Phillip Koffman

Media Research Methods Holmes

Final Assignment
12/12/14
INTRODUCTION
As times have changed, so too have the means by which we as a people keep ourselves
informed and entertained. Once newspapers ruled the media, however they began to be rendered
obsolete with the advent of the radio, which ruled the airwaves. This too, however, would end, as the
rise of television would make the radio in the home a relic of a bygone era. With all of these past
examples of technology coming into the world, and then being pushed aside for the next innovation,
one must wonder if we are entering the next stage of such technological evolution. With the rise of the
internet, people are now able to do a larger variety of daily tasks from the comfort of their homes,
without having to lift a finger. People can now watch television shows from their computers, get up to
the minute news reports, new music, any variety of different tasks that were once completed by other
tools, can now be done by one machine.
I would like to explore the modern trends, and see if history is destined to repeat itself once
again, determining whether or not computers, and the internet as a whole, is set to begin replacing
television as the modern medium by which we receive both our information and our entertainment.
This information is going to be incredibly important to the future of modern media, because as of now,
television is treated as the main source of information and entertainment, and if trends are changing,
future producers will need to be prepared to shape their content around the times. To truly begin

exploring this possibility, and the connotations of it, I will be performing a survey, examining trends
regarding satellite or cable networks, and television by extension, as compared to those who simply rely
on the internet as their main source of media intake. We are still in the earlier stages of the internet
rise, so my predictions are that there will still be large numbers of people who own and use their
televisions. However, I expect that this movement will start small, and as a result, there may be a small
number of people surveyed who do in fact no longer use or have televisions, relying on internet media.
My search will at the very least show us if there is a trend beginning at all, and if there is, how far along
it has come in the short time that the internet has tried to compete with television.
This study could be the beginning of a future, larger enquiry, showing future entertainers and
content makers what they will be forced to contend with, or how their material may have to change.
This study will allow a deeper look at what audiences may want, and how they may want their content.
Perhaps the way television media has been generated needs to be altered when it is digitized, and this
could easily help content providers learn what those new methods would need to be, studying what
already exists and how they would need to change to fit that style. Obviously there is only so far one
study can go, and this study will be small by comparison. It can only get information based on current
scenarios those interviewed would have, and we cannot follow those subjects as a focus group, which
would be more effective if we had the time, to see how their patterns may change, and what they may
end up choosing in regard to their media intake. However, it is a start, and an important one at that.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The rise of internet-based content has been widely observed by the entertainment
community, and it has provoked a number of questions being asked about what lies in store for
the future of media. My intent was to see if my survey would be able to determine a slowly
rising trend, the rise of internet consumption, and a steady decline in television use. Given the

relative youth of the internet as a media front, I believed this trend would be rather low to
start, and begin a slow rise over the coming years. However, it appears that I underestimated
the power of the media, and the swiftness by which researchers would respond to this
question. There have been a number of studies within the last three to four years regarding this
particular topic, and they have shed quite a bit of light on what I should expect.
Internet consumption has been on the rise for years, and at a much stronger pace than I
had predicted. In 2007, 18 percent of adult Americans surveyed stated they watched video
content online, and in 2010 those numbers increased to 33 percent, with people under the age
of 30 clocking in about 12 hours a week watching internet content, while those above the age
of 66 recorded up to eight hours per week (Brustein 2010). These numbers have only grown as
time has passed, with wider varieties of internet content becoming available, and with
television providers beginning to provide their content online as well, making use of televisions
less convenient than a service where the timetable is provided by the user instead of the
networks.
One of the services where the internet is quickly gaining on television appears to be the
news networks. Also in 2010, an average of 65% of young adults between the ages of 18 and 29
viewed the internet as their main means of gathering news information, a rapid increase from
2007, where the number using the internet in this way was 34%. Users age 30 to 49 have still
lean towards television as their media outlet, albeit at a rather narrow margin, with 48% using
the internet and 63% remaining with television, a gap that is quickly closing (Pew Research
Center 2011). Earlier this year, another study was done, showing that not only is news media on

