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IT 6313

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
LAB MANUAL

SYLLABUS
IT6313 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
LTPC
0032
OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this lab is to explore digital communications with a software radio to
understand how each component works together. The lab will cover, analog to digital conversion,
modulation, pulse shaping, and noise analysis.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENTS IN THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:

1.
Signal Sampling and reconstruction
2.
Amplitude modulation and demodulation
3.
Frequency modulation and demodulation
4.
Pulse code modulation and demodulation.
5.
Delta modulation, adaptive delta Modulation
6.
Line Coding Schemes
7.
BFSK modulation and Demodulation (Hardware(Kit based) & Simulation using
MATLAB / SCILAB / Equivalent)
8.
BPSK modulation and Demodulation (Hardware& Simulation using MATLAB/SCILAB/
Equivalent)
9.
FSK, PSK and DPSK schemes (Simulation)
10.
Error control coding schemes (Simulation)
11.
Spread spectrum communication (Simulation)
12.
Communication link simulation
13.
TDM and FDM
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
To develop necessary skill in designing, analyzing and constructing digital electronic circuits.
LAB REQUIREMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS, 3 STUDENTS /
EXPERIMENT:
i)
Kits for Signal Sampling, TDM, AM, FM, PCM, DM and Line Coding Schemes
ii)
Software Defined Radio platform for link simulation studies
iii)
MATLAB / SCILAB for simulation experiments
iv)
PCs - 10 Nos
v)
Signal generator / Function generators / Power Supply / CRO / Bread Board each -15 nos

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR NATURAL SAMPLING

OBSERVATION FOR NATURAL SAMPLING


SI NO

1
2
3
4

AMPLITUDE
(VPK TO VPK)
Volts

SIGNAL

TIME PERIOD
in ( msec or
sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Message signal
Sampling pulse
Sampled output
Reconstructed output
MODEL GRAPH
NATURAL SAMPLING WAVEFORM

EX.NO:
DATE:
ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

AIM:
To obtain the samples of the given sinusoidal signal by the following types of signal
sampling methods and reconstruct the signal from samples
1) Natural Sampling,
2) Sample and Hold,
3) FIat top sampling.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No

Equipments/ Components required


Specification
Quantity
Module
DCS
1
Connecting Chords & Probes
As req.
Power supply
+ 12v
1
Dual Trace Oscilloscope
20 MHz
1
THEORY:
Both Analog and digital signal are used to carry information in communication system.
Sometime it is necessary to convert analog signal into digital to transmit over digital network.
Sampling is a process of converting analog continuous signal into discrete time signal.
To transmit analog over digital communication system, only samples of the message are required
to be transmitted at regular intervals. The receiver will receives only samples of the message
from which it reconstructs the original information.
Sampling Theorem:
A continuous time message signal m(t) can be completely represented in its sampled form
and recovered back from its sampled form if the sampling frequency f s 2fm where is fm the
maximum frequency of the message signal m(t).
Nyquist rate:
The minimum sampling rate of 2fm samples per second is called as nyquist rate. The reciprocal
of nyquist rate is called nyquist interval.
Natural sampling:
In this method of sampling, an electronic switch is used to periodically shify between the
two contacts at a rate of fs = (1/Ts ) Hz, staying on the input contact for C seconds and on the
grounded contact for the remainder of each sampling period.
The output of the sampler considered as the product of m(t) and sampling pulse p(t).
Flat top sampling:
In this method the continuous analogue waveform is converted into a series of pulses whose
amplitude is equal to the amplitude of the analogue signal at the start of the sampling process.
Since the sampled pulses have a uniform amplitude, the process is called flat top sampling.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FLAT TOP SAMPLING

OBSERVATION FOR FLAT TOP SAMPLING


SI NO

1
2
3
4

AMPLITUDE
(VPK TO VPK)
Volts

SIGNAL

TIME PERIOD
in ( msec or
sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Message signal
Sampling pulse
Sampled output
Reconstructed output
MODEL GRAPH
FLAT TOP SAMPLING WAVEFORM

Sample and hold:


The Sample-and-Hold circuit consists of an amplifier of unity gain and low output impedance, a
switch and a capacitor; it is assumed that the load impedance is large. The switch is timed to
close only for the small duration of each sampling pulse, during which time the capacitor charges
5

up to a voltage level equal to that of the input sample. When the switch is open, the capacitor
retains the voltage level until the next closure of the switch. Thus the sample-and-hold circuit
produces an output waveform that represents a staircase interpolation of the original analog
signal.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
2. The amplitude and time period of input message signal, sampling pulse, sampled output
(for natural sampling, flat top sampling and sample & hold circuit), and its corresponding
reconstructed waveform are observed.
3. The reading are noted and drawn as graph.

