Process Industry Practices Vessels

REVISION
February 1999
Process Industry Practices

Vessels
PIP VECV1001
Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Design Criteria
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over
this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or
application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be
made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names from
time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather recognized as
normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally
correct and may be substituted for those named. All practices or guidelines are intended
to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To
the extent these practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable
laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate
professional before applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the
Practice.
Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3208 Red River Street, Suite 300, Austin,
Texas 78705. PIP member companies may copy this practice for their internal
use.
9/97
Issued
2/99
Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds.
REVISION
February 1999

Vessels
PIP VECV1001
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ..................................3
5. Design........................................... 8
1.1 Purpose ............................................3

1.2 Scope ...............................................3
5.1 Design Pressure and Temperature ... 8

5.2 MAWP and Coincident Maximum
Temperature................................... 10
5.3 Minimum Design Metal Temperature
and Coincident Pressure................. 11
5.4 External Pressure Design ............... 11
5.5 Cyclic Service ................................ 11
2. References....................................4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Process Industry Practices (PIP) .......4

Industry Codes and Standards ..........4
Other References..............................5
Government Regulations ..................6
3. Definitions.....................................6
4. General..........................................7
4.1 Applicable PIP Documents................7
4.2 ASME Code Requirements ...............7
4.2.2 Applicable Code Scope
Exemptions ................................. 7
4.2.3 Waste Heat Recovery Vessels ..... 7
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
National Board Registration ..............7

Jurisdictional Compliance .................7
Units of Measurement.......................8
Language..........................................8
Documentation to be Provided to the
Manufacturer ....................................8
5.5.1 Number of Cycles.......................12

5.5.2 Fatigue Analysis .........................12
5.5.3 Fatigue Loading Data .................12
5.6 Welded Pressure Joint

Requirements ................................. 12
5.7 Postweld Heat Treatment ............... 14
5.8 Wind Load...................................... 15
5.8.1 User Selections from ASCE 7 .....15
5.8.2 Determination of Wind-Induced
Forces........................................17
5.9 Seismic Loads ................................ 17

5.9.1 General Requirements and Data
from ASCE 7 ..............................17
5.9.2 Seismic Loads for GroundSupported Equipment .................18
5.9.3 Seismic Loads for StructureMounted Equipment ...................18
Page 1 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.19.11 Instrument, Vent and Drain

Connections............................43
5.19.12 Nameplates and Stampings ....43
5.19.13 Shell and Bonnet Design .........43
5.10 Design Loads and Load

Combinations ................................. 19
5.10.1
5.10.2
5.10.3
5.10.4
5.10.5
5.10.6
5.10.7
5.10.8
5.10.9
Dead Load ..............................19

Operating Live Load................19
Pressure Load.........................19
Thermal Load .........................19
Test Load................................19
Wind Load ..............................19
Seismic Load ..........................19
Piping and Superimposed
Equipment Loads ....................20
Load Combinations .................20
5.20 Heat Exchanger Thermal ................43

5.20.1
5.20.2
5.20.3
5.20.4
5.20.5
5.20.6
5.20.7
5.20.8
5.20.9
5.11 Wind-Induced Vibration of Vertical

Vessels .......................................... 21
5.11.1
5.11.2
Vortex Shredding Ranges........21

Corrective Action.....................21
5.12 Formed Heads ............................... 22

5.13 Flanges .......................................... 22
5.13.1
5.13.2
5.13.3
5.13.4
5.13.5
5.13.6
5.13.7
5.13.8
5.13.9
5.13.10
5.13.11
5.13.12
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
ASME B16.47, Series A ..........23

ASME B16.47, Series B ..........23
Custom-Designed Flanges per
Code.......................................23
Custom-Designed Lap Joint
Flanges...................................24
Lap Joint Flanges NPS 24 and
Smaller ...................................26
Slip-on Flanges.......................26
Threaded and Socket Weld
Flanges...................................27
Flange Facing and Surface
Finish......................................27
Piping Connections .................28
Quick Opening Closures .........28
Flanges - Pass Partition Areas 28
Flanged Joints ........................28
Nozzles .......................................... 28
Manways........................................ 30
Anchor Bolts................................... 31
Internals ......................................... 32
Vessel Supports ............................. 33
5.18.1
5.18.2
5.18.3
5.18.4
General...................................33
Vertical Vessels ......................33
Horizontal Vessels ..................35
Stacked Exchangers ...............37
5.19 Heat Exchanger Component

Design............................................ 37
5.19.1
5.19.2
5.19.3
5.19.4
5.19.5
5.19.6
5.19.7
5.19.8
5.19.9
5.19.10
Page 2 of 56
Tubes .....................................37
Tubesheets .............................37
Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints........38
Tube Bundles..........................39
Expansion Joints.....................40
Vapor Belts .............................41
Exchanger Covers...................41
Pass Partition Plates...............42
Floating Heads........................42
Kettle Type Exchangers...........42
Fouling Factors Selection........44

Fluid Side Selection ................44
Exchanger Configuration.........45
Flow Arrangement...................47
Tube Selection........................47
Bundle Design and Tube
Layout ....................................48
Thermal Performance .............49
Hydraulic Performance............51
Vibration .................................52
6. Materials......................................52
6.1 Material Specifications....................52
6.1.1 External Attachments .................52
6.1.2 Internal Attachments ..................52
6.2 Source of Materials.........................53

6.3 Corrosion/Erosion Allowance ..........53
6.3.1 Basis..........................................53
6.3.2 Corrosion Loss...........................53
6.3.3 Erosion Loss ..............................53
6.4 Gaskets ..........................................54
7. Testing ........................................54
7.1 Hydrostatic Test..............................54
7.1.1 UG-99 Standard Hydrostatic
Test ...........................................54
7.1.2 Horizontal Vessels......................54
7.1.3 Vertical Vessels..........................54
7.1.4 Test Temperature.......................55
7.2 Pneumatic Test...............................55

7.3 Proof Test.......................................55
8. Vessel Rigging Analysis/Lifting

Requirements .............................55
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Impact Factor .................................55

Vertical Vessels ..............................55
Local Stresses ................................56
Welds .............................................56
Appendices
A - General Considerations for Pressure Relief
Valve Application
B[V] - Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form
B[E] - Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form
C - Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending
Moment and Axial Tensile Load
D - Minimum Clearance for Nozzle Adjacent
to Integral Tubesheet
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
1.
Introduction
Note to Readers: This Practice contains design criteria for pressure vessels and shell-and-tube
heat exchangers. Corresponding subject matter for pressure vessels and shell-and-tube heat
exchangers is covered by paragraphs identically numbered. Paragraphs pertaining to pressure
vessels are preceded by [V]. Paragraphs pertaining to shell-and-tube heat exchangers are
preceded by [E]. Paragraphs pertaining to both are preceded by [V/E]. In addition, ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 2 requirements are shown in braces
{ }.
This Practice should be used for pressure vessels built to Division 1 or Division 2 of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, henceforth referred to as the Code. Shell-and-tube
heat exchangers are limited to Division 1 in this Practice.
1.1
Purpose
[V] The primary focus of this Practice is to communicate vessel design criteria and
methodology from the User to a Designer. This Practice is also intended as guidance
for the development of purchase specifications covering the construction of new
pressure vessels which meet the philosophy and requirements of Section VIII, Division
1 {or 2} of the Code.
[E] The primary focus of this Practice is to communicate vessel design criteria and
methodology from the User to a Designer. This Practice is also intended as guidance
for the development of purchase specifications covering the construction of new shelland-tube heat exchangers which meet the philosophy and requirements of Section VIII,
Division 1 of the Code and TEMA Standards of the Tubular Exchangers
Manufacturers Association.
1.2
Scope
1.2.1
[V/E] This Practice must be used in conjunction with PIP VEDST003,

PIP VEDV1003, PIP VEFV1100, and PIP VESV1002 in order to comprise a
complete vessel purchase specification.
1.2.2
[V/E] Many recognized and generally accepted good engineering construction

practices are included herein. However, in light of the many diverse service
applications of Code vessels, these practices must be employed with
engineering judgment and supplemented as appropriate with requirements
related to specific materials of construction, service fluids, operating
environments, and vessel geometries. Accordingly, provisions of this Practice
may be overridden or supplemented by an Overlay Specification.
1.2.3
[V/E] Standardized pre-designed (off-the-shelf) vessels and heat exchangers

are not within the scope of this Practice, but are covered in PIP VESSM001.
Page 3 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
2.
February 1999
References
The following documents are only those specifically referenced in this Practice. In applications
where laws or regulations issued by municipal, state, provincial, or federal authorities cover
pressure vessels, those laws or regulations should be reviewed prior to the initiation of design
work since the requirements may be different or more restrictive than those covered in this
Practice. Short titles will be used herein when appropriate.
2.1
Process Industry Practices (PIP)

For the following reference documents, the latest edition issued at the date of contract
award shall be used.
2.2
PIP VEDST003 - Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet
PIP VEDV1003 - Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet and Instructions
PIP VEFV1100 - Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Standard Details (27 Details

and Index)
PIP VESSM001 - Specification for Small Pressure Vessels and Heat

Exchangers with Limited Design Conditions
PIP VESV1002 - Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Fabrication Specification

Industry Codes and Standards

For the following reference documents, if Table U-3 {AF-150.1} of the Code lists an
edition or addenda different than the latest edition issued, the edition listed in Table U3 {AF-150.1} shall be used. For documents not listed in Table U-3 {AG-150.1}, the
latest edition or addenda issued at the date of contract award shall be used.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI/ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ANSI/ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe
American Petroleum Institute (API)
API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Page 4 of 56
AISC Manual of Steel Construction
ASCE 7 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

Section I - Power Boilers
Section II - Materials, Parts A, B, C, D
Section VIII - Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1 and 2
Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications
ASME B1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, NPS 1/2 through NPS 24
ASME B16.11 - Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 through NPS 60
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)
Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings

Industry, Inc. (MSS)
Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
Welding Research Council (WRC)
2.3
MSS SP-44 - Steel Pipeline Flanges
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)
Uniform Building Code (UBC)
WRC Bulletin 107 - Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due
to External Loadings
Other References
Design Equations for Preventing Buckling in Fabricated Torispherical Shells

Subjected to Internal Pressure, G.D. Galletly, Proceedings: Institution of
Mechanical Engineers. London: Vol. 200 No. A2.
Dynamic Response of Tall Flexible Structures to Wind Loading. Joseph

Vellozzi, Ph.D., P.E. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of
Standards, Building Science Series Number 32, 1966.
Process Equipment Design. Brownell and Young. Wiley & Sons Publishers,
1959.
Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports,

L.P. Zick, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, A Decade of
Progress. Vol. 2, 1972.
Wind Loads on Petrochemical Facilities, ASCE Task Committee on WindInduced Forces, Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical
Facilities. (ISBN-0-7844-0262-0)
Page 5 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
2.4
Government Regulations
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
3.
February 1999
Clean Air Act Amendments 1990
US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA)
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106(b)(5)(ii) - Flammable and Combustible Liquids
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 - Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous

Chemicals
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146(k)(3)(ii) - Permit-Required Confined Spaces for

General Industry
Definitions
Code: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1{or 2}. References to
Division 2 are identified in braces { }.
Construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,
inspection, testing, certification (Code stamp and Manufacturers Data Report),
{Manufacturers Design Report} and pressure relief
Designer: The party responsible for defining and specifying the mechanical design
requirements (e.g., Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet {Users Design Specification}) consistent with
User criteria for use by the Manufacturer. The Designer is frequently an engineering
contractor, but could be the User, third party consultant, or the Manufacturer. The Designer is
also considered the thermal Designer with respect to heat exchanger design.
Manufacturer: The party entering into a contract with the Purchaser to construct a vessel in
accordance with the purchase order
National Board: The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, an
organization comprised of chief inspectors of various governmental jurisdictions in the United
States and Canada. Vessels meeting requirements of the Code, except those stamped with the
Code UM symbol, may be registered with the National Board.
Overlay Specification: Technical requirements that supplement or override the provisions of
this document, such as a User specification or a project specification
User: The party responsible for establishing construction criteria consistent with the Code
philosophy and service hazards. User refers to the owner and/or operator of the equipment.
Vessel: This term may be used as a non-specific reference to a pressure vessel or a shell-andtube heat exchanger
Page 6 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
4.
General
4.1
Applicable PIP Documents

[V/E] All vessels shall be designed in accordance with this Practice,
PIP VEDST003, PIP VEFV1100 (applicable details), PIP VEDV1003, and
PIP VESV1002.
4.2
ASME Code Requirements

4.2.1
[V/E] Pressure vessels within the scope of this Practice shall satisfy all
applicable requirements, including Code symbol stamping.
4.2.2
Applicable Code Scope Exemptions

[V/E] The Code Scope exemptions that represent across-the-board acceptance
are those covered under Code Paragraphs U-1(c)(2)(h)
{AG-121(h)} and U-1(c)(2)(i) {AG-121(i)}, as follows:
4.2.2.1
[V/E] U-1(c)(2)(h) {AG-121(h)}: Vessels not exceeding 15 psig,

with no limitation on size [see Code Paragraph UG-28(e)
{AD-300}]
4.2.2.2
[V/E] U-1(c)(2)(i) {AG-121(i)}: Vessels having an inside

diameter, width, height, or cross section diagonal not exceeding 6
inches, with no limitation on length of vessel or pressure
Note: The 6-inch dimension is in the corroded condition.
The above is not intended to prohibit the use of other Scope exemptions in
Code Paragraph U-1(c)(2); however, such use shall be by agreement with the
User.
4.2.3
Waste Heat Recovery Vessels

[V/E] Steam generating vessels associated with waste heat recovery
operations shall be constructed and stamped with the Code U symbol in
accordance with Code Section VIII, Division 1. Dual Code symbol stamping
of such vessels (both Section I S symbol and Section VIII, Division 1 U
symbol) is not permitted.
4.3
National Board Registration

[V/E] National Board registration of vessels stamped with the Code U {U2}
symbol is required.
4.4
Jurisdictional Compliance
[V/E] All aspects of the work shall comply with applicable local, county, state, and
federal rules and regulations. This includes, but is not limited to, the rules and
standards established by EPA and OSHA. (See Section 2.4.)
Page 7 of 56
PIP VECV1001
4.5
REVISION
February 1999
Units of Measurement
[V/E] US customary (English) units shall be regarded as standard; metric (SI units)
may be included for reference only and shall not be interpreted as a precise conversion.
4.6
Language
[V/E] The language of all documents shall either be English or include the English
translation.
4.7
Documentation to be Provided to the Manufacturer

[V/E] The following information shall be provided to the Manufacturer with the
purchasing inquiry:
5.
4.7.1
[V] Design requirements to be provided to the Manufacturer shall be per

PIP VEDV1003, with additional drawings or details as necessary.
4.7.2
[E] Design requirements to be provided to the Manufacturer shall be per

PIP VEDST003, with additional drawings or details as necessary.
4.7.3
[V/E] Welded pressure joint requirements, including:
Type of Category A, B, C and D joints (see Appendix B[V] or B[E])
Type and degree of nondestructive examination to be applied to the

joints (see Appendix B[V] or B[E])
4.7.4
[V/E] Quality Overview Plan, as shown in Appendix A of PIP VESV1002.
4.7.5
[V/E] Documentation Schedule and Manufacturers Data Package, as shown

in PIP VESV1002 Appendix B.
4.7.6
[V] {Users Design Specification}
Design
5.1
Design Pressure and Temperature