the rise online, but along with this, more specifically the viewing of news videos online is
becoming more prominent, with 63% of American adults surveyed revealing they watch videos
online, and that 36%, more than half of those Americans, watch news videos online. This shows
a specific rise in media consumption that should be noted, and includes once again, not just
computer use, but cell phones and other media devices as well. This particular study also
showcases numbers from those surveyed regarding other types of videos viewed online,
including comedy, music, and educational material, which happened to be some of the highest,
with news video falling in the middle of the lineup (Pew Research Center 2014).
As time has passed, even more data has risen to the surface, and with stronger
implications at that. A number of surveys emerge from 2013, each giving a different insight into
details regarding internet use. Marketing Charts shows studies with a 10000 person sample,
and their findings indicate that television is still the most time-consuming act that audiences
participate in, with an average of 3.9 hours being spent a day watching television, however,
recreational internet use is not far behind, being clocked in at 3.8 hours daily. Of this sample,
95% of those surveyed stated they go online at home, and 60% of that group stated they spend
more than 3 hours online daily. Another interesting point to note is that online media
consumption is expanding beyond computers, as 57% of those surveyed also stated they use
their mobile phones as a means by which they go online, and of that percentage, 16% stated
they spend more than three hours online through their phones daily (MarketingCharts 2013).
As televised content has become more available online, viewership has increased online
as well. Another study, this one performed by the Consumer Electronics Association, indicates

that 46% of Americans surveyed use a laptop, netbook or notebook for viewing video content
of some kind, while 43% stated they have used their smartphones for such a purpose. Another
35% have indicated tablets for this use, and 34% after that have used desktop computers. Video
content is on the rise, and every form of technology is being used to integrate it in their lives.
Most important to note, of users with a television in their homes, 45% have also stated that
they have viewed some television content via the internet, which is up from 28% in 2013
(Campbell 2014).
With the numbers of users viewing televised content online rising, we must begin to
take a closer look at what makes the internet such an appealing medium for this content. There
are certainly other appealing factors to the internet, and we must follow what they are. One of
the biggest draws is user generated content, which has a strong front in the form of youtube,
one of the original homes for such content. As of May in 2013, there were approximately 100
hours of video content uploaded to youtube per minute (KPCB 2013). While this may not
appear to be connected to the study we are attempting to perform, there may be a correlation
between the convenience of viewing content online and also looking into other forms of
content besides televised material. The internet is a hub of activity, and the ability to view more
than one type of content at the push of a button as opposed to being locked into what is
available for viewing on television does have a level of appeal that must be considered. While
at the moment television still holds the majority placeholder as Americas time sink, with 42%
of time spent on media consumption spent with a television, the gap is incredibly narrow
between television and mobile or internet content, which holds 38% of the time, a four percent
difference (KPCB 2013). In fact, other studies performed by eMarketer show that in 2013, not

only was the use of television down from previous years, from 42 to 38%, but internet use was
down slightly as well, dropping from 26% to 20%. Meanwhile, use of mobile programming had
skyrocketed, from 12% to 20% in one year (Edwards 2013). The same content is being provided,
but it is being given not through traditional computers, but rather through mobile providers,
such as Verizon and AT&T, showing a shift to a niche within a new medium. As the years pass,
these changes will only become more pronounced as the technology continues to evolve as
well.
Based on the findings that have been given in the past several years, and from foresight
and planning made by professionals, there have been predictions made up to the year 2018
regarding the rates of internet use, media consumption, and the amounts of content to be
expected in the near future. According to the Cisco Visual Networking Index, not only will the
rise of non-PC oriented internet use continue, but by 2018, video content will take up anywhere
from 80 to 90% of consumer web traffic (Cisco 2014). The rise of online video content is going
to continue, and we must be prepared to not only acknowledge it, but harness it.
Based on what has been found within these studies, it is clear that this experiment may
provide more enlightening results than I had ever anticipated. With internet use rising and
television use declining even faster than expected, the theory that the internet would overtake
television as the main media outlet is clearly more powerful than ever before, and television
providers know it, with a 27% growth in timeshifted television content online in 2013 (go-gulf
2013). My original expectation has been shown to underestimate the power of the internet,
and I must expand my expectations to a wider number of those relying on the internet as