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR SAMPLE AND HOLD

OBSERVATION FOR SAMPLE AND HOLD


SI NO

1
2
3
4

SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE
(VPK TO VPK)
Volts

TIME PERIOD
in ( msec or
sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Message signal
Sampling pulse
Sampled output
Reconstructed output

MODEL GRAPH
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT WAVEFORM

RESULT:
The input analog signal is sampled through
1) Natural Sampling,
2) Sample and Hold,
3) Flat top sampling circuits and the signal is reconstructed and the characteristics of the
reconstructed signal were compared with the input signal.
CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

EX.NO:
DATE:
9

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION


AIM:
To modulate the analog message signal using AM modulator and demodulate the AM
wave to original message signal.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.

Equipments/ Components required


Modules
Power supply
Oscilloscope
Connecting patch chords and probes

Specification
ACL-01 & ACL-02
+/- 12v
20MHz
-

Quantity
1
1
1
As req

THEORY:
Amplitude Modulation:
In Amplitude Modulation the amplitude of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Modulation index:
The AM modulation index is a measure based on the ratio of the modulation excursions
of the RF signal to the level of the unmodulated carrier. It is thus defined as:
MI= VMessage / VCarrier
Modulation index is normally expressed as a percentage.
If MI=0.5 carrier amplitude varies by 50% above (and below) its unmodulated level. If
modulation index is less than 1 it is known as under modulation. If M I = 1.0, then 100%
modulation the wave amplitude is achieved this is known as critical modulation, and this
represents full modulation using standard AM and is often a target (in order to obtain the highest
possible signal to noise ratio) but mustn't be exceeded. Increasing the modulating signal beyond
that point, is known as over modulation,
PROCEDURE :
1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
2. The amplitude and time period of input message signal, high frequency carrier, AM
modulated wave (for over modulation, critical modulation, under modulation), and its
corresponding demodulated waveform are observed.
3. The reading are noted and drawn as graph.

10

MODEL GRAPH

11

TABULAR COLOUMN:
SI
NO

AMPLITUDE (VPK
TO VPK) Volts

SIGNAL

Modulating Signal
Carrier Signal
AM Modulated Signal
Emax
a. Under Modulation
b. Critical Modulation
c. Over Modulation

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Emin

Demodulated signal

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
The input analog signal is modulated using AM modulation technique and Demodulated.
By varying the amplitude of the modulating signal the under modulation, critical modulation and
over modulation waveforms were verified and modulation index are calculated.
Modulation index

(over modulation)

(under modulation)

(critical modulation)

12

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

13

EX.NO:
DATE:
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To modulate the analog message signal using FM modulator and demodulate the FM
wave to original message signal. Also to calculate the frequency deviation and modulation index
of FM
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.

Equipments/ Components required


Modules
Power supply
Oscilloscope
Connecting patch chords and probes

Specification
ACL-03& ACL 04
+/- 12v
20MHz

Quantity
1
1
1
As req

THEORY:

14

TABULAR COLOUMN:
SI NO

SIGNAL

1
2
3

Modulating Signal
Carrier Signal
Modulated Signal

Demodulated Signal

AMPLITUDE
(Volts)

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

TMAX

TMIN

FREQUENCY
(KHz)
FMAX

FMIN

MODEL GRAPH:

15

RESULT:
The input analog signal is Frequency modulated & demodulated. The modulated and
demodulated waveforms were drawn in the graph. The frequency deviation and modulation index
of FM were calculated.
Frequency deviation =
Modulation index
=

16

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

17

EX.NO:
DATE:
PULSE CODE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To convert the given sinusoidal analog signal into digital signal using Pulse code
modulation and recover the analog signal from binary information.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No
5.
6.
7.
8.