[V/E] The design pressure and coincident maximum metal temperature shall be
determined by the Designer by carefully considering all operating phases and
associated loadings (e.g., liquid head and other sources of pressure variation such as
that resulting from flow) that the vessel may experience during the specified project
life, such as:
Page 8 of 56
Initial startup
Normal operations
Temporary operations
Emergency shutdown
Emergency operations
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
Normal shutdown
Startup following a turnaround or an emergency shutdown
Cleaning, steam out, and decontamination
Upset conditions
Environmental restraints on relief venting
[E] Tube failure [Code Paragraph UG-133(d)]
[V/E] The margin above the maximum anticipated operating pressure selected to
establish the design pressure and coincident maximum metal temperature must be
carefully considered for each vessel component as a function of the overall objective
with respect to pressure relief, coupled with the uncertainties in determining what
actual pressures will be developed. For example, where minimization of severely
flammable or acutely toxic environmental hazards is a controlling design requirement,
the establishment of a design pressure and associated Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure (MAWP) {MAWP replaced by Design Pressure in Division 2, AD-121.1}
that will provide containment without actuation of the pressure relief device may be a
consideration.
[V/E] As will be noted with reference to Appendix A, this margin is also dependent
upon the operational characteristics of the pressure relief device. For example, when
the maximum anticipated operating pressure of a gas/vapor service can be identified
with confidence and metal-seated, direct spring-operated valves will be used, the
design pressure is frequently established by dividing the maximum anticipated
operating pressure by 0.90. However, when a pilot-operated pressure relief device is
used, the design pressure is sometimes established by dividing the maximum
anticipated operating pressure by a factor as high as 0.98.
[V/E] Refer to the Overlay Specification for any margins to be applied to the
maximum operating pressure(s) and coincident temperature(s).
[V/E] Also use of Code Case 2211, entitled Pressure Vessels with Overpressure
Protection by System Design, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2, may be an appropriate
option. Note that prior jurisdictional acceptance may be required and that this Code
Case Number shall be shown on the Manufacturers Data Report. Likewise, with
permission from the authority having legal jurisdiction over the installation of pressure
vessels (should one exist), the advantages of using the provisions of Code Case 2203
entitled Omission of Lifting Device Requirements for Pressure Relief Valves on Air,
Water over 140 F, or Steam Service, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2, should be
considered.
[E] The shell side and tube side design pressures and temperatures shall be reviewed to
determine extreme conditions that may be encountered. During transients (startup,
pressure relief, or shutdown, etc.), the shell side or tube side fluid may be absent, not
flowing, or auto-refrigerating with design pressure in the other chamber. For
components subjected to both shell side and tube side conditions, the more severe
condition shall control. The following additional conditions shall be considered:
Page 9 of 56
PIP VECV1001
5.2
REVISION
February 1999
5.1.1
[E] The exchanger shall be designed for full pressure on either side with
atmospheric (or full vacuum if specified) on the other side. If an exchanger is
designed for differential pressure, the Data Sheet and nameplate shall so
indicate.
5.1.2
[E] Fixed tubesheet exchangers cannot generally be operated at the coincident

nameplate temperature-pressure conditions. The basis for differential thermal
expansion used in the design shall be defined and shall become a fabrication
drawing requirement. (See PIP VEDST003.)
MAWP {Design Pressure} and Coincident Maximum Temperature

5.2.1
[V/E] The MAWP {Design Pressure} to be marked on the Code nameplate is

defined as the maximum gauge pressure permissible at the top of a completed
vessel in its normal operating position at the designated coincident metal
temperature for that pressure. (See Code Appendix 3 {AD-121} for
definitions of MAWP and Design Pressure.) This MAWP may be determined
from the design pressure or from calculations based on the specified nominal
component thickness, but reduced by the specified corrosion allowance.
[V/E] The maximum permissible set-to-operate pressure of a single safety
relief device cannot be higher than the MAWP {Design Pressure}. (See Code
rules when multiple safety relief devices are employed.)
[V/E] See Code Paragraph UG-20(a) {AD-121} for Code rules relative to
determining the coincident maximum metal temperature to be stamped on the
nameplate. A suitable margin consistent with the uncertainties with which the
true maximum mean-metal temperature can be determined should be included.
The maximum design temperature rating shall be increased to the highest
temperature possible without affecting the thickness of the shell or heads and
without changing the pressure class for nozzle flanges. When appropriate, a
vessel may be designed and Code stamped for more than one
pressure/coincident maximum metal temperature condition.
5.2.2
Page 10 of 56
[V/E] To provide for future field tests, the vessel and foundation (provided by
others) shall be designed so that any component in the corroded condition will
withstand the combination of hydrostatic test pressure at the top of the vessel
(as defined in Paragraph UG-99 {Article T-3} of the Code) and the
hydrostatic head of the vessel full of water when the vessel is in its operating
position without exceeding the stress levels defined in Section 5.10.9(4).
Vessel designs that include such features as conical sections without knuckles,
torispherical heads with an inside crown radius/head thickness (L/t) ratio
greater than 500, openings in the shell that exceed the dimensional limits given
in Code Paragraph UG-36(b)(1) {Not Division 2 Applicable}, thermal
gradients, or body flanges may require special analysis for future tests. Refer
to Section 5.10 for additional requirements that apply. Note that the
equipment foundation must also be designed to support the loading of a future
test.
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.3
Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) and Coincident Pressure

[V/E] The MDMT and coincident pressure to be marked on the Code nameplate shall
be selected by the Designer in consideration of the operating phases such as those
listed in Section 5.1 and of the Code rules in Paragraph UG-20(b) {Not Division 2
Applicable}. Reliable administrative procedures to control the pressure/coincident
temperatures during transient operations (e.g., startup and shutdown) are often
appropriate from a materials of construction selection point of view. For example,
when considering the effects of auto-refrigeration on carbon and low-alloy steels, such
procedures make it appropriate to consider operations below the MDMT stamped on
the nameplate, provided the reduction in MDMT for the coincident general primary
membrane tensile stress results in a temperature that is no colder than that permitted in
Code Paragraph UCS-66(b) {AM-218.1}. When atmospheric temperatures govern the
metal temperatures during startup or normal operations, the lowest one-day mean
atmospheric temperature at the installation site must be considered. Figure 2-2 from
API 650 may be used to establish the lowest one-day mean temperatures insofar as
applicable. The mean metal temperature during shop and future field pressure testing
shall also be considered during the vessel design stage. During the pressure test, the
pressure-resisting components and attachments, that when welded to pressure-retaining
components are judged to be essential to the vessels structural integrity, shall have a
temperature at least 30 F warmer than the MDMT to be stamped on the nameplate,
but shall not exceed
120 F. (See Section 6.1.)
5.4
External Pressure Design

[V/E] In a manner similar to that described in Section 5.1, the Designer shall establish
the external design pressure and coincident temperature by determining requirements
for external pressure based on the expected operation of the vessel and adding a
suitable operating margin.
[V/E] If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum and use of vacuum relief devices is
selected, consideration must be given to the effects of introducing air into the vessel.
Vessels in steam service shall be designed for full vacuum and consideration shall also
be given for vessels in services which may be subject to steam out. Consideration shall
also be given to external pressures caused by sudden cooldown of gases or vapors in
the vessel or by the sudden emptying of the vessel contents.
[V/E] Code-required stiffening rings for shells under external pressure shall be placed
on the outside of the vessel, shall have a thickness not less than 3/8 inch, and shall
have a ring width-to-thickness ratio no greater than 10. Stiffening rings shall be
attached by continuous fillet welds on both sides of the ring.
5.5
Cyclic Service
[V/E] The required service for all vessels shall include consideration by the Designer
of cyclic service. Paragraph UG-22(e) {AD-160} of the Code mandates that cyclic
and dynamic reactions from any mechanical or thermal loading source be considered in
design. Batch operation vessels and vessels having agitators, for example, quite
Page 11 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
frequently fall into this category. The following guidelines {AD-160} are
recommended as a starting point when determining if cyclic analysis will be required.
The need for a fatigue analysis by the Manufacturer shall be stated on the Data Sheet
by the Designer.
5.5.1
Number of Cycles {See AD-160.2}

[V/E] Code vessels should be considered to be in cyclic service when the total
number of cycles in the following three items (1.+2.+3.) will exceed 1000
cycles in the desired design life of the vessel:
1. The expected number of full range (design) pressure cycles, including
startups and shutdowns
2. The expected number of operating pressure cycles in which the range of
pressure variation exceeds 20% of the design pressure
3. The expected number of thermal cycles where the metal temperature
differential between any two adjacent points exceeds 50 F (For a
definition of adjacent points, see Code Section VIII, Division 2,
Paragraph AD-160.2, footnote 3.)
5.5.2
Fatigue Analysis
[V/E] In cases where the preliminary guidelines in Section 5.5.1 indicate that
a fatigue analysis may be required, the rules in Code Section VIII, Division 2,
Paragraph AD-160, Fatigue Evaluation, are recommended for use with
sound engineering judgment as a guideline for establishing further action. A
fatigue analysis shall always be performed for agitator mounting nozzles and
their attachment to the vessel. (See Sections 5.12.2 and 5.14.1.)
5.5.3
Fatigue Loading Data

[V/E] The applicable fatigue loading conditions shall be stated on
PIP VEDV1003 and PIP VEDST003.
5.6
Welded Pressure Joint Requirements

5.6.1
Page 12 of 56
[V/E] Consistent with the service-specific needs of each vessel, consideration

must be given to the type of welded pressure joints to be furnished in the
pressure-boundary components. Consideration shall also be given to the
type/degree of nondestructive examination to be applied to these joints. (See
Users responsibilities under the Code as outlined in the Code Foreword; see
also Code Paragraph U-2(a) {AG-301}.) As a minimum, specific Code
requirements must be met. In order to provide a means of communicating the
requirements to the prospective manufacturers in a manner that is not open to
dispute, the Code has provided the Welded Joint Category system in Code
Paragraph UW-3 {AD-400}. A Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form for
documenting and transmitting the needed information for each welded joint
category (location) is included in Appendix B[V] or B[E]. Also included in
these Appendices is a completed form showing the requirements described in
Section 5.6.2 illustrating the use and usefulness of this form for
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
communicating welded pressure joint requirements to manufacturers for

quotations and purchase specifications. Notes A through C of the
Nondestructive Examination Notes (Page 2 of the Form) are standard
examination notes that may be selected by the User. The remaining options or
User-defined options may be added as appropriate.
5.6.2
[V/E] The welded pressure joint requirements are to be selected consistent

with service-specific needs; however, the following shall apply as a minimum:
5.6.2.1
[V/E] Welded joints of Categories A, B and, when used, butt-type

Categories C and D shall be Type No. 1 of Code Table UW-12
{AF-221}. Note that this excludes the use of permanent weld joint
backing strips and the use of butt welds with one plate offset [Code
Figure UW-13.1(k)]. (See Section 5.6.2.3.)
5.6.2.2
[V/E] Non-butt joints that connect nozzles (including manways and

couplings) to the vessel wall (Code Category D joints) shall be full
penetration welds through the vessel wall and through the inside
edge of reinforcing plates, when used. Nozzle necks designated to
extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall shall have a fillet
weld at the inside corner. (See Section 5.6.2.4.)
5.6.2.3
[V/E] {Not Division 2 Applicable} The minimum degree of

examination of welded butt joints shall be spot radiography per
Code Paragraph UW-52, such that, in combination with the
requirements of Section 5.6.2.1, a joint efficiency not lower than
0.85 will result. In applying the rules of Code Paragraph UW-52,
the increments of weld shall be selected so as to include all
Category A, B and C butt welds, except Category B or C butt welds
in nozzles and communicating chambers that exceed neither 10
inches nominal pipe size nor 1-1/8 inches wall thickness.
5.6.2.4
[V/E] The need for examining the accessible surfaces of the

completed Category D corner joint welds by magnetic particle,
liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, or other nondestructive methods shall
be considered on a case-by-case basis. For example, see optional
Note E in the Nondestructive Examination Notes of the Welded
Pressure Joint Requirements Form.
5.6.2.5
[V/E] Use either Appendix B[V] or B[E] to document specified

requirements.
5.6.2.6
[E] Tubesheet-to-shell (or channel) weld joints shall be any full

penetration weld permitted by Code Figure UW-13.2 or Figure UW
13.3, except as follows:
5.6.2.6.1
[E] Weld joints that employ a permanent backing strip

are not permitted.
Page 13 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
5.6.2.7
February 1999
5.6.2.6.2
[E] To avoid the potential for crevices generated during

fabrication, Code Figures UW-13.2 (d), (e-2) and (i)
are not permitted.
5.6.2.6.3
[E] Exchangers having any of the following design

conditions shall employ tubesheet-to-shell (or channel)
weld joints per Code Figures UW-13.2 (a), (f) or (k),
or Figure UW-13.3:
Tube side MAWP exceeding 600 psig
Shell side MAWP exceeding 1000 psig
MDMT colder than minus 20 F
High-alloy tubesheet and adjoining shell (or

channel) with the weld joint exposed to the
process fluid
Shell (or channel) Inside Diameter (ID) larger

than 48 inches with carbon steel, low-alloy
steel, or clad steel tubesheet material; or larger
than 30 inches with high-alloy or nonferrous
tubesheet material
[E] For the purpose of determining required tubesheet-to-shell (or

channel) weld sizes in accordance with Code requirements, a fixed
tubesheet shall be considered supported (not less than 80% of the
pressure load is carried by the tubes) if:
[(AtEt)/(AsEs)] 4.0
Where:
Total cross-sectional metal area of tubes, sq. in.
Modulus of Elasticity of tube material at mean metal
temperature, psi
As = Cross-sectional metal area of shell based on actual
thickness less corrosion allowance, sq. in.
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of shell material at mean metal
temperature, psi
At =
Et =
5.7
Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT)

5.7.1
Page 14 of 56
[V/E] Vessels shall be postweld heat treated per applicable sections of the
Code in accordance with material specifications or when specified by the User
due to service such as ammonia, caustics, amines, or wet hydrogen sulfide.
Requirements for PWHT of carbon and low-alloy steels are provided in Table
UCS-56 {AF-402.1} of the Code. Alternative PWHT requirements of Code
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
Table UCS 56.1 {AF-402.2}, Alternative Postweld Heat Treatment

Requirements For Carbon And Low-Alloy Steels, shall not be employed.
5.7.2
5.8
[V/E] PWHT provides reduction of residual stresses due to forming and

welding and softens heat-affected zones. Some steels can be damaged within
certain temperature zones below PWHT temperature. A materials engineer
shall be consulted regarding the need for PWHT beyond the requirements of
the Code and dependent on service conditions. The resulting recommendation
shall be included on the Data Sheet, PIP VEDV1003, or PIP VEDST003.
Wind Load
5.8.1
User Selections from ASCE 7 (References are to ASCE 7-95,

unless otherwise specified)
Note: Local codes or regulations may require compliance with UBC or
other rules for wind load design.
[V/E] Wind load design requirements that shall be used for U.S. locations are
covered in ASCE 7; however, simply specifying wind loads in accordance with
ASCE 7 is an incomplete specification since choices exist within ASCE 7 that
the Designer must make. The Designer shall determine and specify on the
Data Sheet, PIP VEDST003, or PIP VEDV1003 the following items:
5.8.1.1 Classification Category (from Table 1-1)
[V/E] There are four Classification Categories. This selection allows

the Designer to determine the Importance Factor, I, from Table 6-2.
The Importance Factor is needed to determine the Velocity Pressure.
Category II (formerly Category I in previous ASCE 7 editions) has
been the industry standard; however, in some cases it may be
appropriate to select the current Category III.
5.8.1.2 Basic Wind Speed (from Figure 6.1)
[V/E] The Designer shall make this determination by knowing the

geographic location of the equipments point of installation.
[V/E] There are different units of measurement for wind speed that
must be recognized for design. The basic wind speed in ASCE 7 is in
terms of a 3-second gust. This is the mean wind speed averaged over
3 seconds. All American codes prior to ASCE 7 use wind speed in
terms of the fastest mile. These wind speed numbers cannot be used
interchangeably in design. Interchanging these wind speed values can
produce results that may be 40% or more in error.
5.8.1.3 Exposure Category (from Paragraph 6.5.3)
[V/E] There are four Exposure Categories from which to select.