opposed to television. Not only this, but with these revelations regarding mobile use as
opposed to traditional computers, this must be taken into account as well in the survey, not
just asking about a persons internet use, but also asking about the devices which they use to
access that content, in order to get a stronger view of just what direction the technology is
headed.
METHODS
Taking on the question of media consumption via television or internet is no small task,
there are several variables to consider and the changes in the world of media consumption are
happening more rapidly by the day. However, one has to start somewhere when looking at
these questions, and though given our constraints I cannot perform this experiment to the
fullest extent which I would like, there are still things I can explore within this topic. The most
efficient way to explore this particular matter is within a survey, hosted on Qualtrics, dealing
with the matter of where people view their media.
In order to get the most effective answers, I will need to specify exactly what Im looking
for in this topic. To start, what I will need to determine is if my test group uses televisions still.
While a large portion of the country does in fact still have cable television, there are those who
do not, and are only exposed to media through the internet. These people I will need to take
into account, however they are not the only factor as the number is small. I want to know just
how much time people spend watching television comparatively to watching programs online.
Obviously, asking for accurate timetables is not efficient, and is prone to mistakes, or worse,
people leaving the survey unfinished. So instead, I will ask for estimates of time in the past day

using either type of system. With any luck, the information I gather there will give me much
better insight into the kind of audiences I am working with. Along with this, I intend to explore
what kinds of programming my audiences watch. Certain types of televised programming are
moving to an internet audience faster than others. Netflix has films and some television shows,
but actual television shows, depending on the network they operate from, are not as quick to
move to the internet. The major networks move their shows quickly, but others may not be as
diligent in their actions to transfer these shows. Or, in other cases, people may have a
preference towards user made content, the likes of which are commonly found on youtube.
With this in mind, I can get a much stronger view of whether a person is more likely to be
oriented towards the internet as their main means of content in the future, or if they will
remain a television audience.
RESULTS
The goal of this particular study was to see the current change between internet
viewership, and television viewership, to see where the future of video is headed. Demographic
questions are always necessary for this type of work, to make sure you can get a better view of
the sample you are working with. Unfortunately, sometimes this means you discover that your
sample may be more closely linked than you would like for a wide survey sample. The results
hereafter were gathered using Qualtrics survey software, and were organized using their
programs.
The first questions were oriented to determine both age range and gender of the survey
sample. Question one, our age question, gave a number of options. Seventy-one percent of our

sample, 20 out of the 28 surveyed, identified in the 18-24 year old bracket, which means they
are younger users, which will be taken into account in later questions. One user identified in the
25-30 age bracket, and seven identified as 41 or older. These numbers are important because
they give us a base guideline to view while looking at the later results of this survey. The next
and final demographic question is determinant of the gender of sample members, a simple
male or female identifier. 54% of the sample identified as male, while the remaining 46%
identified as female, given an overall even split, which is very beneficial to this study.
As discussed in the introduction to this study, one of the most important aspects of
information that needs to be gathered for this study is the amount of people who have, or do
not have, a cable or satellite television plan. The initial theory stated that there would be a
large amount of the populace who still had television plans in their homes, not yet relying on
the internet as their main media source. Evidence has been found to support this theory
through the survey, with 75% of those surveyed still indicating they have television plans in
their homes, with only 25% stating they do not have television. Those who did not have
televisions were excluded from answering the next question, instead being brought directly to
questions pertaining to internet media, given that their information would be needed there,
and would skew results within the television oriented questions.
To further establish a baseline of information regarding television viewership, those
sampled who identified as having television providers were asked to estimate how many hours
they believe they watch television daily. 10% of the sample indicated their average was zero
hours daily, 38% indicated their average was one hour daily, while 14% stated their average was

