Help Arcgis 10.2.1

What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.
2
ArcGIS 10.2.2 is predominately a quality improvement release. For a list of issues that are fixed in
10.2.2, see 10.2.2 Issues Addressed List.
There is some new functionality in ArcGIS for Server and Portal for ArcGIS. See the following topics
for information on what's new in those products:
What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.2 for Server

What's new in Portal for ArcGIS 10.2.2
What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.1

What's New
ArcGIS 10.2.1 includes new functionality throughout the ArcGIS platform. That
functionality is summarized in the following sections:
Geoprocessing
There are a number of new tools, improvements to existing tools, and new ArcPy
functions at ArcGIS 10.2.1.
Highlights
Following are a few new tools and improvements of particular interest. Other
new tools and improvements can be found in the toolbox sections below.
Renaming fields
The new Alter Field Properties tool allows you to rename a field and change
its alias. The input table must be a geodatabase table or feature class;
shapefiles and coverages cannot have their field properties altered.
Near, Generate Near Table, and geodesic distance
The Generate Near Table and Near tools have been completely rewritten to
be dramatically faster and they now have an optional Method parameter that
determines how distances are computed. When Method is set to GEODESIC,
distances are calculated across the earth's surface. This is most accurate
when the distance between features is large and you want to minimize the
distortion Inherent in all projected coordinate systems, particularly in
projections like Web Mercator. When PLANAR, Euclidean distances are
calculated using the coordinates of the features and is appropriate for
projections that minimize distance distortion or when the distance between
features is small.
The improvements made to Generate Near Table have not yet been
implemented for the Point Distance tool. In most workflows, you can
use Generate Near Tablein place of Point Distance.
New conflation tools
The Editing toolbox now has a new Conflation toolset with five new tools for
edge matching and rubber sheeting.
Tools
Description
Edgematch Features
Modifies input line features by spatially adjusting their shapes, guided by the sp
so they become connected with the lines in the adjacent dataset.

Generate
Edgematch Links
Finds matching but disconnected line features along the edges of the source da
data's area, and generates edgematch links from the source lines to the matched ad
Generate
Rubbersheet Links
Finds where the source line features spatially match the target line featu
representing links from source locations to corresponding target locations for rub
Rubbersheet
Features
Modifies input line features by spatially adjusting them through rubbersheet

rubbersheet links, so they are better aligned with the intended target features.
Transfer Attributes
Finds where the source line features spatially match the target line features
attributes from source features to matched target features.
Tools in the Conflation toolset

In addition to these five new tools, the Data Comparison toolset in the Data
Management toolbox has a new Detect Feature Changes tool that is useful in
conflation workflows.
Similarity Search
The Spatial Statistics toolbox has one new tool, Similarity Search that
identifies which candidate features are most similar or most dissimilar to one
or more input features based on feature attributes.
Add Geometry Attributes
The Add Geometry Attributes tool adds new attribute fields to the input
features representing the spatial or geometric characteristics and location of
each feature, such as length or area and x-, y-, z-, and m-coordinates.
Geoprocessing services
You can find geoprocessing services when searching ArcGIS Online and open
the link to the service. Opening the link will add the geoprocessing service as
a toolbox to the ArcToolbox window.
3D Analyst toolbox
The following tools now support the LAS dataset:
Stack Profile
Surface Aspect
Surface Contour
Surface Slope
The default resampling technique for the following tools has been changed from
Nearest Neighbor to Bilinear interpolation:
Raster
Surface
toolset: Aspect, Contour, Contour
Fill, Hillshade, Slope.
Visibility toolset: Observer Points, Viewshed, Visibility
Data Management toolbox
New tools
List, Curvature, Cut
Migrate Relationship Class tool is used to prepare your relationship class or