Velocity Pressure Coefficients, Kz, are provided in Table 6-3 as a
function of the selected Exposure Category. Exposure Category C
should be selected for most Gulf Coast sites. For other than coastal
plant sites, Exposure Category B is often selected. The Designer shall
Page 15 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
make this determination by knowing the geographic location of the

equipments point of installation.
5.8.1.4 Topographic Factor, Kzt (from Paragraph 6.5.5 and Figure 6-2)
[V/E] Wind speed-up over isolated hills and escarpments must be

considered for Exposure Category B, C, or D where the upwind
terrain is free of such topographic features for a distance of one mile
or 50 times the height of the hill or escarpment, whichever is less.
Wind speed-up over isolated hills and escarpments must also be
considered for structures situated on the upper half of hills or near the
edge of escarpments. For Exposure Categories B and C, wind speedup does not need to be considered when the height of hills or
escarpments is less than 30 feet and 60 feet respectively, which would
be typical for the Gulf Coast region.
5.8.1.5 Gust Response Factor
[V/E] For flexible structures such as a tall vertical process vessel, a

Gust Response Factor, Gf , is another essential variable needed to
determine the wind forces involved. The instructions in ASCE 7 in
this regard are as follows:
[V/E] Gust response factors for main wind-force resisting
systems of flexible buildings and other structures shall be
calculated by a rational analysis that incorporates the dynamic
properties of the main wind-force resisting system.
[V/E] For flexible vertical vessels, defined as vessels with a
fundamental (natural) frequency of vibration less than 1 Hertz
[including vessels with a height-to-diameter (h/D) ratio greater
than 4, where h is the total height of the vessel and D is the
vessel diameter measured to the mid-thickness of the vessel
wall], the recommendation is that Gf be determined using either
the analysis method given in Paragraph 6.6 of the Commentary
Section of ASCE 7 or some other rational analysis method that
incorporates the dynamic properties of the main wind-force
resisting system. When employing equation C6-9 in Paragraph
6.6, use 0.01 as the damping ratio, , for steel construction.
5.8.1.6 Force Coefficients
[V/E] Force Coefficients, Cf, formerly called Shape Factors, are

also needed to determine wind-induced forces acting on the vessel.
Typical factors are provided in Table 6-7. The following are
recommendations for Cf to be used in design:
Page 16 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.8.2
Vessel Description
Cf
A. For all horizontal vessels and for vertical

vessels having an h/D ratio not greater
than one
0.5
B. For vertical vessels having an h/D ratio

greater than one (applies to that portion
of vessel without spoilers)
See Table 6-7 for

moderately smooth
surfaces
C. For that portion of vertical vessels

provided with spoilers as recommended
in Section 5.11.2.1 or 5.11.2.2 of this
Practice
See Table 6-7 for

very rough surfaces
Determination of Wind-Induced Forces

[V] ASCE 7 does not provide the complete methodology needed to account for
wind-induced forces on common appurtenances to pressure vessels such as
ladders, platforms, handrails, piping, etc. The report entitled Wind Loads on
Petrochemical Facilities (see Section 2.3 of this Practice) provides guidelines
and examples for the determination of the total wind-induced forces on
pressure vessels, including those from appurtenances. If most detail items
(ladders, platforms, piping, etc.) of the vessel are known or can be estimated
with reasonable accuracy, the Detailed Method described in this report shall
be used for the vessel design.
[E] See PIP VEDST003 for specific loading information, when applicable.
5.9
Seismic Loads
Note: Local codes and regulations may require compliance with UBC or other
rules for seismic design.
5.9.1
General Requirements and Data from ASCE 7 (References are to

ASCE 7-95, unless otherwise specified)
[V/E] The seismic design requirements and the specification of criteria
variables for the calculation of seismic response loads for the design of vessels
are in ASCE 7. The calculation of seismic forces for vessels is governed by
one of two methods. For vessels mounted on the ground, see Section 5.9.2 of
this Practice. For vessels mounted above grade within a structure, see Section
5.9.3 of this Practice. The first step in an analysis is to perform an eigenvalue
analysis of the vessel in order to calculate its first natural period (horizontal
direction, in the installed position). This is done by dividing the vessel into an
appropriate number of mass and stiffness elements per the theory of structural
dynamics. For long pieces of equipment, more elements are normally required
for an accurate analysis. A general rule is to use the diameter of the vessel as
the minimum longitudinal length of each element. For vertically-oriented
vessels, the mass points are numbered starting at the first point above grade.
Page 17 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
For horizontally-oriented vessels, only one mass point is normally required

because the vessel has the center of gravity of the majority of its mass
concentrated at one level above the ground. For vessels that can be shown to
have uniform properties in mass and stiffness, the closed form handbook
solution for natural period may be used.
[E] See PIP VEDST003 for specific loading information, when applicable.
[V/E] The design of pressure retaining elements (both internal and external)
shall permit allowable stress multiplying factors which do not exceed those
found in Code Paragraphs UG-23(c) and (d) {Table AD-150.1}. The load
combination factors of ASCE 7 Paragraphs 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 are not permitted.
The design of supports shall meet the requirements in Section 5.18 of this
Practice.
5.9.2
Seismic Loads for Ground-Supported Equipment

[V/E] The governing equation for horizontal seismic base shear of groundsupported equipment is:
V = CsW
Where:
Cs = 1.2AvS/0.66RT. However, CS (seismic design coefficient) need not be
greater than 5.5Aa/R. Av, Aa, S, and R are site-specific values. T is the first
natural period of the equipment to be calculated
W is the operating weight of the equipment.
The lateral horizontal seismic forces induced at the levels or mass points of the
equipment and in the direction causing the highest stresses shall be determined
from the rules in ASCE 7. (See Section 5.10.7.) The Designer shall specify the
four site-specific values on the Data Sheet, PIP VEDV1003, or PIP
VEDST003.
5.9.3
Seismic Loads for Structure-Mounted Equipment

[V/E] For equipment mounted in a structure above grade, the governing
equation for seismic force is:
FP = AvCcPacWc
Where:
Av = (a site specific value)
Cc (equipment seismic coefficient) = 5.0
P (performance criteria factor) = 1.0
Page 18 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
ac = 1.0, except for flexible equipment such as tall slender vessels, vessels on
tall legs, springs or other resilient supports. This factor is then given as
follows: for Tc/T < 0.6 or Tc/T > 1.4, ac = 1.0; for Tc/T 0.6 or Tc/T 1.4,
ac = 5.0. Tc is the first natural period of the equipment and T is the first
natural period of the structure.
Wc is the operating weight of the equipment.
Fp is the horizontal seismic force applied at the center of gravity of the
equipment and in the direction causing the highest stresses.
(See Section 5.10.7.)
5.10
Design Loads and Load Combinations

[V/E] The Designer shall determine the following loads and specify them on the Vessel
Drawing/Data Sheet. Design loads are defined and classified as follows:
5.10.1 Dead Load (L1)
[V/E] Dead Load is the installed weight of the vessel, including internals,
catalyst or packing, refractory lining, platforms, insulation fireproofing,
piping, and other permanent attachments.
5.10.2 Operating Live Load (L2)
[V/E] Operating Live Load is the weight of the liquid at the maximum
operating level, including that on trays.
5.10.3 Pressure Load (L3)
[V/E] Pressure Load is the MAWP {Design Pressure} (internal or external at
the coincident temperature) considering the pressure variations through the
vessel, if any. For vessels with more than one independent chamber, see Code
Paragraph UG-19(a) {AD-102}.
5.10.4 Thermal Load (L4)
[V/E] Thermal Loads are the loads caused by the restraint of thermal
expansion/interaction of the vessel and/or its supports.
5.10.5 Test Load (L5)
[V/E] Test Load is the weight of the test medium, usually water. Design basis
shall consider that the vessel will be tested in its normal operating position.
(See Section 5.2.2.)
5.10.6 Wind Load (L6)
[V/E] Wind Load shall be determined in accordance with Section 5.8.
5.10.7 Seismic Load (L7)
[V/E] Seismic Load shall be determined in accordance with Section 5.9.
Page 19 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.10.8 Piping and Superimposed Equipment Loads (L8)

[V/E] Loads caused by piping other than the Dead Load in Section 5.10.1 and
those caused by superimposed equipment shall be considered as applicable.
5.10.9 Load Combinations
[V/E] Vessels and their supports shall be designed to meet the most severe of
the following load combinations: (See Section 5.18 for vessel supports.)
1.
L1+L6
Erected Condition with full Wind Load
2.
L1+L2+L3+L4+L6+L8
Design Condition with full Wind Load (include

both full and zero pressure conditions (L3) for
check of maximum longitudinal tensile and
compressive stress)
3.
L1+L2+L3+L4+L7+L8
Design Condition with Seismic Load (include

both full and zero pressure conditions to
determine L3 for check of maximum longitudinal
tensile and compressive stress)
4.
L1+(F)L3+L5+(0.25)L6
Initial (New uncorroded) Hydrostatic Test

Condition and Future (corroded) Hydrostatic
Test Condition with vessel in normal operating
position and with 50% of design wind velocity
(25% of Wind Load)
F (1.5 {1.25} times the lowest stress ratio
defined by Code) is the minimum Code-required
increase over the MAWP {Design Pressure} to
be marked on the vessel (see footnote 34 {Not
Division 2 Applicable} in the Code).
The general primary membrane tensile stress in
the corroded condition (or when no corrosion
allowance is specified) under this load
combination shall not exceed {AD-151.1}:
90% of the Specified Minimum Yield

Strength at 100 F for carbon and lowalloy steels
The Specified Minimum Yield Strength

at 100 F for austenitic stainless steels
(See examples of design considerations described

in Section 5.2.2 and testing requirements in
Section 7.)
5.
Page 20 of 56
Lift Condition: See Section 8.
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.11
Wind-Induced Vibration of Vertical Vessels

[V/E] Vertical vessels having an h/D ratio (not including insulation thickness, but
including skirt height) greater than 15 may vibrate due to vortex-excited resonance
unless sufficient external appurtenances or wind spoilers are present to disrupt the
airflow over the vessel, thereby preventing the generation of the vortices with the
undesirable predominant frequency. (In general, the addition of spoilers is typically
more feasible than changing the natural frequency of the vessel or providing
supplementary damping.) In the case of cylindrical pressure vessels that have been
determined to be candidates for wind-induced vibration, it has been found that spoilers
are only required for the top third of the vessel height and that normal attachments in
this region (e.g., ladders and piping) will be effective as spoilers provided the
maximum circumferential distance between them is 108 degrees (30% of the vessel
circumference).
[V/E] Vessels with an h/D ratio of 15 or greater that do not have a significant number
of effective attachments shall be investigated for dynamic behavior due to wind
excitation as described by Vellozzi (see Section 2.3) and Sections 5.11.1.1, 5.11.1.2
and 5.11.1.3.
5.11.1 Vortex Shredding Ranges
[V/E] Vessels may vibrate in any of three vortex shedding ranges.
5.11.1.1 [V/E] Lower Periodic Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds
number is less than 300,000 and the Strouhal number is
approximately 0.2, vibration due to periodic vortex shedding may
occur with tall slender vessels that have very low fundamental
frequencies.
5.11.1.2 [V/E] Random Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds
number is between 300,000 and 3,500,000, random vortex shedding
occurs. When the Strouhal number is approximately 0.2, the
random vortex oscillations may lock-in and become periodic,
causing the vessel to vibrate.
5.11.1.3 [V/E] Upper Periodic Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds
number is above 3,500,000 and the Strouhal number is
approximately 0.2, self-excited vibration will occur when the
natural frequency of the vessel corresponds with the frequency of
vortex shedding.
5.11.2 Corrective Action
[V/E] When it has been determined that a vessel may vibrate and the
attributes of the vessel (e.g., normal attachments) cannot be changed to put it
in a range where vibration will not occur, wind spoilers in accordance with
Section 5.11.2.1 or 5.11.2.2 shall be added to the top third of the vessel.
5.11.2.1 [V/E] Helical Spoilers: Use a three-start system of spoilers in a
helical pattern on the top third of the vessel. An optimum
configuration consists of spoilers with an exposed width beyond
Page 21 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
insulation of 0.09D and a pitch of 5D, where D is the diameter of

the top third of the vessel. The spoiler system may be interrupted to
provide clearance at vessel appendages.
5.11.2.2 [V/E] Short Vertical Spoilers: Use a three-start system of short
vertical spoilers arranged in a helical pattern on the top third of the
vessel. The exposed width beyond insulation of the spoilers should
be 0.09D and the pitch (height of one helical wrap) between 5D and
11D. There should be a minimum of 8 spoilers over the pitch
distance (each complete helical wrap) and a minimum of 1.5 helical
wraps over the top third of the vessel. The spoiler system may be
interrupted to provide clearance at vessel appendages.
5.11.2.3 [V/E] Projected Area: When spoilers as described in Sections
5.11.2.1 and 5.11.2.2 are added to a vessel, the column projected
area normal to wind, Af, and the corresponding force coefficient, Cf,
for the column height where spoilers have been added (see Section
5.8.1.6) shall be used when designing the vessel and supporting
structure to calculate the overturning load. The column projected
area shall be calculated using the projected diameter taken at the
outside edge of the spoilers multiplied by the height of the section
under consideration.
5.12
Formed Heads
5.12.1 [V/E] Design rules to prevent buckling of thin fabricated torispherical heads
subjected to internal pressure are not yet available in Division 1 or Division 2
of the Code. Accordingly, for L/t ratios greater than 500, design checks of the
Code-required thickness should be made based on equations for perfect
torispheres that have been modified to reflect experimental results on
fabricated models (see Section 2.3, Galletly). This check may reveal the need
for a head thickness greater than the Code-required minimum thickness.
Note: L is the inside spherical or crown radius and t is the minimum
required thickness of the head after forming (corroded condition).
5.12.2 [V/E] When an agitator is mounted on a nozzle (or studding outlet), in a
formed head, the head thickness determined from Code formulas for pressure
loadings and static local loadings analysis is often not sufficient to provide the
rigidity and stress levels acceptable for the dynamic loadings that will be
applied. Prior to ordering the head, the agitator manufacturer shall be
consulted regarding the recommended minimum head thickness for the agitator
installation under consideration.
5.13
Flanges (see PIP VESV1002, Section 6.3.16)

[V/E] The Designer is responsible for ensuring that the facings, bolt circle, number of
bolts, and size of bolts of vessel nozzles match the mating piping flanges. Flanges for
all flanged vessel nozzles equal to or smaller than NPS 24 shall meet the requirements
of ASME B16.5. Body flanges in this size range may be either per ASME B16.5 or
Page 22 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
custom-designed per the Code. For nozzles larger than NPS 24 and for body flanges of
any size, the options available (as follows in Sections 5.13.1 through 5.13.4) to the
User must be carefully selected as a function of the need.
5.13.1 ASME B16.47, Series A (NPS 26 through NPS 60)
[V/E] These are standard carbon, low-alloy and austenitic stainless steel
flanges of the integral hub, welding neck style that are dimensionally the same
as MSS SP-44 flanges. The materials covered are identical with those in
Materials Groups 1 and 2 of ASME B16.5. Line valves and machinery nozzles
may be provided with flanges of MSS SP-44 dimensions. Therefore, vessel
nozzle flanges that meet the dimensions of Series A flanges may either be
necessary or desirable. Series A and Series B flanges are not dimensionally
compatible in all sizes.
5.13.2 ASME B16.47, Series B (NPS 26 through NPS 60)
[V/E] These are standard carbon, low-alloy and austenitic stainless steel
flanges of the integral hub, welding neck flange style that are dimensionally
the same as flanges covered under the now obsolete API 605. The materials
covered are identical with those in Materials Groups 1 and 2 of ASME B16.5.
Machinery nozzles may be provided with flanges of Series B dimensions.
Therefore, vessel nozzle flanges that meet the dimensions of Series B flanges
may either be necessary or desirable. Series A and Series B flanges are not
dimensionally compatible in all sizes.
5.13.3 Custom-Designed Flanges per Code
5.13.3.1 [V/E] Custom-designed flanges may be required when:
a. Materials of construction covered in ASME B16.5 or ASME
B16.47 are not appropriate for the service conditions.
b. For NPS 26 through NPS 60, the desired flange style is other
than the welding neck type (e.g., lap joint, slip-on) covered in
ASME B16.47.
c. Design conditions for the intended service application exceed
the pressure-temperature ratings of ASME B16.5 or ASME
B16.47 flanges.
d. Service requirements result in significant mechanical loadings
other than pressure. The pressure-temperature ratings of both
ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47 are based primarily on
pressure loadings and accordingly, the flanges may not be
suitably designed for externally-applied moment or axial
thrust loadings (e.g., as imposed by mating piping, weight,
wind, or seismic loadings), resulting in leak-tightness
problems. See Appendix C for the method usually employed
for considering such mechanical loadings.
Page 23 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
e. Rigidity requirements of ASME B16.47 flanges are

sometimes below recommended guidelines, even when flanges
are subjected only to pressure loadings within the pressuretemperature ratings, or for those flanges designed in
accordance with Code Appendix 2 {Appendix 3}. See Code
Appendix S-2 {Appendix M} for Rigidity Index guidelines.
5.13.3.2 [V/E] Recommended minimum gasket contact widths are shown in
the following table:
Vessel OD
(inches)
Gasket Contact Width