two hours daily. Yet another 14% stated their average was three hours daily, and the remaining
24% stated their average viewing time was four or more hours daily.
The next indicating factor is how many devices the sample owns with internet access
and web browsing capabilities. This question was a smaller one, with three responses to choose
from, and would be a larger indicator of how often our sample spends time online. The initial
hypothesis would state that there would be a leaning towards multiple devices with such
capabilities, and evidence gathered supports this theory. None of our sample stated they own
only one web browsing device. Meanwhile, 39% stated they own two devices with web
browsing access. The remainder, 61%, stated they own three or more such devices, giving them
much more access to online content.
Studies have been performed in the past that show different types of devices as the
primary device people wish to use for internet browsing, this next question asked our sample
about exactly this issue. Our sample was asked what their preferred device to use was when it
came to browsing the internet, be it laptops or other such portable computers, smartphones,
tablets, desktop computers, or other unlisted devices. The initial theory, due to prior research
and other studies, indicated that the up and rising contender would be smartphones, if not as
the primary source, then as a close second to computers. This theory is supported by the
survey, with 61% of the sample stating their preferred device was a laptop or other portable
computer, followed by 18% of the sample preferring a smartphone as their internet oriented
device. 14% preferred a tablet device as their internet browser, and the remaining 7% use

desktop computers as their main preference, with none of the sample indicating a use of other,
unlisted devices.
The true measure of prominence between internet and television is the comparison of
use of free time. Having already viewed television viewership hours, the sample was now asked
to determine how many hours they believe they spend daily using the internet for recreational
purposes. None of the sample indicated they do not spend time recreationally online. Instead,
18% of the sample stated their daily recreational activity was one hour of time. Another 18%
indicated they spend two hours online daily for recreational purposes, while 25% stated they
spend three hours daily on such activities. Finally, the remaining 39% of the sample stated they
spend four or more hours daily online for recreational purposes.
One of the more popular uses of the internet is news media, for viewing purposes, or for
general information. The next question asked our sample to list, in order of prominence and
use in their lives, the means by which they gather their news information. The options given
were television content, internet content, radio, newspapers, or other, unlisted forms of
information gathering. 92.59% of the sample stated that the internet was the first source on
the list that they would use, followed by 3.7% that indicated television was their first source,
and another 3.7% that used radio as the first source on their list. Next, 59.25% of the sample
chose television as their second source of news information, followed by 14.81% choosing radio
as their second news source, and another 14.81% choosing other unlisted forms of media for
their news gathering. Meanwhile, 7.4% chose the internet as their second source, followed last
by 3.7% which chose newspapers as their second source. For the third source preference on the

list, 37.03% chose radio as their third primary source, followed by 29.62% which chose
newspapers for this slot. Another 25.93% selected television for this slot, followed last by the
remaining 7.41%, which chose other unlisted media forms for their news consumption in the
third slot. The fourth slot on the chart begins with 44.44% of the sample listing newspapers for
their fourth primary source, followed by 33.33% selecting radio for this position. 18.52% of the
sample selected other unlisted sources for this slot, and 3.7% chose television as their fourth
source. Finally, the fifth slot shows the final results. 59.26% of the sample selected other
unlisted media outlets for their final slot, 22.22% chose newspapers for this position, while
11.11% chose radio as this outlet. Finally, 7.41% chose television for this outlet, with none
selecting internet media as their fifth news media outlet.
The final question asked in this survey is a determinant of the audiences preference
when it comes to viewing video content. The theories beforehand suggested that while there
would be a leaning towards internet viewing, the stronger market would still lie with televisions
as the strong video viewership outlet. The evidence does not support this theory, with the final
results showing rather different numbers. 30% of those surveyed preferred televisions for
viewing video content, while the remaining 70% stated their preference for viewing content
was online viewership. With all of this data at our disposal, we can begin to analyze it and
determine exactly what the statistics found here dictate, and what they mean for this study.
DISCUSSION
The focus of this study was to determine the current feel and focus of audiences when it
came to video content. As seen in the past with the rise of newspapers, then radio, and then