Equipments/ Components required


Modules
Power supply
Oscilloscope
Connecting patch chords and probes

Specification
DCS
+/- 12v
20MHz

Quantity
1
1
1
As req

THEORY:
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes
samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is
encoded as binary data.. Each sample in a PCM is quantized, approximating a very large set of
possible values by a relatively small set of values, which may be integers or even discrete
symbols. The practical implementation of PCM involves following processes:
Filtering
Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
Advantages of PCM
Effect of noise is reduced.
PCM permits the use of pulse regeneration.
Multiplexing of various PCM signals is possible.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
2. The amplitude and time period of input message signal, high frequency carrier, Pulse
code modulated wave and its corresponding demodulated waveform are observed.
3. The reading are noted and drawn as graph.

18

TABULAR COLOUMN:
SI
NO

1
2
3
4

SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE (VPK
TO VPK) Volts

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Modulating Signal
Carrier Signal
PCM signal
Demodulated signal
MODEL GRAPH

19

RESULT:
Thus the given analog signal is converted into digtal signal using PCM and the modulated
wave is demodulated to its original message signal.

20

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

TABULAR COLOUMN:
SI
NO

1
2
3
4

SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE (VPK
TO VPK) Volts

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Modulating Signal
Carrier Signal
DELTA modulated signal
Demodulated signal

21

EX.NO:
DATE:
DELTA MODULATION AND ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION
AIM:
To modulate and demodulate the signal using Delta Modulation and adaptive delta
modulation
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.

Equipments/Components
Module
Connecting Chords & Probes
Power supply
Dual Trace Oscilloscope

Specifications
DCS 01 kit
+ 12v
20 MHz

Quantity
1
As req.
1
1

THEORY:
Delta modulation (DM) may be viewed as a simplified form of DPCM in which a two
level (1-bit) quantizer is used in conjunction with a fixed first-order predictor. Over sampling"
means that the signal is sampled faster than is necessary. In the case of Delta Modulation this
means that the sampling rate will be much higher than the minimum rate of twice the bandwidth.
Delta Modulation requires "over sampling" in order to obtain an accurate prediction of the next
input. Since each encoded sample contains a relatively small amount of information Delta
Modulation systems require higher sampling rates than PCM systems. At any given sampling
rate, two types of distortion, limit the performance of the DM encoder.
Slope overload distortion: This type of distortion is due to the use of a step size delta that is too
small to follow portions of the waveform that have a steep slope. It can be reduced by increasing
the step size. Granular noise: This results from using a step size that is too large too large in parts
of the waveform having a small slope. Granular noise can be reduced by decreasing the step size.
Even for an optimized step size, the performance of the DM encoder may still be less
satisfactory. An alternative solution is to employ a variable step size that adapts itself to the shortterm characteristics of the source signal. That is the step size is increased when the waveform has
a step slope and decreased when the waveform has a relatively small slope. This strategy is called
adaptive DM (ADM).
PROCEDURE FOR DELTA MODULATION
1. Ensure that Group 5(GP5) clock is selected in the clock generation section. Selection is done
with the help of switch S1 and observe the corresponding LED indication.
2. Select the transmitter clock of frequency 8 KHz using Switch S2 and the selected clock is
indicated on the corresponding LED indication in the clock generation section.
3. Connect the patch cords as per circuit diagram.
4. Observe the delta modulated output at OUT 8 post of the digital sampler.
5. Observe the integrated output at OUT 9 post of the integrator 1 section; we observe that as the
clock rate increases, the amplitude of the triangular wave decreases.
6. Increase the amplitude of the 250 Hz sine wave up to 0.5 V using pot P3 in the function
generator section. Signal approximating 250 Hz sine wave is available at OUT 9 post of the
integrator 1 section. This signal is obtained by integrating the digital output resulting from delta
modulation.