(inches)
36
36 < OD 60
1-1/4
OD > 60
1-1/2
Notes:
1. Gasket Contact Width is the recommended minimum
width of the gasket in contact with both flange faces.
2. For 3-ply corrugated metal gaskets, the gasket OD
shall be a minimum of 1/4 inch less than the raised
face or lap ring OD. (See Section 5.13.4.4.)
5.13.3.3 [V/E] Design flanges not only for the design pressure, but also for
other loadings that will be applied to the joints during the project
life (e.g., externally-applied bending moment and axial thrust
loadings.) [See Section 5.13.3.1(d).]
5.13.3.4 [V/E] Select flange thickness so that, considering all loadings that
will be applied [see Section 5.13.3.1(d)], the Rigidity Index as
defined in Appendix S-2 {Appendix M} of the Code is 1.0, based
on the recommended value of KL of 0.2 or K1 of 0.3, as applicable.
5.13.3.5 [V/E] Flange bolts shall not be less than 3/4 inch nominal diameter.
Flange bolt holes shall be 1/8 inch larger than the diameter of the
bolts.
5.13.3.6 [V/E] Nubbins are permitted only by agreement with the User.
5.13.4 Custom-Designed Lap Joint Flanges
[V/E] Practices relative to lap joint flanges that experience has shown will
result in a level of damage tolerance, leak-tightness integrity, and gasket
replacement capability equivalent to the welding neck style are as follows:
Page 24 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.13.4.1 [V/E] The recommended radial lap width is as shown in the

following table:
Nozzle Vessel OD
(inches)
Radial Lap Width

(inches)
OD 18
18 < OD 36
1-1/2
36 < OD 60
1-3/4
OD > 60
Note: Radial Lap Width shall be measured from

the toe of the lap-to-shell attachment weld to the
outer edge of the lap ring. (See Section 5.13.4.4.)
5.13.4.2 [V/E] The gasket contact width is as shown in the Table in

Section 5.13.3.2.
5.13.4.3 [V/E] Finished lap ring thickness is a minimum of 3/16 inch greater
than the nominal wall thickness of the nozzle/shell to which it is
attached. This thickness will allow possible future
re-machining of the lap and should be sufficient to allow the laps to
be machined front and back, if necessary to maintain parallel
surfaces after repair.
5.13.4.4 [V/E] If the values in the Tables in Sections 5.13.3.2 and 5.13.4.1
are not used, the gasket/lap/flange design shall be configured so that
the gasket load reaction on the lap (defined as G in Code
Appendix 2 {Appendix 3}) is as close as practicable to being
coincident with the reaction of the flange against the back of the lap
(taken at the midpoint of contact between the flange and lap). The
Code does not treat the gasket reaction and flange/lap reaction
independently [see Code Figure 2-4(1) {Figure 3-310.1(a)}].
However, this recommended configuration is believed to promote
improved joint performance because it minimizes the amount of
bending in the lap ring resulting from applied forces.
5.13.4.5 Lap Type Flange-to-Shell Clearance
[V/E] The difference between the flange Inside Diameter (ID) and the
shell OD shall not exceed:
1/16 inch for nominal diameters up to and including NPS 12
1/8 inch for nominal diameters over NPS 12 through 48 inches
OD
3/16 inch for nominal diameters over 48 inches OD
5.13.4.6 Flange Bevel and Lap Ring Weld
[V/E] The fillet weld attaching the lap ring to the shell shall be an
equal leg fillet weld with the leg dimension equal to the nominal shell
thickness (+1/16 inch, -0). The difference between the diameter of the
Page 25 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
flange bevel where the lap ring contacts the surface of the flange and
the nominal diameter at the toe of the lap ring attachment weld at the
back of the lap ring shall be 1/8 inch (+1/16 inch, -0).
5.13.5 Lap Joint Flanges NPS 24 and Smaller
[V/E] When ASME B16.5 lapped flanges are specified, the User is cautioned
to make the checks/inspections necessary to ensure that the flanges actually
are ASME B16.5 lapped flanges.
[V/E] For certain of the smaller sizes in each pressure class, the lengththrough-hub (dimension Y) of the slip-on flange and the lapped flange are the
same. (This is true through NPS 12 for Class 150, through NPS 8 for Class
300, etc.) Accordingly, since the slip-on flange is more commonly used, flange
manufacturers typically modify the small slip-on flanges to make the lapped
style. This modification consists of machining the corner radius of the bore as
specified in ASME B16.5 (dimension r) and removing the raised face. The
latter change is permitted in Interpretation 3-5 of
ASME B16.5, provided the resulting flange meets the requirements for a
lapped flange, including flange thickness, or a length-through-hub dimension.
[V/E] The caution is focused on larger sizes where the length-through-hub
(dimension Y) for lapped flanges is greater than that of the slip-on style. Some
flange manufacturers have furnished the modified versions of these slip-on
flanges as lapped flanges, calling them short-hubbed lapped flanges. These
flanges do not comply with ASME B16.5 and, as a result, do not comply with
either the Code or OSHA when Code construction is mandated. The strength
of the short-hubbed flanges cannot generally be justified by Code calculations.
5.13.6 Slip-on Flanges
[V/E] Slip-on flanges are limited to use under the following conditions:
Page 26 of 56
1.
[V/E] ASME B16.5 standard forged flanges for design pressures

and coincident temperatures not exceeding the pressure-temperature
ratings for Class 150 flanges as specified in ASME B16.5, except
that the maximum design temperature shall not exceed 650 F
2.
[V/E] {Not Division 2 Applicable} Custom-designed flanges per

Code Figure 2-4(8), (8a), (9), (9a), (10) or (10a) for design
temperatures not exceeding 650 F; and for flange thickness not
exceeding 3 inches
3.
[V/E] Corrosion allowance does not exceed 1/16 inch (1.6 mm)
4.
[V/E] Carbon or low-alloy steel flanges attached to solid high-alloy

necks are limited to design temperatures no higher than
450 F, unless a higher temperature is justified by a complete stress
analysis and approved by the User
5.
[V/E] MDMT is not colder than minus 20 F for carbon and lowalloy steels
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
6.
[V/E] Vessel is not for lethal service (Code requirement)
7.
[V/E] Vessel or nozzle is neither for cyclic pressure or temperature

service nor subjected to cyclic loadings from associated equipment
8.
[V/E] For vessels not in hot hydrogen service (Hot hydrogen service
is defined as hydrogen partial pressure exceeding 100 psia, with a
corresponding coincident temperature exceeding 400 F.)
5.13.7 Threaded and Socket Weld Flanges

[V/E] Threaded and socket weld flanges shall not be used. (See Section
5.13.9.)
5.13.8 Flange Facing and Surface Finish
5.13.8.1 [V/E] Flanges, except for lapped flanges, shall either have a raised
face or shall have a construction that provides outer confinement to
the gasket if required by Section 5.13.8.3. The height of a raised
face shall be 1/16 inch or a greater height when required by ASME
B16.5 or ASME B16.47, or specified by the User. For some Userdesignated services, flat-face flanges or ring joint facings may be
required.
5.13.8.2 [V/E] Standard flanges and factory-made lap joint stub ends shall
have a surface finish in accordance with ASME B16.5 or ASME
B16.47, as applicable. For standard flanges in services requiring
special consideration (e.g., hydrogen) and for custom flanges and
shop-fabricated lap joint stub ends, the gasket contact surface shall
have either a serrated concentric or serrated spiral finish having a
resultant surface finish from 125 - 250 inch average roughness.
5.13.8.3 Confined Joints
[V/E] For any of the following conditions, gasketed flange joint

designs (body flange and nozzle joints) larger than NPS 24 shall
provide outer confinement of the gasket:
Design pressure 300 psi or higher
Design temperature hotter than 500 F
MDMT colder than minus 20 F
Cyclic pressure or temperature service
Joint requires metallic gasket
Note: Robust metal reinforced gaskets (e.g., spiral-wound with
outer gauge ring, double-jacketed corrugated metal gaskets with
a corrugated metal filler, etc.) are exempted.
Page 27 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
5.13.9 Piping Connections

[V/E] All piping connections to vessels shall be either flanged or butt-welded.
The minimum size shall be NPS 1-1/2. The use of threaded connections is not
recommended because of the potential for crevice corrosion and notch
sensitivity. Threaded connections for vents and drains or instrument
connections are permissible when specified by the User. When used, the
minimum size shall be NPS 3/4 Schedule (Sch) 160 or 6000# coupling. (See
ASME B16.11.) Nozzle sizes NPS 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2 and 5 shall not be used.
5.13.10 Quick Opening Closures
[V/E] Swing bolts (eye bolts) shall be of one-piece construction without
welding. Hinge pins shall be solid (not rolled) and of the same material as the
swing bolts.
5.13.11 Flanges - Pass Partition Areas
[E] In multi-pass heat exchangers, the total gasket sealing areas of the pass
partition plate(s) shall be included when calculating the minimum initial bolt
load required to seat the gasket (Wm2).
5.13.12 Flanged Joints
[E] Removable channels or bonnets, channel covers, and floating head covers
shall be attached with through-bolted flanged joints, except TEMA Type D
stationary head designs.
5.14
Nozzles
5.14.1 [V/E] Nozzles supporting agitators, pumps, or other mechanical equipment
shall be suitably reinforced to withstand the mechanical loadings specified by
the device manufacturer. Likewise, nozzles for pressure relief devices shall be
designed and reinforced for thrust reaction. Use of heavier nozzle necks,
conventional reinforcing pads with properly contoured fillet welds, and formed
heads of appropriate stiffness are the elements that result in a design suitable
for an infinite number of cycles. Gussets shall not be used to strengthen,
stiffen, or reinforce nozzles, unless demonstrated by calculations to be suitable
for the specified cyclic life or thermal condition.
For such nozzles, consideration shall be given to the dimensional requirements
of the device as supplied by the device manufacturer (e.g., tolerances).
5.14.2 [V/E] Surface-attached nozzles as shown in Code Figures UW-16.1(a), (a-1),
(a-2), (a-3) and (b) {Figures 610.1(a) and (b)}, and those with internal
reinforcing pads, are not permitted.
Page 28 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.14.3 [V/E] Nozzle locations (including manways) and their reinforcing pads, if
necessary, shall preferably not interfere with or cover pressure vessel weld
seams [see PIP VESV1002, Section 5.2.2(c)]. When located in heads other
than hemispherical heads, all of the nozzle reinforcing shall preferably be
within the spherical portion of the head.
5.14.4 [V/E] Vessels shall be provided with sufficient connections to permit purging,
pumpout, venting, decontamination, pressure relieving and draining. Vortex
breakers shall be provided on pump suction nozzles. (See PIP VEFV1124.)
5.14.5 [V/E] For vessels supported by a skirt, the flange of any nozzle in the bottom
head shall be located outside the skirt.
5.14.6 [V/E] In establishing nozzle and manway projections, clearance should be
provided for removing flange stud bolts from between the flange and vessel
and for accessing flange stud nuts. Clearance for flange studs and nuts should
be considered when nozzles penetrate insulation or platforms.
Minimum projection from the outside of the vessel wall to the nozzle face shall
be:
8 inches for nozzles up to and including NPS 8
10 inches for nozzles larger than NPS 8
Round up the dimension from the face of the nozzle to the vessel centerline or
reference line to the next larger 1/2-inch increment.
5.14.7 [V/E] Minimum nozzle neck nominal thickness for carbon steel nozzles shall
be per Code Paragraph UG-45, except in no case shall the nominal thickness
selected for NPS 3 and smaller be thinner than Sch 80.
5.14.8 [V/E] Minimum nozzle neck nominal thickness for high-alloy and non-ferrous
alloy nozzles shall be per Code Paragraph UG-45, except in no case shall the
nominal thickness selected for NPS 3 and smaller be thinner than Sch 40S.
5.14.9 [V/E] {Not Division 2 Applicable} When there is concern that an overstress
condition may exist, the local membrane and surface stresses due to local
loads (e.g., piping loads, platform loads, etc.) shall be determined using the
WRC Bulletin 107 procedure, or other local stress analysis procedures. For
local loads and pressure, the allowable stresses are 1.5S for local primary
membrane stress and 3S for primary membrane plus secondary bending stress
at nozzles, platform lugs, etc. S shall be the Code-allowable stress at the
design temperature.
5.14.10 [E] Nozzles shall not be located closer to an integrally attached tubesheet,
either shell side or tube side, than shown in Appendix D.
5.14.11 [V/E] Openings exceeding the size limits stated in Code Paragraph
UG-36(b)(1) shall meet the supplemental rules of Code Appendix 1-7(a) and
(b). (Code Case 2236 covering alternative design rules for large openings
shall only be used with Users agreement.)
Page 29 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
5.14.12 [V/E] A minimum of three safety retainer clips shall be welded to the nozzle
neck at the back of NPS 4 and larger lap joint flanges that face upward.
(Facing upward is defined as inclination of the nozzle from the horizontal at
an angle of 30 degrees or greater.) These clips shall be located so that a
spacing of one Length-through-hub dimension (dimension Y in ASME B16.5)
will exist between the back of the lap and the face of the flange. This will
allow for future painting of the nozzle neck in this region.
5.15
Manways
[V/E] The location, quantity, and size of manways and internal ladder rungs shall be
specified to ensure that all interior areas are accessible as required. Minimum
requirements regarding manway and inspection openings are covered in Code
Paragraph UG-46 {Article D-10}, Inspection Openings.
5.15.1 [V/E] Service conditions, size, and configuration of the vessel may justify
manways other than (or in addition to) those mandated by the Code.
5.15.1.1 [V] Vessels with mixers/agitators shall be provided with at least one
manway that does not require removal of the mixer/agitator.
5.15.1.2 [V] Unless other provisions (e.g., body flanges) are made for tray
removal, trayed towers shall have at least two manways: one at the
top and one at the bottom. Additional manways shall be as specified
by the User.
5.15.2 [V/E] Manways shall be usable from a ladder, platform, or grade.
5.15.3 [V] Vessels smaller than 3 feet ID that are subject to internal corrosion,
erosion or mechanical abrasion shall be equipped with inspection openings as
described in Code Paragraph UG-46 {Article D-10}. Vessels in this size
category may justify the use of body flanges.
5.15.4 [V] Vessels 3 feet ID and larger that are subject to internal corrosion, erosion,
or mechanical abrasion shall be equipped with one or more flanged and
blinded manways.
5.15.5 [V/E] The nominal recommended manway size is NPS 24 with a finished ID
not less than 23 inches. Manways shall not be smaller than NPS 18 or have a
finished ID of less than 17 inches. Larger diameter manways should be used to
satisfy additional needs such as, but not limited to, installation of
internals/catalyst, packing, maintenance requirements, long projection due to
thick insulation, etc.
5.15.6 [V/E] To provide utility for entry and exit, vessel geometry and location of
access platforms shall be considered when locating manways. Internal ladders
or grab rungs may be needed at manway locations for entry and exit.
5.15.7 [V/E] Provisions shall be made for lifting devices (fixed or portable) at
manways for personnel rescue as described in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146.
Page 30 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.15.8 [V/E] Manways shall be equipped with either a davit or hinge to facilitate
handling of the blind flange. Manways oriented with the nozzle neck axis in a
horizontal plane shall be equipped with a hinge in accordance with
PIP VEFV1116 or a davit in accordance with PIP VEFV1117. Attach the
davit-socket bracket to the nozzle neck when lap joint flanges are employed.
Manways on the top of vessels oriented with a vertical nozzle neck axis shall
be equipped with a davit in accordance with PIP VEFV1118.
5.15.9 [V/E] Consideration may be given for use of suitable process connections as
manways and handholes. (Consider both size and location.)
5.15.10 [V/E] When approved by the User, flanges and their pressure-retaining covers
for manways may be custom-designed, with due consideration being given to
providing a Rigidity Index in accordance with the recommendations in Code
Appendix S-2 {Appendix M}. A detail sketch describing the flange, cover,
bolting, and gasket, as well as Code calculations supporting the design, shall
be provided.
5.16
Anchor Bolts
5.16.1 [V/E] Materials for anchor bolts shall be selected from one of the following:
1. Carbon steel: A-36 or A-307 Grade B
2. Low-alloy steel: A-193 B7. The Users written approval shall be
obtained for the use of this low-alloy material.
5.16.2 [V/E] The allowable design stress, as calculated using the tensile stress area
of the threaded portion, shall not exceed the following (see Note):
[V/E] Carbon steel: 20,000 psi
[V/E] Low-alloy steel: 30,000 psi