television, there is usually a changeover period where audiences shift to the newer media
format, and the older one, while not entirely becoming obsolete, does experience smaller
audiences. The focus of this study was to see if this trend would continue with the rise of the
internet in comparison to televised content. Viewing the results at our disposal, we can begin to
analyze what has been discovered, and see just how accurate our own predictions were with
regard to this particular field of study.
The first questions asked were demographic questions, designed to help give a better
picture of who our sample is. The first question broke our sample into age brackets, and
showed that our sample, while having some diversity, was more oriented to one particular age
group than others. With 20 out of our initial 28 surveyed identifying as 18-24, this means our
survey was oriented towards a more youthful audience, which as other studies have shown
lean more towards a technological persuasion. However, seven of those surveyed identified as
age 41 or older, still giving us a sample of an older demographic, which does count for some of
the study as well. Finally there was one user who identified as between 25 and 30, closer to
middle age, not a large sample of the audience, but still something to consider. The next and
final demographic question was directed towards gender, to give some clearer view of who
may view certain types of media. An almost even balance is what was discovered, with 54% of
the sample identifying as male and the remaining 46% as female. While not a perfect split, this
is still fairly ideal for our study, because we get a fairly balanced view from the genders.
The first question of the survey without demographic expectations was designed around
television. As discussed earlier in this study, the question to be asked here is whether or not

people are slowly starting to shift away from televisions in their homes, instead leaning towards
internet use. Our initial hypothesis stated that while there would be some dropoff of televisions
and a slight leaning towards internet, the majority would still have television providers giving
them access in their homes, and this was proven accurate with the findings we have, showing
that 75% of our sample does in fact still have a television provider of some sort, while the
remaining 25% do not. This shows that while a quarter of the populace surveyed does not rely
on television, a majority still does. However, this can slowly begin to change as time goes on. I
believe this is because the internet as a means of viewing televised content is still a young
medium. Text based content, or user generated programs, those have been a mainstay of the
internet, but streaming as a means for television companies to reach other audiences is still
fairly new. As time goes on, we will continue to see a shift, but for now, the numbers are still in
favor of traditional television.
Following this, our sample was asked how many hours they spend daily watching
television. This excluded those who did not own televisions or network programming in their
homes, so as not to skew the results. 10% of our sample indicated their average was zero hours
daily, which accounts for those who have televisions in their homes, but they may not be the
members of the household who watch them. 38% stated their average was one hour daily,
which seems somewhat reasonable given the daily lives of many people, spending long hours at
work and coming home to briefly rest before going to bed. This may also be a factor of those
who get up and watch the morning news programs before they go to work. 14% indicated their
viewing was two hours daily, which also seems reasonable, some have their preferences for
viewing more content, and yet another 14% indicated their time was three hours daily. These

numbers coincide with the culture we have cultivated, where television is the main source of
entertainment. Finally, 24% stated they view four or more hours of television daily. This is what
we would have come to expect to see a larger viewership of, however, we may have to take
into account that people underestimate their time when doing things, so some of our smaller
numbers may not be entirely accurate.
The next point that needs to be dealt with is the matter of internet accessibility, which is
a large portion of what is attempting to be studied here. Given that this survey was only
accessible online, anyone who took part clearly has access to the internet, so the next question
asked our sample to state how many devices they have with internet access. Prior studies and
our own speculation indicated that the number would be higher, as opposed to lower, what
with so many devices these days offering internet access as a perk. This turned out to be an
accurate expectation, as none of our sample indicated they have only one device. Instead, 39%
of the sample stated they own two devices with internet access, and the remaining 61% stated
they have three or more such devices. With the number of devices that people own with
internet access increasing, this means the amount of time they can spend online is going to
increase as well, due to larger amounts of access to the content. This could lead to a steady
decline in television reliance, because the content is always accessible to the audience.
Though there are a number of devices within the home of our samples that have
internet access, the question needs to be asked which device they prefer for their browsing.
Some studies have indicated that cell phone use for such purposes is on the rise, if not having
completely overtaken computers, then it is on the way to doing so. This next question asked