attachment to participate in feature services that will be used in offline editing
workflows. See Authoring feature services for information on preparing data
for offline use.
The Data Comparison toolset has one new tool:
Detect Feature Changes
As mentioned in the highlights section above:
The Fields toolset has the new Alter Field Properties tool for renaming
fields and their alias.
The Features toolset has the new Add Geometry Attributes tool adds new
attribute fields to the input features representing the spatial or geometric
characteristics and location of each feature.
The Geometric network toolset has three new tools:
Find Disconnected Features In Geometric Network Verify And Repair Geometric
Network ConnectivityRebuild Geometric Network
The Versions toolset has two new tools for version conflict management:
Add Field Conflict FilterRemove Field Conflict Filter
The Raster toolset has two new tools:
Export Mosaic Dataset GeometryExport Mosaic Dataset Items
Editing toolbox
New tools
As described in the highlights section above, there is a new Conflation
toolset containing five new tools:
Edgematch
FeaturesGenerate
Edgematch
LinksGenerate
Rubbersheet
LinksRubbersheet FeaturesTransfer Attributes
Geostatistical Analyst toolbox
Improvements have been made to the Empirical Bayesian Kriging, and GA
Layer to Contour tools.
For more information, see the Extensions section below.
Network Analyst toolbox
New tools
The Server toolset has a new tool:
Find Closest Facilities
Tools with new parameters
Update Traffic Data has a new Speed Unit parameter so you don't need to
convert your traffic feed data into miles per hour.
Spatial Statistics toolbox
New tools
As described in the highlights section above, the Mapping Clusters toolset has
one new tool:
Similarity Search
Spatial Analyst toolbox
A new Rescale by Function tool has been added to the Reclass toolset.
Improvements have been made to the Kernel Density and Point Density tools.
The default resampling technique for all the Surface tools (except for Contour
with Barriers) has been changed from Nearest Neighbor to Bilinear interpolation.
For more information, see the Extensions section below.

Python and ArcPy
ArcGIS 10.2.1 has been upgraded to include Python 2.7.5. Third-party Python
libraries have also been upgraded: NumPy has been upgraded to 1.7.1 and
matplotlib to 1.3.0.
ArcPy geometry objects now support cut, measureOnLine, snapToLine,
and queryPointAndDistance methods.
Previously
existing
geometry
methodsgetArea and getLength now have an optional units argument to
control the units the values will be calculated in.
Geodata
Geodatabases and databases
New tools are available to work with geometric networks
As mentioned in the Geoprocessing section, three new tools have been added
to help discover and correct invalid data within a geometric network:
Find Disconnected Features In Geometric Network

Verify And Repair Geometric Network Connectivity
Rebuild Geometric Network
All three tools can be found in the Geometric Network toolset of the Data
Management toolbox.
In addition, the Verify Connectivity and Repair Connectivity commands on
the Geometric Network Editing toolbar in ArcMap now have the option to be
run against the geometric network features within the current extent of the
map to perform more exhaustive checks on those features. These checks are
limited to an extent because they compare the geometric coincidence of
network features with the logical connectivity and, therefore, take more time to
complete.
New version conflict management tools and functionality are available
Buttons have been added to the Conflict Management dialog box that allow
you to view only those fields in conflict. For more information, see A quick tour
of reviewing conflicts.
Also new for version conflict management at ArcGIS 10.2.1 are the following
two geoprocessing tools, which provide the ability to filter specific fields during
conflict detection if the Define Conflicts by Attribute setting is used during
the reconcile process. These tools can be found in the Versions toolset of the
Data Management toolbox.
Add Field Conflict Filter
Remove Field Conflict Filter
You can use the new ListFieldConflictFilters ArcPy function to
determine which fields have conflict filters.
New database version and operating system support
Support has been added to connect to new versions of IBM DB2,
PostgreSQL, and Oracle from ArcGIS 10.2.1. For information on supported
database versions, see the ArcGIS RDBMS system requirements pages.
Also beginning with ArcGIS 10.2.1, you can connect from ArcGIS for
Server on a Linux box to a DB2 database on the z operating system.
Raster
You can now view Landsat 8 data in its native format. The Landsat 8 raster
type allows you to ingest Landsat 8 data into your mosaic dataset. The Landsat
8 raster product allows you add layers, that are processed on-the-fly, into the
display.
There two new raster geoprocessing tools:
Tool name
Description
Export Mosaic Dataset Items
Outputs all or selected processed mosaic dataset items to a specifie
Export Mosaic Dataset Geometry
Outputs the footprint, boundary, and seamlines of a mosaic dataset
Additionally, there are existing geoprocessing tools that have new parameters added:
Tool name
New parameters
Register Raster
Maximum RMS
Split Raster
Split Polygon Feature Class, Clip Type, and Template Extent
There is a new raster function available:

Function name
Binary thresholding
Description
Convert your raster into foreground and background values, based on the Otsu a
Lidar - LAS Optimizer Utility

The LAS Optimizer improves archiving, sharing, and use of LAS format lidar.
This freely available utility provides compression and decompression
capabilities, leading to significant reduction in LAS file size. Anyone, with or
without ArcGIS, can take advantage of this technology. Licensed ArcGIS users
have the added benefit of being able to work with Optimized LAS files (*.zlas)
directly in ArcGIS without needing to decompress them first by adding them to a
LAS Dataset. The optimized LAS files also include statistics and spatial indexes
that regular LAS files don't have, so they're actually easier and more efficient to
use. Since optimized LAS files are indexed, queries to retrieve data from them
are significantly more efficient than regular LAS. The LAS Optimizer utility can
be found on the 3D GIS community gallery.
CAD
Direct-read support has been certified for the AutoCAD 2014 DWG drawing file
format, software version 19.1. This DWG file format was introduced by Autodesk
for all AutoCAD 2013 and AutoCAD 2014 related products and is a critical
format for customers who work with AutoCAD source data.
Metadata
A new ISO 19139 metadata style is available that exports XML files that
reference the GML 3.2.1 namespace and validates with XML Schemas that also
reference this namespace. For more information about this new style,
see Support for ISO metadata standards.
Shapefiles
Shapefiles created with ArcGIS 10.2.1 and subsequent releases use UTF-8
encoding. This allows you to share shapefiles across computers with different
locale settings.
Geocoding
Single-field batch geocoding
In addition to geocoding a table of addresses in multiple fields, you can geocode
addresses that are stored in a single field. A single input field stores the
complete address, for example, 303 Peachtree St NE, Atlanta GA
30308. See Geocoding a table of addresses in ArcMap or Geocode Addresses
geoprocessing tool.
Zooming to found locations
Zooming to the predefined area of the found location is supported in
the Find dialog box, Geocoding toolbar, or Interactive Rematch dialog box.
This feature is possible when predefined x,y minimums and maximums exist for
each feature from the reference data. See Understanding address locator styles.
Local search on a specified proximity
Local search is enabled when you zoom in to the map on a radius that is less
than 50,000 meters when using the ArcGIS Online World Geocoding service in
ArcMap. ArcGIS sorts the candidates based on the proximity to the center of the
map. The priority of candidates within this area is boosted relative to those
outside the area. If no candidates are found in the area, candidates outside the
area are searched.
Locator as ArcGIS Runtime content
By enabling the locator to work with ArcGIS Runtime, your Runtime applications
can geocode against the locator, including when disconnected from the Internet.
Services
For a summary of what new and improved functionality is available in ArcGIS
10.2.1 for Server and ArcGIS 10.2.1 Web Adaptor, see What's new in ArcGIS
10.2.1 for Server. For Portal for ArcGIS, see What's new in Portal for ArcGIS
10.2.1.
Extensions
ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst extension
Empirical Bayesian Kriging now supports additional semivariogram models.
These additional models will allow more accurate modeling of data with different
spatial properties.
The performance of GA Layer to Contour tool has been improved by utilizing
multiple computer cores.
The contouring algorithm for drawing geostatistical layers has been made
parallel to utilize multiple computer cores. This will be most noticeable when
using Empirical Bayesian Kriging.
ArcGIS Network Analyst extension
ArcGIS Online network services