Note: For vessels on concrete foundations, the allowable stress of
anchor bolts may be limited by the strength and dimensions of the
concrete for the bolt spacing selected. Allowable stresses used in
the final design shall be agreed to by the structural engineer.
[V/E] Anchor bolts selected shall not be smaller than 3/4 inch, shall be
selected in multiples of 4, and shall straddle normal centerlines.
[V/E] Anchor bolting shall be furnished and installed by the User.
5.16.3 [V/E] Anchor bolts shall be selected with the following threads and the tensile
stress area shall be selected accordingly:
[V/E] Bolts 1 inch and smaller in diameter: Coarse thread series,

ASME B1.1
[V/E] Bolts larger than 1 inch in diameter: 8 thread series,

ASME B1.1
Page 31 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
5.16.4 [V/E] For vessels on concrete foundations, the allowable concrete bearing
stress used in design shall be 1800 psi.
Note: This value is based on the use of concrete with an ultimate strength,
f'c, of 3000 psi for which the minimum allowable bearing is (0.7)(0.85)f'c
(approximately 1800 psi for 3000 psi concrete).
Higher values may be used consistent with the ulitmate strength chosen (if
known) and other provisions of state-of-the-art concrete foundation design.
The design loadings for anchor bolts embedded in concrete may be determined
by either the simplified method (neutral axis of bolt pattern at centerline of
vessel) or the shifted neutral axis method (See Section 2.3, Brownell &
Young). However, the use of the latter method is recommended for large
vertical vessels because of the economic benefit.
Note: The neutral axis shift method does not apply for vessels supported
by steel structures.
5.16.5 [V/E] Anchor bolts embedded in concrete foundations shall be zinc-coated
(hot dip galvanized or mechanically zinc-coated) so that the addition of a
corrosion allowance is not required.
5.17
Internals
[V/E] Functional design of trays and other removable internals are outside the scope
of this Practice.
5.17.1 [V/E] Removable internals shall be sized to pass through designated vessel
openings. On vessels with internals where a vessel manway is not located in
the top head, internal rigging clips shall be provided to facilitate handling of
the internals.
5.17.2 [V/E] Vessel internals such as distributors, dip tubes, baffles, and
thermowells should not be located near manways in a manner that would
interfere with personnel access or rescue. Special consideration should be
given to the area directly below manways and to head knockers above
manways. In some circumstances, the addition of grab rungs may be
necessary.
5.17.3 [V/E] In services the User has defined as corrosive, welding of vessel internals
attached to a pressure boundary component shall be continuous on all surfaces
in order to eliminate corrosion pockets. All seams and corner joints shall be
sealed.
5.17.4 [V/E] Internal piping and baffles shall be mounted in a manner that will not
unduly restrict thermal expansion. Consideration shall be given to vibration
and the possibilities of fatigue failure. Where vibration and fatigue are
governing design requirements, internal non-pressure parts (e.g., baffles that
may be subject to vibration or cyclic loading) shall be continuously welded.
Page 32 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.17.5 [V/E] Internal bolting in vessels, especially where vibration is expected (e.g.,
where agitators are installed), shall either be double nutted, tack-welded to the
clip (or baffle) or have a lock wire placed in the nut/bolt or other supports.
5.17.6 [V/E] The nominal chemical composition of internal non-pressure piping shall
be compatible with that of the inside surface of the vessel and the process.
Flanges for internal non-pressure piping may be fabricated from plate but
must conform to ASME B16.5 Class 150 bolting dimensions.
5.17.7 [V/E] Vessel internals and all portions of each vessel shall be self-draining to
ensure complete elimination of liquid from the vessel when drained.
5.17.8 [V/E] For integrally clad and/or weld overlayed vessels, lightly loaded (as
defined in Code Section VIII, Division 2, Paragraph AD-912, footnote 4)
supports, such as those for trays, baffles, etc., may be welded directly to the
alloy clad or weld overlay. Where supports are carrying an appreciable load
(> 25% of the allowable stress for fillet welds), such as packing bed support
rings, the Designer shall determine and specify if the support is to be welded
directly to the base metal.
5.18
Vessel Supports
5.18.1 General
5.18.1.1 [V/E] Code-allowable stresses {design stress intensity} shall be
used for vessels and their supports. For combinations of earthquake
or wind loadings with other loadings listed in Code Paragraph UG22 {AD-110}, the allowable stresses {design stress intensity} may
be increased as permitted by Code Paragraph UG-23(c) {AD151.1}. See Section 5.10.9 for load combinations to be considered.
See also Code Appendix G {AD-940}.
5.18.1.2 [V/E] For structural-shape support members in compression where
slenderness ratio is a controlling design consideration, no increase in
the allowable compressive stress is permitted.
5.18.1.3 [V/E] For supports outside the scope of the Code, either Codeallowable stresses {design stress intensity} or, for structural shapes,
those in the AISC Manual of Steel Construction may be used.
5.18.1.4 [V/E] The MDMT for the vessel support assembly shall not be
warmer than the lowest one-day mean atmospheric temperature at
the installation site. (See Section 5.3.)
5.18.1.5 [V/E] Localized shell stresses at all support-to-shell locations shall
be considered, as applicable, for wind load, earthquake and all other
loadings described in Paragraph UG-22 {AD-110} of the Code.
(See Sections 5.8, 5.9 and 5.18.2.5.)
5.18.1.6 [V/E] Where reinforcing pads are used under supports,
consideration shall be given to stresses due to possible temperature
differentials among the vessel, pads, and supports.
Page 33 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.18.2 Vertical Vessels

5.18.2.1 [V/E] Vertical vessels shall normally be designed as self-supporting
units and shall resist overturn based upon wind or earthquake
loadings (as described in Sections 5.8 and 5.9) and other applicable
loadings per Paragraph UG-22 {AD-110} of the Code.
5.18.2.1.1 Skirts or lugs shall be used to support towers or large
vertical vessels and are preferred for vessels having
top-entering agitators.
5.18.2.1.2 Leg supports shall be limited to spherical and
cylindrical vessels that meet the following:
Design temperature does not exceed 450 F
Service is noncyclic and nonpulsating (See Note

1.)
Vessel h/D ratio does not exceed 5 (Height is the

distance from base of support to the top tangent
line of the vessel.) (See Note 2.)
Note 1: Vessels having agitators experience
transient transverse forces due to dynamic
bending moments from the agitator and
sloshing of the liquid. Therefore, the design
of leg-supported vessels with agitators
requires the application of experience-based
engineering judgment to ensure that
displacement stiffness and stress levels
essential to satisfactory operation are
provided.
Note 2: Caution is advised for leg-supported
vessels which may be within h/D 5 but
could have excessive axial and/or bending
loads on the legs or an overstress condition in
the vessel wall.
5.18.2.2 [V/E] Skirts shall be attached to the bottom head by a continuous

weld sized so as to provide for the maximum imposed loadings. The
preferred skirt attachment detail shall be butt type (skirt butted to
knuckle portion of head such that the centerlines of the skirt plate
and the head flange are the same diameter, or such that the OD of
the shell and the OD of the skirt coincide). A lapped type skirt
design (skirt lapped to straight flange of head) may also be used.
See Figure AD-912.1 of Division 2 of the Code for some
illustrative weld attachment details and associated minimum weld
sizes. All butt weld joints within the skirt shall be Type No. 1 of
Code Table UW-12 {AF-221}. Alignment tolerance at plate edges
Page 34 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
to be butt-welded shall be per Code Paragraph UW-33

{AF-140.2}. The type of skirt attachment detail, the style of anchor
ring assembly (e.g., single ring with gussets, single ring with chairs,
double ring with gussets, etc.), and the type/degree of
nondestructive examination of the skirt assembly welds shall be a
matter of agreement between the User and the Designer.
5.18.2.3 [V/E] Skirt diameter permitting, one or more 24-inch diameter or
larger openings shall be provided to allow free access for inspection
and/or maintenance work inside the skirt. Other opening geometries
are acceptable and are a matter of agreement between the User and
the Designer.
5.18.2.4 [V/E] When the skirt is to be provided with insulation or
fireproofing, all openings shall be provided with rings or collars
projected to equal the insulation or fireproofing thickness. Sleeves
shall be of sufficient size to provide clearance for painting,
insulation, and expansion. Sleeve material shall be the same
material composition as that portion of the skirt and shall be
continuously fillet-welded inside and outside.
5.18.2.5 [V/E] The skirt for stainless steel or other high-alloy steel vessels
shall be of a material with essentially the same coefficient of
expansion as the head to which it is attached when the maximum
temperature stamped on the Code nameplate is hotter than 450 F.
The length of this high-alloy steel portion of the skirt shall not be
less than 2 ( Rt ) , where R is the mean skirt radius and t is skirt
thickness, in inches. The lower portion of these skirts may be
constructed of carbon or low-alloy steel. When the maximum
temperature stamped on the Code nameplate is 450 F or colder, the
entire skirt may be made of carbon or low-alloy steel. In all cases,
the materials and thicknesses selected shall be suitable for the
maximum and minimum design metal temperatures and the imposed
loadings.
5.18.2.6 [V/E] Corrosion allowance for the skirt and base ring shall be
specified separately from the vessel corrosion allowance.
5.18.3 Horizontal Vessels
5.18.3.1 [V/E] Horizontal vessels shall be designed for two saddle supports
attached by welding. Design of saddle supports and calculation of
localized shell stress may be determined by the L. P. Zick method.
(See Section 2.3 and Code Appendix G {AD-940}).
The minimum saddle support contact angle shall be 120 degrees.
For vessels, saddle supports shall be located a maximum distance of
Ro/2 from the head tangent line, where Ro is the shell outside radius.
Page 35 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.18.3.2 [V/E] Saddle wear plates, when required, shall have the following
proportions:
Thickness: Established by design, but not less than the

smaller of shell thickness or 3/8 inch
Width: Width of saddle plus 5t each side of the saddle,

where t = cylindrical shell thickness in the corroded
condition
Extension Beyond Horn of Saddle: r/10, where r = radius

of cylindrical shell in corroded condition
The wear plates shall have a minimum radius of 2 inches on the

corners, shall be continuously welded to the shell, shall be provided
with one 1/4 inch drilled telltale hole (or equivalent venting) per
segment, and shall be vented to the atmosphere. Vent holes shall be
located at the low point of the wear plate and shall not be plugged
during hydrostatic testing.
5.18.3.3 [V/E] One of the saddles shall be designated as the fixed saddle in
which holes shall be provided to receive the anchor bolts. The other
saddle shall be designated as the sliding saddle in which slotted
holes shall be provided. The diameter of the bolt holes and width of
the slot shall be 1/4 inch larger than the bolt diameter. The length of
the slot shall be: 2DLT
Where:
= Coefficient of thermal expansion of shell material, in/in F
DL = Length between saddle supports, measured to
centerline of anchor bolts, inches
T = Greatest absolute value of: ambient temperature at
installation (but not warmer than 70 F) minus the
maximum or minimum shell temperature to be
stamped on the Code nameplate, F
The anchor bolts are to be located at the center of the bolt holes
(fixed saddle) or the midpoint of the slot (sliding saddle). All sliding
saddles shall be provided with slide plates. Slide plates are to be
furnished by others. Examples of standard details that may be used
(non-mandatory) are shown on PIP VEFV1105 and
PIP VEFV1106.
5.18.3.4 [V/E] The bottom of the saddle supports shall extend at least one
inch below nozzles or other projecting vessel components; or
alternatively, a temporary member shall be attached at each support
to provide necessary extension until the vessel is placed in
permanent position.
Page 36 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.18.3.5 [V/E] Saddles to be used in conjunction with weigh cells or slide

plates require design considerations to accommodate the applicable
loadings.
5.18.4 Stacked Exchangers
5.18.4.1 [E] Stacked exchangers shall have the lower shell(s) designed to
withstand the superimposed load of the upper exchanger(s) filled
with water or operating fluid (whichever is greater) without
distorting the shell in a manner that could cause binding of tube
bundle(s).
5.18.4.2 [E] When two or more exchangers are stacked, a 1/2-inch shimming
allowance shall be provided between intermediate supports.
5.18.4.3 [E] The lower fixed support of stacked exchangers shall be
designed for the full bundle pulling load for removal of any upper
bundle.
5.18.4.4 [E] Consideration shall be given to the effects of differential thermal
expansion between exchangers.
5.18.4.5 [E] Component (i.e., bonnet, cover, etc.) lifting lugs shall be given
special consideration. Two or more lifting lugs located at 45
degrees from the top centerline shall be provided to permit removal
of the component without difficulty.
5.19
Heat Exchanger Component Design

5.19.1 Tubes
(See Section 5.20.5 for additional information.)
5.19.1.1 [E] Tubes may be either welded or seamless.
5.19.1.2 [E] Corrosion allowance need not be added to tubes.
5.19.2 Tubesheets
5.19.2.1 [E] Tubesheets shall be designed for full design pressure on either
side, with atmospheric pressure or specified vacuum on the other
side. Differential pressure design may only be used when approved
by the User.
5.19.2.2 [E] Manufacturer shall calculate the value of Xa (the ratio of the
tube bundle axial stiffness to the tubesheet bending rigidity) as
defined in Code Paragraph AA-2.4. These calculations shall be
submitted with the mechanical design calculations.
5.19.2.2.1 [E] If the value of Xa is less than 3.0, the tubesheet
shall be designed in accordance with Code Appendix A
rules or the methods provided in the references in
TEMA RGP-RCB-7. For values of Xa equal to or
greater than 3.0, the tubesheet may be designed in
Page 37 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
accordance with TEMA, Code rules, or the references

in TEMA RGP-RCB-7.
5.19.2.2.2 [E] Tubesheets exceeding the scope of TEMA shall be
designed in accordance with Code rules or TEMA
RGP-RCB-7 references, regardless of the value of Xa.
5.19.2.3 [E] Tubesheets welded to a carbon steel shell or channel shall be of
carbon steel or clad carbon steel. Solid alloy tubesheets may be
welded to a carbon steel shell or channel, provided one of the
following is met:
1. [E] The thermal coefficients of expansion do not vary more
than 15% from the tubesheet to the shell or channel over the
operating temperature range.
2. [E] A stress analysis is performed by the Manufacturer and
approved by the User for the joint between the tubesheet and
the shell or channel.
3. [E] The tubesheet is welded to a relatively short cylindrical
section of the same material, and a stress analysis of the
junction of the alloy and carbon steel cylindrical section is
performed and approved by the User.
5.19.2.4 [E] In addition to TEMA requirements for tubesheet cladding,
consideration shall be given to providing adequate cladding
thickness under pass partition and gasket grooves.
5.19.2.5 [E] Loose liners and plug-welded strip liners are not permitted.
5.19.2.6 [E] Confining gasket grooves shall be provided for all exchangers
with gasketed pass partition joints.
5.19.3 Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints
5.19.3.1 [E] When the type of joint is not specified, expanded joints with
grooves shall be used for tubesheets of homogeneous material.
Expansion may be by roller, hydraulic pressure, or other User
approved method.
5.19.3.2 [E] If tube-to-tubesheet leakage is deemed to be detrimental to the
process, seal-welded and expanded joints are to be used. Transient
operations may also warrant seal-welded and expanded tube joints.
Seal-welded and expanded joints with grooves shall be used for
integrally clad tubesheets.
5.19.3.3 [E] Strength-welded tube-to-tubesheet joints are to be used when
expanded joints cannot carry the expected tube load or when the
residual interface pressure due to expansion (tube rolling or
hydraulic expansion) is compromised during operation. The loss of
residual interface pressure can occur with high temperature
Page 38 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
applications or when significant differential thermal expansion

occurs between the tube and the tubesheet.
5.19.3.4 [E] The special close fit tolerances for tube holes as stated in TEMA
shall be mandatory for:
Austenitic tubes with expanded and grooved tube-totubesheet joints
Seal-welded or strength-welded tube-to-tubesheet joints
Hydraulically-expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints
5.19.4 Tube Bundles

