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p()
x (t )
1
p ( ) sin (t ) d
m 0
(B-2)
Equation (B-2) is generally known as the Duhamel integral for an undamped system. It
may be used to evaluate the response of an undamped SDOF system to any form of
dynamic loading p(t), although in the case of arbitrary loadings the evaluation will have
to be performed numerically.
Equation (B-2) may also be expressed in the form
t
x (t ) p ( ) h(t ) d
(B-3)
1
sin (t )
m
(B-4)
Equation (B-3) is called the convolution integral; computing the response of a structure
to an arbitrary loading using this integral is known as obtaining the response through the
time domain. The function h(t - ) is generally referred to as the unit-impulse response
(defined in this case for an undamped system), because it expresses the response of the
system to an impulse of unit magnitude applied at time t = .
In Eq. (B-2) it has been tacitly assumed that the loading was initiated at time t = 0 and
that the structure was at rest at that time. For any other specified initial conditions, x(0)
0 and x (0) 0, an additional free-vibration response must be added to this solution;
thus, in general,
x(t )
t
x (0)
1
sin t x(0) cos t
p ( ) sin (t ) d
m 0
(B-5)
x(t ) sin t
1
1
p ( ) cos d cos t
p ( ) sin d
m 0
m 0
or
v (t ) A(t ) sin t B (t ) cos t
(B-6)
A(t )
where
1
p ( ) cos d
m 0
B (t )
1
p ( ) sin d
m 0
(B-7)
The numerical integration of the Duhamel integral thus requires the evaluation of the
integrals (t) and B (t) numerically. Consider, for example, the first of these; the
function to be integrated is depicted graphically in Fig. B-2. For convenience of
Richard P. Ray 2/8
numerical calculation, the function has been evaluated at equal time increments ,
successive values of the function being identified by appropriate subscripts. The value of
the integral can then be obtained approximately by summing these ordinates multiplied
by appropriate weighting factors. Expressed mathematically, this is
t
1
1
A(t )
y ( ) d
m 0
m
(t )
(B-8)
in which y() = p() cos and 1 / represents the numerical summation process,
A
the specific form of which depends on the order of the integration approximation being
used. For three elementary approximation procedures, the summations are performed as
follows:
p()
p0
p1
p3
p2
p4
cos
p()cos
=y()
y0
y1
p5
p6
y3
y2
y4
y5
y6
(t ) y
y1 y2 y N 1
(B-9a)
2 y1 2 y2 2 y N 1 y N
(B-9b)
4 y1 2 y2 4 y N 1 y N
(B-9c)
(t ) y
2
(t ) y
Using any of the summation processes of Eq. (B-9) with Eq. (B-8) leads to an
approximation of the integral for the specific time t under consideration. Generally,
however, the entire history of response is required rather than merely the displacement at
some specific time; in other words, the response must be evaluated successively at a
sequence of times t1, t2, ., where the interval between these times is (or 2 if
Simpson's rule is used). To provide this complete response history it is more convenient
to express the summations of Eq. (B-9) in incremental form:
Simple summation ( = 1):
A
(t ) (t ) p(t ) cos (t )
(B-10a)
v
W=96.6 k
p(t)
96.6 k
p(t)
k=2,700 k/ft
t
0.025 s 0.025 s
fs
Loading history
(tp 2)cos(t 2)
3 t)( 3 (t2) 4 (tp )cos(t) tp )( cos t
A A
(B-10c)
in which A (t-) represents the value of the summation determined at the preceding
time t - .
The evaluation of the term B (t) can be carried out in exactly the same way, that
is,
B(t )
1
m
(B-11)
in which B (t) can be evaluated by expressions identical to Eqs. (B-10) but with sine
functions replacing the cosine functions. Substituting Eqs. (B-8) and (B11) into Eq. (B6) leads to the final response equation for an undamped system:
B
1 A
x (t )
(B-12)
(t ) sin t (t ) cos t
m
kg
2,700(32.2)
30rad / s
96.6
2
0.209s
The time increment used in the numerical integration was = 0.005 s, which
corresponds to an angular increment in free vibrations of = 0.15 rad
(probably a longer increment would have given equally satisfactory results). In
this undamped analysis, the Simpson's rule summation was used; hence the factor
= 3 was used in Eqs. (B-10) to (B-12).
A hand solution of the first 10 steps of the undamped response is presented
in a convenient tabular format in Table 1, pg. 8. The operations performed in each
column are generally apparent from the labels at the top. and B represent
the summing of column 7 (or column 12) by groups of three terms, as indicated
by the braces. Column 17 is the term in square brackets of Eq. (B-12), and the
displacements given in column 18 were obtained by multiplying column 17 by
G=/m. The forces in the last column are given by f s = kv(t). It should be
noted that this is slide-rule work, so that the final results, which involve
differences of large numbers, are rather rough.
Since the blast loading terminates at the end of these 10 time steps, the
values of and B remain constant after this time. If these constant values of the
integrals designated * and B *, the free vibrations which follow the blast
loading are given by [see Eq. (B-6)]
x (t ) A
sin t B cos t
1/ 2
(1 ) ( t )
p ( )d
sin D (t )
m D
t>
(B-13)
in which the exponential decay begins as soon as the load is applied at time t = .
Summing these differential response terms over the entire loading interval then results in
x (t )
1
m D
p( ) e
( t )
sin D (t ) d
(B-14)
Comparing Eq. (B-14) with the convolution integral of Eq. (B-3) shows that the
unit-impulse response for a damped system is given by
h(t )
1
e ( t ) sin D (t )
mD
(B-15)
For numerical evaluation of the damped-system response, Eq. (B-14) may be
written in a form similar to Eq. (B-6):
x (t ) A(t ) sin D t B (t ) cos D t
(B-16)
Where, in this case,
1
A(t )
mD
B (t )
1
mD
e
p ( ) t cos D d
e
p (t )
e
sin D d
e t
(B-17)
1
A(t )
mD
(t )
(B-18)
in which the summations can be expressed for the different processes considered before
as follows:
Simple summation ( = 1):
A
A
(t ) (t ) p(t ) cos
2
(t ) exp ( )
p (t ) cos D t
(B-19b)
Simpsons rule (=3):
(t 2 ) exp( 2 )
3
3
(t ) ( t 2 ) p(t 2 ) cos
(B-19c)
The B(t) term is given by similar expressions involving the sine functions.