If you don't have access to reliable street data or a Network Analyst license, or
even to ArcGIS for Desktop, it's still possible to perform network analyses by
using ArcGIS Online services.
The ArcGIS Online network services reference a continually growing,
worldwide dataset of streets, which Esri and its partners curate. Use an
organizational account and the Ready-To-Use Services in ArcMap to generate
service areas, find closest facilities, route one vehicle at a time, or route an
entire fleet of up to 100 vehicles to optimally service as many as 20,000
orders. (The Ready-To-Use Services are available in the Catalog window in
ArcGIS 10.2 for Desktop and later releases.)
If you seek a simple solution or don't have access to ArcMap, solve network
problems in your web browser. With an organizational account, you
can perform analysis in the ArcGIS.com Viewer, including generating drivetime areas and finding what's nearest in terms of driving time or driving
distance.
ArcGIS Runtime transportation networks
Route vehicles on mobile devices, even when disconnected from the Internet,
by using ArcGIS Runtime and transportation networks. ArcGIS 10.2.1 lets you
package a network dataset into a transportation network, which you can
distribute with your Runtime application to support offline routing. By also
including a Runtime-enabled locator, your offline users can find addresses or
other locations and route between them.
Network Analyst Tools Toolbox
Find Closest Facilities was added to the Network Analyst Tool toolbox to make
it easier to create services to find the nearest facilities, such as restaurants,
hospitals, and ATMs.
Generate Service Areas and Find Closest Facilities have a Time Zone Usage
parameter that lets you choose between specifying UTC times or times based
on the time zone in which the input points are located.
Network Analyst Python module
GenerateDirectionsFeatures, a new function in the Network Analyst
Python module, produces text directions as a feature class that pairs each
piece of the text direction with a corresponding line feature on the map. Use
the output feature class to visualize turns and other maneuvers.
Also,StreetDirectionProperties lets you learn what languages, units,
and so on are available for directions so it's easier to work with and generate
language- and region-specific directions.
ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension
New tools for Spatial Analyst
There is a new tool in the Reclass toolset for reclassification of continuous
raster data. It rescales the input raster values by applying linear and nonlinear
transformation functions and then transforming the resulting function values
onto a specified continuous evaluation scale.
Rescale by Function
Spatial Analyst Python module
A set of new Transformation Function ArcPy classes has been added to

support the new Rescale by Function tool.
Improved Density tools
The Kernel Density and Point Density tools have an improved method for
calculating the default radius.
Improved Surface tools
For the tools in the Surface toolset, the default resampling method is changed
from Nearest Neighbor to Bilinear. This is to give improved results when
analyzing continuous raster surfaces.
Data Interoperability extension
The Data Interoperability Extension now supports Safe Softwares Feature
Manipulation Engine 2013 SP1 (FME 2103 SP1). FME 2103 SP1 includes
enhanced support for additional column types in Excel and reading and writing
of the Salesforce data format.
Apps
See these topics for new functionality in apps:
Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS

Collector for ArcGIS
ArcGIS app for smartphones and tablets (Android, iOS, Windows Phone)
ArcGIS for Windows Mobile
ArcPad
SDKs and APIs
New software development kits (SDKs) released since ArcGIS 10.2 include:
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for OS X
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Qt

See these topics for what's new in existing mobile and Runtime SDKs:
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Android

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for iOS
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Java (Windows and Linux)
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Windows Mobile (previously ArcGIS Mobile
SDK)
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Windows Phone
ArcGIS Runtime SDK for WPF (for Windows)
ArcPad (includes what's new for developers)

See the following topics for information on what's new in Web APIs:
ArcGIS API for Flex
ArcGIS API for JavaScript
ArcGIS API for Silverlight