22

MODEL GRAPH FOR DELTA MODULATION

23

7. Increase the amplitude of the 250 Hz sine wave up to 2 Vpp using Pot P3 in the Function
generator section .Observe that the digital HIGH makes the integrator output to go upward and
digital LOW makes the integrator output to go downwards .
8.Increase the amplitude of the 250 Hz sine wave further high using Pot P3 and observe that the
integrator output cannot follow the input signal .This is because of the fact that as the frequency
of the i/p analog signal increases there is less conversion of 1s and 0s in the delta modulated o/p.
9.Observe the reconstructed signal through 2nd order LPF and 4th order LPF.
PROCEDURE FOR ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION
1. Ensure that group5 (GP5) clock is selected in clock generation section. Selection is done with
the help of switch S1.
2. Select the transmitter clock of frequency 32 KHz using switch S2 .
3. Connect the 1 KHz signal having amplitude 2 Vpp ,using pot 5 to IN 13 post and TXCLK to
CLK3 DELTA post of the digital sampler.
4. Keep switch S5 in delta position.
5. Connect OUT 8 post of digital sampler to IN 19 post of integrator 2.
6. Keep the switch S6 of integrator 2 to low position.
7. Connect OUT14 post of integrator 2 to IN14 post of digital sampler.
8. Observe the modulated output at OUT 8 post of digital sampler.
9. Adjust the pot 8 and observe the integrated output at OUT 14 post of integrator 2.
10. Connect the OUT8 post of digital sampler to IN 25 post of the demodulator section.
11. Connect the OUT21 post of the demodulator section to the IN 25 post of the integrator3
section.
12. Keep the switch S9 of integrator 3 to low position Connect the OUT 25 post to the IN 33 post
of 2nd order LPF.
13. Connect OUT 30 post of 2nd order LPF to IN 34 post of 4th order LPF.
14.Observe the reconstructed signal of 2nd and 4th order LPF.
15. Repeat the above procedure for different input signals and clock frequencies.

24

MODEL GRAPH FOR ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION:

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION


SI
NO

1
2
3
4

SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE (VPK
TO VPK) Volts

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Modulating Signal
Carrier Signal
Adaptive delta modulated
signal
Demodulated signal

25

RESULT:

26

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR LINE CODING AND DECODING TECHNIQUES


NRZ-L
NRZ-M

Clock
Generation
(GP 4)

TX CLK

NRZ-S
CLK 2

IN 27
Decoder

URZ

OUT 23

BIO-L
Clock Recov ery
Logic

BIO-M
S4- SDATA

REC.CLK 2

IN 16

OUT 10
Encoded Data Section

Decoded Data

Block diagram for data coding and decoding

MODEL GRAPH:

+V
NRZ-L
-V

+V
NRZ-M

-V

+V
NRZ-S

-V

+V
Biphase L
-V

+V
Biphase M
-V

+V
Biphase S

27

EXP.NO:
DATE:
LINE CODING AND DECODING TECHNIQUE
AIM:
To encode and decode the digital data using various channel encoding and decoding
techniques and to obtain the encoded and decoded formats.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
DCS-01 kit
Power supply
Oscilloscope.
Connecting Links
THEORY:
Different PCM Formats:
The digital data in the PCM systems can be encoded in several formats. All these PCM
waveforms can be broadly classified into the following four groups:
Non Return to zero formats
Return to zero formats
Phase Encode formats
Multilevel binary formats.
1) Non Return to zero formats:
The reason for having so many encoding formats for simply representing 1 s and 0s
relates to the difference in performances that characterize each waveform.
2) Return to zero formats:
These signals are called Return to zero signals, since they return to zero with the
clock. This is not discussed in DCS 01 kit.
3) Biphase Signals (Phase Encoded Signals):
a) BiPhase LEVEL (Manchester Coding)
b) Biphase MARK and
c) Biphase Space Signals
These schemes are used in magnetic recording, optical communications and in satellite
telemetry links. These phase encoded signals are special in the sense that they are composed of
both the in-phase and out-of-phase components of the clock.
a) Manchester Coding (Biphase With the Biphase-Level), a one is represented by a half bit
wide pulse positioned during the first half of the bit interval and a zero is represented by a half
bit wide pulse positioned during the second half of the bit interval.
b) Biphase Mark Coding (Biphase-M):
With the Bi-phase-M, a transition occurs at the beginnli gif every bit interval. A one is
represented by a second transition, one half bit later whereas a zero has no second transition

28

c) Biphase-S coding:
With a Biphase-S also a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A zero,
is marked by a second transition, one half bit later, where as a one has no second transition.
4) Multilevel signals:
Multilevel signals use three or more levels of voltages to represent the binary digits,
ones and zeroes - instead of the normal highs and lows. Return to zero- Alternate Mark
Inversion (R.Z-AMI) is the most commonly used multilevel signal.
a) Return to zero - Alternate Mark Inversion Coding (RZ-AMI):
This coding scheme is most often used in telemetry systems. This scheme comes wider
both the category of return to zero scheme and multilevel scheme.
In this scheme, ones are represented by equal amplitude of alternating pulses, which alternate
between a +5V and 5V. These alternating pulses return to zero volts, after every half bit
interval. The zero is marked by absence of pulses.
Code Name
NRZ-L

