to make when bromine solution is added
to potassium iodide solution.
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
(b)
Iodine and its compounds are quite expensive and it is sometimes worthwhile recovering
this element from solutions containing iodide ions. This can be done by adding a solution
of potassium dichromate acidified with sulphuric acid. Iodine is then precipitated and can
be separated from the mixture.
An unbalanced ionic equation for the reaction is:
2
(i)
3+
Identify the two elements which show a change of oxidation number during the
reaction, giving their initial and final oxidation numbers.
First element.......................................
Initial oxidation number..............
(ii)
3+
+ ........I2 + ........H2O
(1)
(c)
The halogen elements have a wide variety of commercial and industrial uses.
Bromine, for example, is extracted from sea water and used to make compounds such
as bromomethane, CH3Br, an insecticide.
(i)
(ii)
92.
(a)
(i)
Ca + O2 .....................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
State and explain the trend in thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group 2 elements
as the group is descended.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
93.
(a)
(i)
State how a flame test would distinguish between samples of calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2 and barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2.
(2)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
94. Barium and magnesium are both in Group 2 of the Periodic Table. Several bottles on the Group
2 shelf of the chemicals store had damaged labels.
(a)
Two bottles are clearly labelled sulphate. The solid in bottle A dissolves easily in water
but none of the solid in bottle B appears to dissolve when added to water.
Which of these two bottles contains barium sulphate?...............................................
(1)
(b)
Bottle C, labelled magnesium carbonate, contains a white powder. When heated this
powder produces a colourless gas that turns limewater cloudy.
State whether this label is correct and explain your answer.
(2)
(c)
Describe a test to show that the solid in bottle D is barium hydroxide and not magnesium
hydroxide.
(d)
(3)
Give the name of each of the gases formed and write an equation for this chemical
45
reaction.
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
96.
(a)
The compounds lithium chloride, sodium bromide and potassium iodide can be
distinguished from one another by the use of flame tests.
(i)
Flame colour
Lithium chloride
Sodium bromide
Potassium iodide
(3)
(ii)
(b)
These compounds can also be distinguished from one another by the use of concentrated
sulphuric acid.
(i)
State what would be seen when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to separate
solid samples of each of these compounds.
Lithium chloride...............................................................................................
Sodium bromide...............................................................................................
Potassium iodide..............................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Write an equation, including the state symbols, for the reaction between solid
lithium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
46