our audience to state their primary device used for viewing internet content. Our expectations
were met, as shown in the results above. With portable computers like laptops and netbooks at
the top of the list and smartphones right behind them in terms of use for internet, there is
clearly a rising prominence for smartphones, even if it has not reached the larger levels
indicated by other surveys. Though the overwhelming majority lies in laptops and other such
computers and the gap between smartphones, tablets and desktops is much smaller, the fact
that smartphones still edge out as the second most prominent is something to consider for the
future. Mobile phones may in fact become the main means to view such content given enough
time. Tablets are less versatile than smartphones, however they are more accessible on the go
than a desktop, so the numbers are not a surprise given the modern view of access.
The next question asked is similar to a previous question in this survey. Where the
sample has already been asked how many hours they spend viewing television daily, the next
result that needs to be determined, especially given the context of the last question, is how
many hours our sample spends daily online for recreational purposes. Given what has already
been seen and what is seen in other studies, the theory for this particular question stated that
there would be larger amounts of time spend online then watching television. This was
supported by the survey when looking at the results, indicating that the largest section of the
sample indicated they spend four or more hours online recreationally, with the segments
getting smaller with each decreasing interval, as shown above. With larger quantities of people
spending more time online recreationally, this shows that there is indeed a larger prominence
in recreational time online than recreational time watching television, as larger amounts of our
sample spent larger amounts of time online than watching television.

One of the study topics that helped motivate this survey was the concept of news
media, which is one of the more prominent uses of both traditional media, as well as modern
media. The next question on our survey is designed to help categorize and organize our sample
and their preferences when it comes to news consumption. Other surveys and studies have
shown that as time has passed, the internet has become a main source for much of the
populace. This study has supported this claim, with the overwhelming majority of our sample
listing the internet as their first source of news gathering. This was followed by television as the
second major choice, which is also not surprising given the prominence of news programming
on television, with networks such as CNN and the 24 hour news cycle. Third highest on the list
being radio as the top third selection, which has always been an option for news in cars due to
radios being prominently placed in vehicles. With newspapers being the top choice for the
fourth slot, also not surprising given the decline of newspapers from prominence, and finally
other unlisted media outlets, this shows a definite lean towards the internet as a news outlet,
which makes sense given the constant updates to news stories available when they are online
and not on the televised news cycle.
The final question on our survey was a simple one, but also one of great import. The
main focus of this survey was to determine where people would be spending more of their time
viewing content. Given the lean of the rest of the study, and other studies done in the past, the
hypothesis for this question had a heavier lean on internet content as the preference of the
audience. This particular question, asking what audiences preferred to view video content on,
televisions or internet, was definitely the make or break moment of this study, and our
hypothesis was proven accurate when 70% of our sample stated they prefer to view their video

content online rather than on televisions. This was an overwhelming majority in comparison to
some of our other questions, and given what has already been seen, this implies that a stronger
lean on internet content is only going to come as more time passes and even more content is
placed online as opposed to being devoted to television as an outlet.
This study, while illuminating and further expanding on the concepts of internet media
as the future of media consumption, does have its limits, even if there were in fact a number of
instances which helped to showcase the import of the internet. This sample was by far a much
smaller grouping than other major studies, and the sample was nowhere near as diverse as
other studies would have dictated. Along with this, much of this study relied on the memory
and testimony of the sample, which may be inaccurate depending on the information they
provided, people can remember things incorrectly or skew their results to not appear as
problematic as they truly are. What would have been better for this study, if we had the
capabilities, was to take a test group and study them, following their activities and their media
consumption for a set period of time, collecting data this way to make sure that we had
accurate details. Because this sample was not as diverse as some other studies, with a much
larger leaning towards a younger audience, this may make certain aspects of technological
advancement in homes appear more extreme than it actually is. To further expand on this topic
in the future however, there are definitely options. Studying to see what types of video content
our audiences view online would be another interesting place to begin searching, or seeing
where they watch their content as well. Determining locations is a strong point because it gives
an idea of where people want to view their content. If they are out of their homes when they
view it, or on the move, it leans more onto the idea of mobile viewing, which the internet