NRZ-M
NRZ-S
NRZ-I
Bi-Phase-L

Bi-phase-M

Bi-Phase-S

Code Definition
Non-Return-to-zero Level
One is represented by one level
Zero is represented by another level lower the one but not
zero.
Non-Return-to-Zero Mark
One is represented by a change in level
Zero is represented by no change in level.
Non-Return-to-Zero Space
One is represented by no change in level
Zero is represented by change in level.
Non-Return-to-Zero Inverse
One is represented by no change in level
Zero is represented by change in level.
Bi-Phase Level (Split Phase)
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
One is represented by a One level with transition to the
Zero level
Zero is represented by a Zero level with transition to the
One level.
Bi Phase Mark
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
One is represented by a midbit level change
Zero is represented by no mitbit level change.
Bi-Phase Space
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
One is represented by no midbit level change
Zero is represented by a mitbit level change.

29

PROCEDURE :
1.
Ensure that group 4 (GP4) clock is selected in the clock generation section.Selection is
done with switch S1.
2.
Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 kHz at TXCLK post.
3.
Set the data pattern using switch S4 and observe the 8 bit data pattern at SDATA post.
4.
Connections are given as per the block diagram.
5.
Observe the encoded data at the OUT10 post. Selection of different encoded scheme is
done using switch S3.
6.
Observe the recovered clock at REC.CLK2 and decoded data at OUT 23 post.

RESULT:

30

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Clock
Generation
(GP 4)

SIN2

TX CLK

IN2

NRZ-L

PSK MOD

CLK 2
SIN3
SDATA

OUT 27

IN 30

IN3
Carrier
Modulation

Carrier
IN 16

PSK DEMOD

OUT 2

OUT 10
IN4

Encoded Data Section

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR BPSK


SI
NO

1
2
3
4

AMPLITUDE (VPK
TO VPK) Volts

SIGNAL

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Binary Signal
Carrier Signal
PSK modulated signal
Demodulated signal

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

Clock
Generation
(GP 4)

SIN3

TX CLK

IN2

NRZ-L

FSK MOD

CLK 2
SIN1
SDATA

IN 28

IN3

OUT 24
Carrier
Modulation

Carrier
IN 16

OUT 10

Encoded Data Section

FSK DEMOD

OUT 2

IN4

TABULAR COLOUMN FOR BFSK


SI
NO

1
2
3
4
5

SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE (VPK
TO VPK) Volts

TIME PERIOD in
( msec or sec )

FREQUENCY
in KHz

Binary Signal
Carrier Signal 1
Carrier Signal 2
FSK modulated signal
Demodulated signal

31

EXP.NO:
DATE:
DIGITAL MODULATION BPSK AND BFSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM:
To modulate the digital signal using Binary Phase shift keying & Binary Frequency Shift
Keying and demodulate it.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.

Equipments/
Components
required
Module
Connecting Chords & Probes
Power supply
Dual Trace Oscilloscope

Specification

Quantity

DCS

1
As req.
1
1

+ 12v
20 MHz

THEORY:
The techniques used in Digital Modulation systems normally fall under three broad
categories:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):
A frequency shift keyed transmitter has its frequency shifted by the message.
Although there could be more than two frequencies involved in an FSK signal, in binary
Frequency shift keying experiment the message will be a binary bit stream, and so only two
frequencies will be involved. Frequency f1 represent binary 1 and f2 represent binary 0.
In this type of modulation, the modulated output shifts between two frequencies for all
one to zero transitions.
Phase Shift Keying:
In the PSK modulation, for all one to zero transitions of the modulating data, the
modulated output switches between the in phase and out-of-phase components of the
modulating frequency.

MODEL GRAPH:
32

Experimental Procedure for PSK:


33

1. Ensure that the group 4(GP4) clock is selected in the clock generation section.
Selection is done with the help of switch s1.Observe the LED indication.
2. Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 KHz at TXCLK post
3. Set the data pattern using switch S4
4. Observe the 8 bit data pattern at SDATA post.
5. Observe the carrier sine wave of frequency 1MHz at SIN2 post and 1MHz with 180
degree phase at SIN3 post in carrier section.
6. Give the connections as per the block diagram
7. Select NRZ-L data with the help of the switch S3 and observe the corresponding LED
indication in the encoded data section
8. Observe the PSK modulated wave at OUT2 post of carrier modulation section and
PSK demodulated data at OUT 27 of the PSK demodulator section.
9. Verify the recovered data with the SDATA..
Experimental Procedure for FSK:
1. Ensure that the group 4(GP4) clock is selected in the clock generation section.
Selection is done with the help of switch s1.Observe the LED indication.
2. Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 KHz at TXCLK post
3. Set the data pattern using switch S4
4. Observe the 8 bit data pattern at SDATA post.
5. Observe the carrier sine wave of frequency 500 KHz at SIN1 post and 1MHz at
SIN3 post in carrier section.
6. Give the connections as per the block diagram
7. Select NRZ-L data with the help of the switch S3 and observe the corresponding LED
indication in the encoded data section
8. Observe the FSK modulated wave at OUT2 post of carrier modulation section and
PSK
demodulated data at OUT 24 of the FSK demodulator section.
9. Verify the recovered data with the SDATA..

RESULT:

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR FREQUENCY DIVISION MUX AND DEMUX

34

MODEL GRAPH

EXP.NO:
DATE:
35

FREQURNCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING


AIM:
To multiplex and demultiplex the sinusoidal signals of various frequencies using
Frequency Division Multiplexing.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No
1

Equipments/
required
Module

Components

2
3
4

Connecting Chords & Probes


Power supply
Dual Trace Oscilloscope

Specification
Kitek ACT 11 kit

+ 12v
20 MHz

Quantity
1
As req.
1
1

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connection are given as per block diagram


Switch on the power supply
Observe the FDM output at OUT post of summing amplifier.
Observe the demultiplex output at LPF1&LPF 2.

RESULT:

CIRCUIT CONNECTION FOR PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

36

MODEL GRAPH

EXP.NO:
DATE:

37

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING


AIM:
To multiplex and demultiplex the sinusoidal signals of various frequencies using Time
Division Multiplexing.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.
No
1.
2.
3.
4.

Equipments/
Components
required
Module
Connecting Chords & Probes
Power supply.
Dual Trace Oscilloscope.

Specification

Quantity

DCL-02

1
As req.
1
1

+ 12v
20 MHz

THEORY:
One of the greatest benefits to be derived from sampling is that of Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM). By inter-leaving samples of several source waveforms in time, it is
possible to transmit enough information to a receiver, via only one channel to recover all
message waveforms. This process is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
Synchronization:
To maintain proper positions of Sample Pulses in the Multiplexer, it is necessary to
synchronize the Sampling Process. Because the sampling operations are usually electronic,
there is typically a Clock Pulse Train that serves as a reference for all samples. At the
Receiving Station, a similar Clock Synchronization can be derived from the received
waveforms by observing the Pulse Sequence over many pulses and averaging the pulses (in a
closed loop with the Clock derived on the Voltage Controlled Oscillator). Clock
Synchronization does not guarantee that the proper sequence of samples is synchronized.
Proper alignment of the Time Slot Sequence requires Frame Synchronization. Hence one or
more Time Slots per Frame may be used to send Synchronization Information

OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE:
38

Waveforms

Amplitude(V)

Frequency(Hz)

Input signals:
CH0
CH1
CH2
CH3
Sampling clock signal
Demultiplexed signals
CH0
CH1
CH2
CH3

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PROCEDURE:
1. connection are given as per block diagram.
2. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit DCL-02 & switch it on.
3. Connect 250Hz, 500Hz, 1 KHz, and 2 KHz sine wave signal from the Function Generator
to the multiplexer input channel CHO, CHI, CH2, CH3 by means of the connecting chords
provided.
4. Connect the multiplexer output TXD of the transmitter section to the demultiplex input
RXD of the receiver section.
5. Connect the output of the receiver section CHO, CHI, CH2, CH3 to the INO, INI, 1N2,
lN3 of the filter section.
6. Connect the sampling clock TX CLK and Channel Identification Clock TXSYNC of the
transmitter section to the corresponding RX CLK and RX SYNC of the receiver section
respectively.
7. Set the amplitude of the input sine wave as desired.
8. Observe the following waveforms on oscilloscope and plot them on the graph.
a. Input Channel CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3.
b. Multiplexer Output TXD.
c. Reconstructed signal OUT 0, OUT l, OUT 2, OUT 3.

RESULT:
Four sinusoidal signals with different frequencies are multiplexed and demultiplex
using Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplex techniques. The output waveforms are
verified. Characteristics of the output waveforms are compared with the input signals.

40

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