5.19.4.1 [E] The minimum mean bend diameter of U-tubes shall not be less
than 3 times the nominal tube OD.
5.19.4.2 [E] The end baffle spaces shall be equal to or greater than the
central baffle space.
5.19.4.3 [E]
1. Cross-baffle metallurgy and thickness shall be selected

considering the corrosivity of the shell side fluids and the
intended design life.
2. Cross baffles that resist corrosion shall have a thickness
no less than the greater of that specified by TEMA or 1/8
inch.
3. Cross baffles susceptible to corrosion shall have a
thickness not less than the greater of the TEMA minimum,
2 times the corrosion allowance, or 3/16 inch.
5.19.4.4 [E] Each support plate and baffle in horizontal exchangers shall be
provided with a 1/2 inch x 90 degree notch in the bottom for
draining.
5.19.4.5 [E] All TEMA Type S and T (with removable shell cover)
exchangers shall have a floating head support plate located 4 to 6
inches from the inside face of the floating tubesheet.
5.19.4.6 [E] Except for shell side isothermal boiling, isothermal condensing,
or kettles, bypass sealing devices shall be provided as follows:
Seal strips are required when the radial clearance between
shell and the outer tubes exceeds 5/8 inch.
Exchangers with vertical cut baffles (baffle cut parallel to
shell side nozzle centerline) shall have seal strips installed to
seal the by-pass areas caused by the omission of tubes.
Dummy tubes, rods, or seal strips shall be provided for any
pass partition lanes which are parallel to the shell side flow.
Page 39 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
Seal strip thickness shall not be less than the greater of 75%
of baffle thickness or 1/4 inch.
For vertical cut baffles (baffle cut parallel to shell side nozzle
centerline), seal strips shall not extend into the inlet or outlet
baffle spaces. For horizontal cut baffles (baffle cut
perpendicular to shell side nozzle centerline), seal strips shall
extend from the front or stationary tubesheet to the last baffle
or support plate.
One pair of seal strips or one dummy tube shall be provided
for each 5 tube rows between baffle cuts. Minor adjustments
may be made to suit actual tube layout.
5.19.4.7 [E] Exchangers with removable tube bundles weighing 20,000
pounds or more shall have bundle skid bars.
5.19.4.7.1 A minimum of two skid bars shall be provided. The
bars shall be 1/2 inch minimum thickness by 1-1/2 inch
minimum height flat bar. The skid bars shall be located
no more than 30 degrees from the vertical centerline.
5.19.4.7.2 The skid bars shall extend from the stationary tubesheet
to floating head support plate (TEMA Types S and T)
or end baffle (TEMA Types P, U and W).
5.19.4.7.3 When skid bars interfere with nozzle openings, the skid
bars shall be terminated at the baffle or support plate
adjacent to the nozzle. A tie rod/spacer of adequate
strength to carry the bundle pulling load shall be
located close to the tube field and within 3 inches of the
skid bar and shall extend from the tubesheet or
baffle/support plate on one side of the nozzle to the
baffle/support plate on the other side of the nozzle.
5.19.4.8 [E] Perforated or slotted impingement plates shall not be used.
5.19.4.9 [E] Multiple exchangers of the same TEMA size and material, either
stacked or parallel, shall have interchangeable components to the
maximum extent possible.
5.19.5 Expansion Joints
5.19.5.1 [E] Shell expansion joints shall be of the thick wall flanged and
flued type or flanged only type. Thin wall bellows type shall only
be used by User agreement, shall conform to Code Appendix 26,
and shall have the welding stubs of the same material as the shell.
5.19.5.2 [E] The design of expansion joints shall be performed by any
method of stress analysis (e.g., finite element analysis), including
TEMA Paragraph RCB-8, which can be shown to be applicable to
Page 40 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
expansion joints. The allowable stresses and cycle life for design
shall conform to Code Appendix CC. The need for and design of
expansion joints shall satisfy the following condition:
Differential thermal expansion encountered in the most
adverse combination of temperature combinations
anticipated and specified by the User -- for all normal
operating (including shutdown and startup) and upset
conditions or operation based on metal temperatures rather
than fluid temperatures and MAWP rather than operating
pressures
5.19.5.3 [E] Shell expansion joints shall be ventable and drainable in the
operating position.
5.19.5.4 [E] Expansion joints for single pass floating head units may be of
the thin wall bellows type. The expansion joint manufacturer
shall provide the bellows with welding stubs of the same material as
the tail pipe material. The design of the expansion joint shall
conform to Code Appendix 26.
5.19.5.5 [E] The expansion joint-to-shell weld shall not be located less than
2 ( Rt ) from the back of the tubesheet, where R is the outside
radius of the shell, in inches, and t is the actual thickness of the
shell less corrosion allowance, in inches.
5.19.6 Vapor Belts
5.19.6.1 [E] The design of vapor belts shall include:
Effect of pressure loads
Longitudinal stresses produced by operating and test

pressures (in other than fixed tubesheet designs)
Consideration of flexibility produced when designing the

exchanger shell, tubes, and tubesheet. When a sleeve type
vapor belt is used, the design shall be considered flexible and
designed per Section 5.19.5.1.
5.19.6.2 [E] Vapor belts may be used as expansion joints provided all
requirements of Section 5.19.5 are met. Whether or not vapor belts
are used as expansion joints, vapor belt flexibility shall be
considered in the design of exchanger shell, tubes, and tubesheets.
5.19.7 Exchanger Covers
5.19.7.1 [E] TEMA Type T exchangers (except kettle type reboilers) shall
have removable shell covers.
5.19.7.2 [E] When full diameter tubesheets are specified on exchangers with
removable tube bundles, the following shall apply:
Page 41 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
1. Retaining studs are recommended to maintain the gasket seal

on the shell side of the tubesheet with the channel (or bonnet)
removed. Retaining studs shall be installed in 25% of the
boltholes (four minimum).
2. The tubesheet shall be designed to withstand shell side or
tube side hydrostatic test pressure with bonnet/channel or
shell removed.
5.19.7.3 [E] Mitered 90 degree reducing elbows for thermosyphon reboiler
outlet heads shall conform to the following requirements:
1. No less than three (3) changes in direction at the inside and
outside contour
2. Cyclic loading is not a governing design requirement
3. Meridian (change of direction) angles between adjacent
sections shall be approximately equal for gradual flow
transition
4. The general contours shall be similar to those of commercial
forged reducing elbows
5.19.8
Pass Partition Plates

[E] Drain holes shall not be provided in pass partition plates.
5.19.9
Floating Heads
5.19.9.1 [E] Floating heads shall be designed and dimensioned in
accordance with Code Figure 1-6(d).
5.19.9.2 [E] Nubbins shall only be used by agreement with the User.
5.19.9.3 [E] Floating heads shall be designed with respective corrosion
allowance applied to the inside and outside of the floating head
and flange. Corrosion allowance on the OD of the flange shall be
added to the recommended edge distance for the selected bolt size.
5.19.10 Kettle Type Exchangers

5.19.10.1 [E] If a weir plate is required, the weir plate shall be continuously
welded all around to the shell and shall be of sufficient height to
flood the top row of tubes with a minimum of 2 inches of process
fluid during normal operation.
5.19.10.2 [E] Consideration shall be given to draining both sides of the
weir.
5.19.10.3 [E] Rails shall be provided to support and guide the tube bundle.
Rails shall be welded to the shell. A hold down bar or angle shall
be provided directly above the floating head or the last U-tube
support plate.
Page 42 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.19.10.4 [E] All kettle type exchangers shall either have a 3-inch minimum
length cylindrical section (includes flanged hub, if any) between
the shell flanges and conical transitions or be provided with other
alternatives for cone-to-flange fit-up and bolting clearance. For
kettle type exchangers with tubesheets integral with the shell, the
minimum length of cylindrical section between the tubesheet and
the conical transition shall be the greater of 3 inches or ( Rt ) ,
where R is the mean radius of the cylindrical section and t is the
thickness of the section.
5.19.11 Instrument, Vent and Drain Connections
5.19.11.1 [E] Additional connections (such as specified by TEMA) shall not
be provided in the nozzle necks.
5.19.11.2 [E] Consideration should be made to placing vents in the
tubesheet to meet specific process needs. When vents/drains are
specified to be in the tubesheet, installation shall be per standard
details. (See PIP VEFV1127.)
5.19.12 Nameplates and Stampings
5.19.12.1 [E] Required nameplate markings shall not be stamped directly on
the exchanger.
5.19.12.2 [E] In addition to required Code information, the following
information shall be stamped on the nameplate:
Users equipment item number
Initial test pressures
Purchase order number
5.19.12.3 [E] Exchanger nameplates shall be located on the shell in an

accessible location. Manufacturer shall show the nameplate
location on the dimensioned outline drawing.
5.19.13 Shell and Bonnet Design
[E] The use of commercially produced NPS pipe for shell and bonnet
sections NPS 24 and smaller is recommended. When specifying NPS pipe as
an acceptable option for rolled plate, consider Manufacturers tolerance
when specifying inside diameters if internals such as minimum tube counts
are critical.
5.20
Heat Exchanger Thermal

[E] Thermal design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers must consider safety, operation,
maintenance and initial cost aspects of the intended service. Each heat exhanger unit
requires independent design. The thermal design method to be used must be acceptable
to User and Designer. The Designer shall be sufficiently trained to perform the
calculations and properly interpret the results.
Page 43 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.20.1 Fouling Factors Selection

5.20.1.1 [E] An arbitrary rule to distinguish between clean and dirty service
is to define a service as dirty when the fouling factor equals or
exceeds 0.002 hr ft2 F/BTU. A lower fouling factor implies a clean
service.
5.20.1.2 [E] Fouling factors should be supplied from previous experience or
similar service. If not available, the fouling factors for each fluid
should be selected from TEMA. The fouling factor is based on the
heat transfer surface contacting the fluid. The total fouling factor is
the sum of the outside fouling factor and the inside fouling factor
related to the outside surface.
Do not use arbitrarily high fouling factors to provide thermal
overdesign or to compensate for uncertainties in thermal properties
or process design. High heat transfer coefficients should not be
expected when high fouling factors are used; low heat transfer
coefficients should not be expected when low fouling factors are
used. The percentage of surface area added as a result of the fouling
factor should be reviewed.
5.20.1.3 [E] The service overall heat transfer coefficient divided by the clean
overall heat transfer coefficient determines the fraction of surface
required for the heat exchanger to meet the process requirements
when the exchanger is clean. The balance of the surface exists for
fouling. Excessive surface available for fouling can be expensive,
promote fouling, and make the exchanger difficult to control when it
is clean. A review of the clean exchanger performance is required.
Note: A clean reboiler with low-pressure steam may require a
wide range control valve or low outlet pressure for control.
5.20.2 Fluid Side Selection
[E] When the fluids have not been assigned a side, the following guidelines
may be used to select the fluid side: (Consideration shall be given to the
maintenance, operation, size, and cost.)
5.20.2.1 Favoring Shell side Fluid Placement
More viscous services
Lower flow rate service
Low available pressure drop
Clean service
5.20.2.2 Favoring Tube side Fluid Placement
Page 44 of 56
Cooling water service
Slurry service
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
High-pressure service
Higher fouling service
Service requiring more expensive materials
5.20.3 Exchanger Configuration

[E] The various configurations have certain advantages and disadvantages
with regard to maintenance, operation, and cost. Selection of the proper
configuration is of prime importance and affects the thermal design
characteristics significantly. The various configurations are defined in TEMA.
5.20.3.1 Fixed Tubesheet Units
[E] Advantages:
Typically lowest cost design
No gasketed joint between tube side and shell side fluids
Shell side has no gasketed girth joints
Can handle temperature crosses with counterflow designs
Low circumferential bypass area around the bundle
Straight tubes allow mechanical tube side cleaning
[E] Disadvantages:
Shell side cannot be mechanically cleaned
Limited access for internal shell inspection
Limited differential thermal expansion allowed without the
use of an expansion joint
5.20.3.2 U-Tubes
[E] Advantages:
Typically lowest cost removable bundle design
No thermal expansion problems between shell and tubes
Removable bundle for shell side mechanical cleaning
Allows for internal shell inspection
Low circumferential bypass area
Page 45 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
For tube side high-alloy and high-pressure, typically lower

cost than fixed tubesheet
No gasketed joint between tube side and shell side fluids
[E] Disadvantages:
Tube side not easily mechanically cleaned
Only tubes at bundle periphery can be easily replaced
Can have large pass lane bypass area under certain baffle
arrangements
U-Bends are susceptible to vibration problems, unless
properly supported
5.20.3.3 TEMA Type S (non-pull through floating head)
[E] Advantages:
[E] Disadvantages:
Higher cost
Internal gasketed joint
Larger circumferential bypass area
Labor intensive to pull bundle
5.20.3.4 TEMA Type T (pull through floating head)
[E] Advantages:
[E] Disadvantages:
Highest cost
Internal gasketed joint
Largest circumferential bypass area around the bundle
Page 46 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.20.3.5 TEMA Type F (two pass shell)
[E] Use of the TEMA Type F shell requires Users approval.

Consideration should be given to differential pressure and
temperature across the longitudinal baffle, heat transfer through the
longitudinal baffle, and flow bypassing around the removable
longitudinal baffles.
5.20.4 Flow Arrangement
5.20.4.1 [E] Liquids, in general, are to be arranged in an upward flow
direction in order to facilitate liquid filling without gas pockets.
Particulate-laden liquids such as boiler water blowdown may be
considered for a downward flow arrangement to assist in the
exhaustion of solids when velocities warrant such arrangement.
5.20.4.2 [E] Two phase flows, in general, are to have the hot stream
(condensing) flow downward and the cold stream (boiling) upward.
Exceptions are falling film evaporation and reflux condensation
which will have downward liquid and upward vapor flows. Mist flow
may warrant flow in either direction.
5.20.4.3 [E] Gases may flow down or up consistent with the Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD) calculation.
5.20.5 Tube Selection
(See Section 5.19.1 for additional information.)
5.20.5.1 Diameter
[E] The preferred tube size for use in heavy tube side fouling (dirty
service) (0.002 hr ft2 F/BTU or greater) is 1 inch OD. For light tube
side fouling (clean service), 3/4 inch OD tubes are preferred.
5.20.5.2 Length
[E] Specify commonly used tube lengths, if practical.