provides. And expanding on the types of content viewed, there are a number of studies
showing the rise of user generated content and the popularity of viewing it, and as has also
been seen, television networks have begun streaming their shows online, similar to how Netflix
streams films and some television shows. These types of content may be of increasing interest
to audiences, so looking into the types of content people prefer to view, not just online, but in
general, may be an interesting place to look next.

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Edwards, J. (2013, November 24). TV Is Dying, And Here Are The Stats That Prove It. Retrieved December
12, 2014, from http://www.businessinsider.com/cord-cutters-and-the-death-of-tv-2013-11
The Audience for Digital News Videos. (2014, March 26). Retrieved December 12, 2014, from
http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/the-audience-for-digital-news-videos/

FINAL RESULTS
Last Modified: 12/07/2014

1. What age range do you fall into?

#
1
2
3
4
5

Answer
18-24
25-30
31-36
37-40
41 and older
Total

Response
20
1
0
0
7
28

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

%
71%
4%
0%
0%
25%
100%

Value
1
5
2.04
3.07
1.75
28

2. What is your Gender?

#
1
2

Answer
Male
Female
Total

Response
15
13
28

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

%
54%
46%
100%

Value
1
2
1.46
0.26
0.51
28

3. Do you have satellite or cable television?

#
1
2

Answer
Yes
No
Total

Response
21
7
28

%
75%
25%
100%

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

Value
1
2
1.25
0.19
0.44
28

4. Approximately how many hours would you say you watch

television daily?
#
1
2
3
4
5

Answer
Zero
One
Two
Three
Four or more
Total

Response
2
8
3
3
5
21

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

%
10%
38%
14%
14%
24%
100%

Value
1
5
3.05
1.95
1.40
21

5. How many devices do you own with internet accessibility?

#
1
2
3

Answer
One
Two
Three or more
Total

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

Response
0
11
17
28

%
0%
39%
61%
100%

Value
2
3
2.61
0.25
0.50
28

6. Which is your preferred device for internet use?

#
1
2
3
4
5

Answer
Laptop/netbook/notebook
Smartphone
Tablet
Desktop Computer
Other
Total

Response
17
5
4
2
0
28

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

%
61%
18%
14%
7%
0%
100%

Value
1
4
1.68
0.97
0.98
28

7. Approximately how many hours would you say you spend on the
internet for recreational purposes daily?
#
1
2
3
4
5

Answer
Zero
One
Two
Three
Four or more
Total

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

Response
0
5
5
7
11
28

%
0%
18%
18%
25%
39%
100%

Value
2
5
3.86
1.31
1.15
28

8. Please list, in order of use, the means by which you gather your
news information
#

Answer

1
2
3
4
5

Television
Internet
Radio
Newspaper
Other
Total

1
25
1
0
0
27

16
2
4
1
4
27

7
0
10
8
2
27

1
0
9
12
5
27

2
0
3
6
16
27

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard
Deviation
Total
Responses

Total
Responses
27
27
27
27
27
-

Television
1
5
2.52
0.87

Internet
1
2
1.07
0.07

Radio
1
5
3.33
1.00

Newspaper
2
5
3.85
0.67

Other
2
5
4.22
1.26

0.94

0.27

1.00

0.82

1.12

27

27

27

27

27

9. Which do you prefer for your viewing of video content?

#
1
2

Answer
Television
Internet
streaming
Total

Statistic
Min Value
Max Value
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Total Responses

Response
8

%
30%

19

70%

27

100%

Value
1
2
1.70
0.22
0.47
27