5.20.5.3 [E] Recommended Tubewall Thickness
Tube Material
Carbon steel, low-alloy steel,
aluminum, and aluminum alloys
Tube Wall Thickness

BWG
inches
mm
14*
0.083*
2.1*
Copper and copper alloys
16*
0.065*
1.7*
High-alloy steel and other nonferrous materials
16**
0.065**
1.7**
Titanium
BWG = Birmingham Wire Gauge
* = minimum
** = average
20**
0.035**
1.2**
Page 47 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
5.20.5.4 [E] Enhanced Surface Tubes and Turbulence Promoters
The use of enhanced surface tubes or tube inserts requires an

agreement between the User and Designer. Enhancements may be
quite effective in one process, but not effective in another. Designers
may offer enhancements as an alternate.
Enhanced surfaces are available in many forms such as low fin,
sintered metal, oval or deformed tubes, or tubes with longitudinal
fins. Inserts are used to promote turbulence. Spiral inserts may also
reduce fouling buildup.
Low fin tubes may be used under the following conditions:
Deposition of solid matter on the tube surface from the shell

side stream is not a problem.
Tube side inlet temperatures are well above the shell side
stream pour-point temperature.
Surface tension will not hold the condensate in the fins.
Tube external corrosion is not expected.
5.20.6 Bundle Design and Tube Layout

5.20.6.1 Tube Layout
5.20.6.1.1 [E] Removable bundle designs and square (or rotated

square) tube pattern should be considered for dirty shell
side service. (See Section 5.20.1.2.) Cleaning lanes of
1/4 inch minimum are to be maintained throughout the
bundle.
5.20.6.1.2 [E] Triangular pattern can be used for clean shell side
services, independent of whether the bundle is
removable or not. An expanded pitch triangular design
can be used in dirty services only when sufficient
cleaning lanes are provided by the tube layout and
when approved by User.
5.20.6.2 Baffles
5.20.6.2.1 [E] In horizontal exchangers, the horizontal cut (baffle

cut perpendicular to shell nozzle axis) single segmental
baffles are the most commonly used and generally
preferred for single-phase shell side service. In
horizontal exchangers, vertical cut (baffle cut parallel
to shell nozzle axis) baffles may be used to minimize
liquid pooling in two-phase service.
Vertical exchangers should have baffles cut
perpendicular to the inlet flow path.
Page 48 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
To avoid flow-induced tube vibration, the tube field

may be modified to provide no tubes in the baffle
window. Intermediate tube supports may be provided
to further reduce vibration probability.
5.20.6.2.2 [E] Multi-segmental baffles (usually double,
occasionally triple segmental) are used to reduce the
shell side pressure drop.
5.20.6.2.3 [E] Special baffle designs (e.g., rod, disk and donut,
longitudinal, spiral baffles, etc.) require Users
approval.
Baffles utilizing rods are used to reduce shell side
pressure drop and probability of flow-induced tube
vibration.
Longitudinal baffles (TEMA Type F shell) allow the
maximum LMTD correction factor.
De-tuning baffles are used in gas service shell side
when required to prevent acoustic vibration.
5.20.6.2.4 [E] U-tube bundles: The baffle adjacent to the tube
bends shall be located in the straight portion of the
tubes not more than 2 inches from the tangent line of
the bends.
5.20.6.2.5 [E] Tie rods and spacers: Peripheral tie rods and
spacers for positioning baffles shall be located so that
the outside of the spacers coincides with the outer
periphery of the baffles. The ID of the spacer shall not
be greater than the OD of the tie rod plus 1/8 inch.
5.20.7 Thermal Performance
5.20.7.1 [E] Condensing Heat Transfer
For accurate condenser design, the temperature difference should be

calculated incrementally. The temperature and heat transfer of the
condensing vapor mixtures will vary with the fraction condensed.
Even with pure components, the condensing temperature will not be
constant if there is significant pressure drop. The effect of delta P on
delta T should be checked, especially if the overall delta T is small.
For rough calculations, a straight line temperature may be used for
the condensing zone. For final design, the results should always be
checked using stepwise increments. When the vapor entering a
condenser is superheated (temperature above the dew point) or when
Page 49 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
the condensate is subcooled (temperature below the bubble point),

special considerations are required.
If the temperature of the heat transfer surface (tube wall
temperature) encountered is less than the dew point of the vapor, the
vapor will begin to condense on contact and a wet wall condition will
occur. In such cases, a condensing heat transfer coefficient is used
(just as in the case of saturated vapor) and the Mean Temperature
Difference (MTD) is based on the dew point temperature rather than
the superheated vapor temperature.
If the tube wall temperature is greater than the dew point of the
vapor, a dry wall condition occurs. In such cases, the single phase
gas heat transfer coefficient is used and the actual vapor temperature
is used to calculate the MTD for the increment of the exchanger at
dry wall conditions.
Some subcooling of condensate usually occurs in total condensers.
Condensers can sometimes be designed to accommodate subcooling
by flooding a portion of the shell with condensate. However, the
accuracy of predicting subcooling performance is low because the
true liquid level and subcooling MTD are almost impossible to
determine. If required, significant subcooling duty should be done in
a separate liquid cooler.
5.20.7.2 Water Cooled Services (Cooling Water on Tube side)
[E] When the cooling water is on the tube side, water velocity
significantly affects the fouling rate, erosion, corrosion, and resulting
maintenance of installed equipment. The Designer should therefore
attempt to select an optimal velocity with considerations given to
installed and maintenance cost. The following tabulated values for
minimum and maximum velocities and maximum tube wall
temperature provide accepted practical limitations. Site-specific water
quality and treatment practices may justify deviations from these
limits.
Page 50 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
Minimum Velocity Ft/sec

Material
CTW
Closed
loop
Brackish
Raw
surface
Seawater
Ferrous
5*
---
---
---
Nonferrous
5*
* Lower minimum velocities may be necessary in some cases due to

hydraulic limitations. Consideration should be given to the water
quality and higher fouling factors for these cases.
Maximum Velocity Ft/sec

Material
CTW
Closed
loop
Brackish
Raw
surface
Seawater
Ferrous
10
16
---
---
---
Admiralty
---
---
---
---
Al-Brass
---
---
---
CuproNickel
12
---
Aust. SS
---
16
---
---
---
Monel
16
16
14
14
14
Titanium
16
16
16
16
16
Maximum Contacted* Metal Surface Temperature, F

Material
All Material
CTW
Closed
loop
Brackish
Raw
surface
Seawater
140
No Limit
140
120
140
* Beneath any fouling layer on the waterside when there is no fouling on

the hot side.
Blanks in the above tables indicate the listed material is generally

not specified for the application.
5.20.8 Hydraulic Performance
[E] The requirement for thermal design described in Section 5.20 also applies
to the hydraulic design.
[E] The User and Designer shall agree on the pressure drop design factors.
Pressure drop considerations include:
Mill tolerance of tubes
Fouling build up on tube side and shell side
Piping between exchangers in series
Piping for thermosyphon reboilers
Page 51 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
5.20.9 Vibration
[E] The Designer shall include a check for flow-induced tube vibration. The
method of vibration analysis shall be acceptable to the User. The vibration
analysis shall consider, as a minimum, vortex shedding, fluid elastic
instability, turbulence excitation (buffeting), and acoustic resonance.
Generally, the natural frequency (or harmonics) of the tubes should not be
within 20% of the predicted flow vibration frequency produced by any
excitation mode, unless the vibration amplitude is within accepted practices.
6.
Materials
6.1
Material Specifications
[V/E] Materials not specified by the User shall be selected based on known or
anticipated process conditions and approved by the User.
[V/E] The cost of heating the test fluid for shop or future field hydrostatic tests (so
that the temperature of the pressure-resisting components is MDMT plus 30 F during
the test) should be a consideration when selecting the materials of construction and the
associated MDMT to be stamped on the vessel.
6.1.1
External Attachments
[V/E] External attachments welded to pressure-resisting components shall be
made of Code-approved materials. (External attachments such as nozzle
reinforcing pads and stiffening rings are, by Code definition, pressureresisting components.) The material selected is often the same type as the
pressure-resisting component to which it is attached. The selection of the type
of external attachment material and the specific ASME SA material
specification should be made with due consideration being given to the
following:
1. Potential problems associated with welding dissimilar materials
2. Compatibility with the Code nameplate maximum and minimum design
metal temperatures
3. Whether or not the attachment is essential to the structural integrity of
the vessel (see Code Paragraph UCS-66 {AM-204})
4. Differential thermal expansion characteristics and associated stresses
5. Corrosion resistance
6. Painting requirements
7. Suitability for the anticipated loadings
6.1.2
Internal Attachments
[V/E] See Section 5.17 for commentary.
Page 52 of 56
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
6.2
Source of Materials
[V/E] If the User restricts sources of fabrication materials, the prospective
manufacturers must be informed at the time of bidding. Some reasons for restrictions
may include, but are not limited to:
6.3
Maintenance of a specific alloy composition
Compliance with government requirements
Compatibility with existing equipment
Compliance with User procurement policies
Corrosion/Erosion Allowance
6.3.1
Basis
[V/E] The required design life shall be based on written agreement between
User and Engineering Contractor. Allowances specified by the Designer shall
be based on need and can best be determined by past experience in similar
operating environments. If no past experience is available, such as with a new
process, a materials engineer should examine the process and make judgment
on the expected corrosion rate. Corrosion allowance should not be arbitrary;
rather, it should be compatible with design life requirements.
6.3.2
Corrosion Loss
[V/E] Additional metal thickness must be added to compensate for anticipated
loss due to metal reacting with the environments to which it is subjected
(including cleaning operations, shutdowns, etc.).
6.3.3
6.3.2.1
[V/E] Internal corrosion loss due to the process conditions affects

all pressure-containing parts. Internal structural parts may
experience corrosion loss on more than one surface. Bolted parts
are frequently constructed of different materials and need to be
assessed separately.
6.3.2.2
[V/E] External corrosion may result from exposure of bare metal to

the atmosphere, especially in coastal areas and under insulation.
Other equipment operating nearby may influence corrosion (e.g.,
cooling towers).
Erosion Loss
[V/E] Additional metal thickness must be added in specific locations where
metal loss is expected due to stream flow that is of high velocity or abrasive
for any reason. Erosion loss usually occurs within a definable area, and
compensation can be made as follows:
Page 53 of 56
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
Weld overlay of the area with the intent that the overlay is sacrificial
Addition of a welded wear plate with the intent that the plate is
sacrificial
Note: Use caution when using this method in hydrogen service.
6.4
Internal refractory linings, if appropriate
Increase of inlet nozzle size
Gaskets
[V/E] In no case shall the nominal thickness of sheet or laminate service gasketing be
greater than 1/16 inch.
7.
Testing
[V/E] All new pressure vessels shall be pressure tested prior to being placed in service. The
following paragraphs provide guidance and references to design and execution considerations
relative to hydrostatic and pneumatic pressure testing.
7.1
Hydrostatic Test
7.1.1
UG-99 Standard Hydrostatic Test

[V/E] All provisions of this Code paragraph must be met when the hydrostatic
test is employed. Paragraph UG-99(b) {AT-302}, including footnote 34 {Not
Division 2 Applicable}, shall be considered to be the standard hydrostatic test.
The test pressure or applicable Code paragraph number shall be specified on
the Data Sheet.
7.1.2
Horizontal Vessels
[V/E] A horizontal vessel designed to support a full weight load of water shall
be tested while resting on its support saddles, without additional supports or
cribbing.
7.1.3
Vertical Vessels
7.1.3.1
[V/E] Short vertical vessels may be shop-tested in the erected

position, depending on their height and the shop capability.
7.1.3.2
[V/E] Tall vertical vessels may be shop tested in the horizontal

position. These vessels must be adequately supported during the test
to prevent damage.
Note: Design shall be per Section 5.10.9(4) regardless of test
orientation.
7.1.3.3
Page 54 of 56
[V/E] Vertical vessels being tested in the erected position, whether

shop or field, shall have consideration given to the additional
pressure and weight due to the fluid head. (See Section 5.2.2.)
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
7.1.4
Test Temperature
[V/E] See PIP VESV1002, Section 6.3.8.
7.2
Pneumatic Test
[V/E] Caution: Pneumatic testing presents hazards that must be addressed as part
of the engineering design of the pressure vessel.
(Reference Code Paragraph UG-100 {AT-400}, Pneumatic Test and Code
Paragraph UW-50 {Not Division 2 Applicable}, Nondestructive Examination Of
Welds On Pneumatically Tested Vessels.)
[V/E] Due to the additional hazards of pneumatic testing, vessels shall be designed to
minimize the possibility of failure during the test. The vessels shall be constructed of
materials that ensure fracture toughness during the test. Additional nondestructive
examination may be required of main seams, nozzle attachments, and some structural
attachments. All such nondestructive examination shall be performed in accordance
with Code methods and acceptance criteria.
[V/E] Large diameter low-pressure designs, vessels with exceptionally large volume,
service that would not allow residual water in the process, and designs that would
force great overdesign of the vessel and foundation only to support a water full test
may be considered for pneumatic testing.
7.3
Proof Test
[V/E] (Code reference - Paragraph UG-101, Proof Tests To Establish Maximum
Allowable Working Pressure.) Proof tests are highly individualized and are not
included in this Practice.
8.
Vessel Rigging Analysis/Lifting Requirements

8.1
Impact Factor
[V/E] Unless otherwise specified by the User, a minimum impact factor of 1.5 shall be
applied to the lift weight for designing lifting devices. The basis for the lift weight
must be established during the design phase of the vessel so that the design of lifting
devices includes all components to be included in the lift (e.g., trays,
ladders/platforms, insulation, additional piping with insulation, etc.).
8.2
Vertical Vessels
[V/E] Vertical vessels having h/D ratios greater than 8 and weighing more than
25,000 pounds shall have bending stresses in the vessel shell/skirt checked from the
loadings imposed during the lift from the horizontal to vertical position. Calculated
general primary membrane tensile stress shall not exceed 80% of the materials
specified minimum yield strength at 100 F. Calculated compressive stress shall not
exceed 1.2 times the B factor obtained from the Code. Vessel lifts are recommended to
be made when wind speeds are less than 33% of design wind velocity and the resulting
wind load (at 33% design wind velocity) is included in the consideration of the lift.
Page 55 of 56
PIP VECV1001
8.3
REVISION
February 1999
Local Stresses
[V/E] Local stresses in the vessel shell/head/skirt/base rings from the lifting
attachments (e.g., lugs, trunnions, etc.) shall be determined for the imposed loadings
using local stress analysis procedures such as WRC Bulletin 107 or other accepted
local stress analysis procedures (e.g., finite element analysis). For the rigging
condition, the allowable stresses as shown in Section 5.14.9 shall be used.
8.4
Welds
[V/E] Shear stresses for fillet welds on the lifting attachments to the vessel shell/head
shall not exceed 0.55 times the Code-allowable stress {design stress intensity} at 100
F for the material selected.
Page 56 of 56
APPENDIX A
General Considerations
for
Pressure Relief Valve Application
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
General Considerations for Pressure Relief Valve Application

A general comparison of operational characteristics is given for the different types of pressure relief
valves in common industrial use. The influence on operating margin, from set pressure, is
considered.
Operational characteristics of direct spring-operated and pilot-operated pressure relief valves
should be known by the User as well as the Designer. Direct spring and pilot-operated relief
valves are available for use on applications that must meet Code requirements. The
approximate reseating pressure for direct spring-operated valves is 93% of the set pressure in
gas or vapor service and 85% of set pressure for National Board tested safety relief valves in
liquid service. Many older liquid service safety valves, requiring 25% overpressure to be full
open, have a reseating pressure as low as 70% of the set pressure. The reseating pressure for
pilot-operated valves is typically specified in the same range as the direct spring valves.
However, the reseating pressure of pilot-operated valves can be lowered to a value slightly
above atmospheric by adding a manual blowdown connection which can be operated either
locally or remotely. Pilot-operated valves are used in this fashion as remote, manual, emergency,
blowdown valves. The versatile pilot-operated valve has some significant application limitations.
Pilot-operated pressure relief valves are supplied with filters to protect against foreign matter and
are generally recommended for relatively clean service. A summary detailing when, and when
not, to use pilot-operated valves is given below.
USE
DO NOT USE
Clean gas or vapor service
Corrosion of wetted part is possible
Clean liquid service
Polymerization process
Coking service
Abrasive or dirty service
Freezing of contents at ambient temperature is

possible
The point where leakage begins to be a concern when using direct spring-operated valves
depends on the disk seat design. Metal-to-metal contact seats will begin to leak at about 90% of
set pressure. O-ring soft seat disk type direct spring-operated valves will not leak below 95% of
set pressure. Pilot-operated valves will not leak below 98% of set pressure. The recommended
maximum equipment operating pressure is slightly below, but many times considered to be equal
to, the start-to-leak limit for the valve.
Page A-2
APPENDIX B [V]
Welded Pressure
Joint Requirements Form
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999

DESIGN BASIS
SHELL AND CONE THICKNESS BASED ON:
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________
DISHED HEAD THICKNESS BASED ON:

JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________
WELDED PRESSURE JOINT REQUIREMENTS

JOINT LOCATION
PARAGRAPH UW-3
CATEGORY A
(SEE NOTE 5)
TYPE OF JOINT
NDE
(SEE LETTERED NOTES)
TYPE NO. (1) OF TABLE UW-12
HEAD -TO-SHELL
CATEGORY B

OTHER
BODY FLANGES
CATEGORY C
NOZZLE FLANGES
CATEGORY D
FIGURE 2-4
SEE GENERAL NOTE (6)
GENERAL NOTES:
1) Unless otherwise indicated, all references on this form are to ASME Code paragraphs, tables, and figures. All nondestructive examination
shall be performed per Code methods.
2) Joints supplied shall be either detailed or identified by use of standard AWS welding symbols on the vessel Manufacturer's drawings.
3) Permanent weld joint backing strips are not permitted.
4) Separate internal nozzle reinforcing plates are not permitted.
5) The flat plate from which formed heads are to be made shall be either seamless or made equivalent to seamless in which all Category A
welds are Type (1) and fully radiographed per UW51 before forming. After forming, the spin hole, if it remains in the final construction, shall
be closed with a metal plug which is butt-welded in place with the weld meeting the Category A weld joint requirements shown in the table.
6) Category D welds shall be per Figure UW-16.1 using full penetration welds through vessel wall and through inside edge of external
reinforcing plates, when used. Nozzle necks designated to extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall shall have a fillet weld at the
inside corner.
WELDED PRESSURE
JOINT REQUIREMENTS
PRESSURE VESSELS
EXCLUDING HEAT EXCHANGERS
ITEM NUMBER: ____________________________________
VESSEL ASSEMBLY DWG.: __________________________
DRAWN BY
CHECKED BY
DATE
DRAWING NUMBER
PAGE 1 OF 2
Page B[V]-2
REVISION
February 1999
PIP VECV1001
Nondestructive Examination Notes

A. Full radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-51. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(a)(4).
B. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(b).
C. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. Rules of UW-11(a)(5)(b) must be satisfied.
The Manufacturer is cautioned to select the appropriate increments of weld for establishing
the spot radiography requirements for the vessel. [See UW-52(b)(4).]
General Note: Notes D through H are examples of user options that are sometimes
selected for critical services. Other options may be provided as appropriate.
D. When joint thickness exceeds 2 inches, examine (using MT or PT) the root pass after backchipping to sound metal and all accessible surfaces of completed welds of Categories A, B,
C and D butt type joints.
E. When design is based on a joint efficiency of 1.00, examine (using MT or PT) Categories C
and D non-butt type joints after back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal and
accessible surfaces of completed weld.
F. When nozzles are attached with a full penetration weld through the nozzle wall, the cut edge
of the opening in vessel walls thicker than 1/2 inch shall be examined using MT or PT. The
examination shall be made before nozzle attachment and a re-examination shall be made
after attachment, when accessible.
G. Examination (using MT or PT) of completed welds shall be made after PWHT for the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vessels or vessel parts for which impact testing is required

Welds joining non-impact tested low-alloy steels thicker than 1-1/4 inches
Welds joining carbon steels thicker than 2 inches
When required by Code
H. Butt welds exempt from radiography by Paragraph UW-11(a)(4) shall have accessible
surfaces of completed welds MT or PT examined. (Only applies to designs employing
impact-tested steels when Category A joints are based on a joint efficiency of 1.00.)
Item Number:
Vessel Assembly Dwg.:
Reference paragraphs are contained in Division 1 of the ASME Code.
MT = Magnetic Particle Examination
PT = Liquid Penetrant Examination
PAGE 2 OF 2
Page B[V]-3
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999
EXAMPLE
Use Of Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form
To illustrate the use and usefulness of the Welded Pressure Joint Requirements form for communicating welded pressure
joint requirements to manufacturers for quotation and purchase specification purposes, the following completed form shows
the requirements described in Sections 5.6.2.1, 5.6.2.2, 5.6.2.3, and 5.6.2.4. With reference to the lettered Nondestructive
Examination Notes (page 2 of the form), note that other options are available for convenient use or may be provided.
DESIGN BASIS
SHELL AND CONE THICKNESS BASED ON:
JOINT EFFICIENCY. E = __0.85_______

JOINT EFFICIENCY. E = __0.85_______

JOINT LOCATION
PARAGRAPH UW-3
CATEGORY A
(SEE NOTE 5)
TYPE OF JOINT
NDE

B
HEAD -TO-SHELL
CATEGORY B
OTHER
B
BODY FLANGES
CATEGORY C
-NOZZLE FLANGES
FIG. 2-4 (6)

B
CATEGORY D

--
GENERAL NOTES:
1)
UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED. ALL REFERENCES ON THIS FORM ARE TO ASME CODE PARAGRAPHS.
TABLES AND FIGURES. ALL NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SHALL BE PERFORMED PER CODE METHODS.
2)
JOINTS SUPPLIED SHALL BE EITHER DETAILED OR IDENTIFIED BY USE OF STANDARD AWS WELDING
SYMBOLS ON THE VESSEL MANUFACTURER'S DRAWINGS.
3)
PERMANENT WELD JOINT BACKING STRIPS ARE NOT PERMITTED.
4)
SEPARATE INTERNAL NOZZLE REINFORCING PLATES ARE NOT PERMITTED.
5)
THE FLAT PLATE FROM WHICH FORMED HEADS ARE TO BE MADE SHALL BE EITHER SEAMLESS OR MADE
EQUIVALENT TO SEAMLESS IN WHICH ALL CATEGORY A WELDS ARE TYPE (1) AND FULLY RADIOGRAPHED
PER UW51 BEFORE FORMING. AFTER FORMING, THE SPIN HOLE, IF IT REMAINS IN THE FINAL
CONSTRUCTION, SHALL BE REPAIRED WITH A METAL PLUG THAT IS BUTT-WELDED IN PLACE WITH THE
WELD MEETING THE CATEGORY. A WELD JOINT REQUIREMENTS SHOWN IN THE TABLE.
6)
CATEGORY D WELDS SHALL BE PER FIG. UW-16.1 USING FULL PENETRATION WELDS THROUGH VESSEL
WALL AND THROUGH INSIDE EDGE OF EXTERNAL REINFORCING PLATES WHEN USED. NOZZLE NECKS
DESIGNATED TO EXTEND BEYOND THE INSIDE SURFACE OF THE VESSEL WALL SHALL HAVE A FILLET WELD
AT THE INSIDE CORNER.
WELDED PRESSURE
JOINT REQUIREMENTS
PRESSURE VESSELS
EXCLUDING HEAT EXCHANGERS
ITEM NUMBER: ________PIP 123456___________________
VESSEL ASSEMBLY DWG.: ___PIP 123456______________
DRAWN BY
CHECKED BY
DATE
DRAWING NUMBER
PAGE 1 OF 2
Page B[V]-4
APPENDIX B [E]
Welded Pressure
Joint Requirements Form
REVISION
PIP VECV1001
February 1999

DESIGN BASIS
SHELL THICKNESS BASED ON:
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(SHELL)

JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(SHELL)
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(CHANNEL)
JOINT EFFICIENCY E = _________(CHANNEL)

JOINT LOCATION
PARAGRAPH UW-3
CATEGORY A
SHELL
(SEE NOTE 5)
TYPE OF JOINT
NDE
HEAD-TO-SHELL
CATEGORY B
SIDE

OTHER
CATEGORY C
TUBESHEETS
FIGURE UW-13.2
NOZZLE FLANGES
FIGURE 2-4
CATEGORY D
CATEGORY A
TUBE

(SEE NOTE 5)
HEAD-TO-CHANNEL
CATEGORY B
SIDE

OTHER
CATEGORY C
BODY FLANGES
FIGURE 2-4
NOZZLE FLANGES
FIGURE 2-4
CATEGORY D
GENERAL NOTES:
1) Unless otherwise indicated, all references on this form are to ASME Code paragraphs, tables and figures. All nondestructive examination
shall
be performed per Code methods.
2) Joints supplied shall be either detailed or identified by use of standard AWS welding symbols on the vessel Manufacturer's drawings.
3) Permanent weld joint backing strips are not permitted.
4) Separate internal nozzle reinforcing plates are not permitted.
5) The flat plate from which formed heads are to be made shall be either seamless or made equivalent to seamless in which all Category A
welds
are Type (1) and fully radiographed per UW51 before forming. After forming, the spin hole, if it remains in the final construction, shall be
closed with a metal plug which is butt-welded in place with the weld meeting the Category A weld joint requirements shown in the table.
6) Category D welds shall be per Figure UW-16.1 using full penetration welds through vessel wall and through inside edge of external
reinforcing
plates, when used. Nozzle necks designated to extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall shall have a fillet weld at the inside corner.
WELDED PRESSURE
JOINT REQUIREMENTS
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
ITEM NUMBER: ____________________________________

VESSEL ASSEMBLY DWG.: __________________________
DRAWN BY
CHECKED BY
DATE
DRAWING NUMBER
PAGE 1 OF 2
Page B[E]-2
REVISION
February 1999
PIP VECV1001
Nondestructive Examination Notes

A. Full radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-51. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(a)(4).
B. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. For welded pipe components, this applies
only to Categories B and C butt joints. For exclusions, see Paragraph UW-11(b).
C. Spot radiography shall be per Paragraph UW-52. Rules of UW-11(a)(5)(b) must be satisfied.
The Manufacturer is cautioned to select the appropriate increments of weld for establishing
the spot radiography requirements for the vessel. [See UW-52(b)(4).]
General Note: Notes D through L are examples of user options that are sometimes
selected for critical services. Other options may be provided as appropriate.
D. When joint thickness exceeds 2 inches, examine (using MT or PT) the root pass after backchipping to sound metal and all accessible surfaces of completed welds of Categories A, B,
C and D butt type joints.
E. When design is based on a joint efficiency of 1.00, examine (using MT or PT) Categories C
and D non-butt type joints after back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal and
accessible surfaces of completed weld.
F. When nozzles are attached with a full penetration weld through the nozzle wall, the cut edge
of the opening in vessel walls thicker than 1/2-inch shall be examined (using MT or PT). The
examination shall be made before nozzle attachment and a re-examination shall be made
after attachment, when accessible.
G. Examination (using MT or PT) of completed welds shall be made after PWHT for the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vessels or vessel parts for which impact testing is required

Welds joining non-impact tested low-alloy steels thicker than 1-1/4 inches
Welds joining carbon steels thicker than 2 inches
When required by Code
H. Butt welds exempt from radiography by Paragraph UW-11(a)(4) shall have accessible
surfaces of completed welds MT or PT examined. (Only applies to designs employing
impact-tested steels when Category A joints are based on a joint efficiency of 1.00.)
J.
Non-butt type joints attaching tubesheets shall be MT or PT examined (usually on

exchangers larger that NPS 24, or any size having design pressure on the tubesheet
attachment side exceeding 300 psi) as follows:
1. Before welding, examine the cut surfaces per Paragraph UG-93(d)(4).
2. For joints per Figure UW-13.2(f), (j) or (k), examine the deposited groove weld
surfaces after machining weld flush with tubesheet.
3. For double-welded joints, after back chipping the reverse side of weld metal first
deposited and before additional welding, examine the back-chipped surfaces.
4. Examine all accessible surfaces of completed weld.
5. After welding, re-examine all cut edges examined per Item 1 above that remain
exposed.
Page B[E]-3
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
K. Tubesheet stock material exceeding 3 inches in thickness shall be ultrasonically examined

after cutting to final size per ASME SA-578 Acceptance Level 1, Supplementary
Requirement S1 (applies to nonclad material).
L. Clad tubesheet material shall be ultrasonically examined after cutting to final size per
ASME SA-578 Acceptance Level 1, Supplementary Requirement S7 (applies to clad
material of any thickness).
Item Number:
Vessel Assembly Dwg.:
Reference paragraphs are contained in Division 1 of the ASME Code.
MT = Magnetic Particle Examination
PT = Liquid Penetrant Examination
PAGE 2 OF 2
Page B[E]-4
APPENDIX C
Equivalent Pressure Formulas for
Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
PIP VECV1001
REVISION
February 1999
Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
When sustained bending moments or axial thrust loadings are applied to the flanged joint during
operation in sufficient magnitude to warrant consideration in the flange design, the design
pressure, P, used in the calculation of total hydrostatic end load, H, in the flange design
calculations should be replaced by the following design pressure:
PFLG = P + PEQ
The equivalent pressure PEQ is determined as follows:
PEQ =
16M
G
4F
G 2
Where:
M = Sustained bending moment applied across full section at flange during the design
condition, in-lb
F = Sustained axial tensile force applied at flange, lb
G = Diameter at location of gasket load reaction, in (See Appendix 2 {Appendix 3} of the
Code for full definition.)
Note: Experience has shown that axial tensile forces resulting from a properly
designed piping system have no significant effect on the flange design and hence are
typically not included in the PEQ determination.
Therefore, the hydrostatic end load, H, used in the flange calculations is determined as follows:
H = 0.785 G2 PFLG
Dynamic Bending Moment

PEQ =
8M
G 3
Where:
M = Bending moment, as defined above, but including dynamic bending moment (e.g.,
seismic moment) applied across full section at flange during the design condition, in-lb
Other Terms = Same as above
Page C-2
APPENDIX D
Minimum Clearance for
Nozzle Adjacent to Integral Tubesheet

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Process Industry Practices

PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

Not printed with State funds.

Process Industry Practices

1.1 Purpose ............................................3

5.1 Design Pressure and Temperature ... 8

Process Industry Practices (PIP) .......4

National Board Registration ..............7

Process Industry Practices

5.5.1 Number of Cycles.......................12

5.6 Welded Pressure Joint

5.9 Seismic Loads ................................ 17

5.19.11 Instrument, Vent and Drain

5.10 Design Loads and Load

Dead Load ..............................19

5.20 Heat Exchanger Thermal ................43

5.11 Wind-Induced Vibration of Vertical

Vortex Shredding Ranges........21

5.12 Formed Heads ............................... 22

ASME B16.47, Series A ..........23

5.19 Heat Exchanger Component

Fouling Factors Selection........44

6.2 Source of Materials.........................53

6.4 Gaskets ..........................................54

7.2 Pneumatic Test...............................55

8. Vessel Rigging Analysis/Lifting

Impact Factor .................................55

Process Industry Practices

[V/E] This Practice must be used in conjunction with PIP VEDST003,

[V/E] Many recognized and generally accepted good engineering construction

[V/E] Standardized pre-designed (off-the-shelf) vessels and heat exchangers

Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PIP VEDST003 - Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Specification Sheet

PIP VEDV1003 - Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet and Instructions

PIP VEFV1100 - Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Standard Details (27 Details

PIP VESSM001 - Specification for Small Pressure Vessels and Heat

PIP VESV1002 - Vessel/S&T Heat Exchanger Fabrication Specification

Industry Codes and Standards

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

ANSI/ASME B36.10M - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

ANSI/ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe

American Petroleum Institute (API)

API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

AISC Manual of Steel Construction

ASCE 7 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Process Industry Practices

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

ASME B16.11 - Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded

ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 through NPS 60

International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings

Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

Welding Research Council (WRC)

MSS SP-44 - Steel Pipeline Flanges

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)

Uniform Building Code (UBC)

Design Equations for Preventing Buckling in Fabricated Torispherical Shells