For information on changes and new features for REST developers, see:
ArcGIS REST specification
I. INTRODUCTION
1.Mapping and visualization in ArcGIS for Desktop

Desktop Mapping
ArcGIS for Desktop has three applications that can be used for mapping and
visualization:
ArcMap is the main application used in ArcGIS for Desktop for mapping,
editing, analysis, and data management. ArcMap is used for all 2D mapping work
and visualization.
See What is ArcMap? for more information.
ArcGlobe is used for seamless 3D visualization of geographic data using a

continuous global view. This application is generally designed to be used with
very large datasets that are displayed using varying levels of detail. ArcGlobe is
part of the optional ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension.
ArcScene is used for 3D visualization of focused scenes or areas. It creates a

3D scene view that you can navigate and interact with for enclosed areas of
interest. ArcScene is also part of the ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension.
See Working with ArcScene and ArcGlobe to learn more about the ArcGIS for
Desktop applications which allow you to visualize data in a 3D environment.
The remainder of this help book provides extensive documentation on using ArcMap.
The links above will take you to help for ArcScene and ArcGlobe.
2.What is ArcMap?
Desktop Mapping
This section provides an introduction and overview to ArcMap, which is the central
application used in ArcGIS. ArcMap is where you display and explore GIS datasets
for your study area, where you assign symbols, and where you create map layouts
for printing or publication. ArcMap is also the application you use to create and edit
datasets.
ArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers and other
elements in a map. Common map elements include the data frame containing map
layers for a given extent plus a scale bar, north arrow, title, descriptive text, a symbol
legend, and so on.
Typical tasks performed in ArcMap
ArcMap is the primary application used in ArcGIS and is used to perform a wide
range of common GIS tasks as well as specialized, user-specific tasks. Here is a
list of some common workflows you can perform:
Work with mapsYou can open and use ArcMap documents to explore
information, navigate around your map documents, turn layers on and off, query
features to access the rich attribute data that is behind the map, and to
visualize geographic information.
Print mapsYou can print maps, from the simplest to very sophisticated
cartography, using ArcMap.
Compile and edit GIS datasetsArcMap provides one of the primary ways
that users automate geodatabase datasets. ArcMap supports scalable fullfunctionediting. You select layers in the map document to edit and the new and
updated features are saved in the layer's dataset.
Use geoprocessing to automate work and perform analysisGIS is both
visual and analytical. ArcMap has the ability to execute any geoprocessing
model or script as well as to view and work with the results through map
visualization. Geoprocessing can be used for analysis as well as to automate
many mundane tasks such as map book generation, repairing broken data links
in a collection of map documents, and to perform GIS data processing.
Organize and manage your geodatabases and ArcGIS documents
ArcMap includes the Catalog window that enables you to organize all of your
GIS datasets and geodatabases, your map documents and other ArcGIS files,
your geoprocessing tools, and many other GIS information sets. You can also
set up and manage geodatabase schemas in the Catalog window.
Publish map documents as map services using ArcGIS for Server
ArcGIS content is brought to life on the web by publishing geographic
information as a series of map services. ArcMap provides a simple user
experience for publishing your map documents as map services.
Share maps, layers, geoprocessing models, and geodatabases with
other usersArcMap includes tools that make it easy to package and share
GIS datasets with other users. This includes the ability to share your GIS maps
and data using ArcGIS Online.
Document your geographic informationA key goal in GIS communities is
to describe your geographic information sets to help you document your
projects and for more effective search and data sharing. Using the Catalog
window, you can document all of your GIS contents. For organizations who
use standards-based metadata, you can also document your datasets using the
ArcGIS metadata editor.
Customize the user experienceArcMap includes tools for customization,
including the ability to write software add-ins to add new functionality, to simplify
and streamline the user interface, and to use geoprocessing for task
automation.
3.A quick tour of ArcMap

Desktop Mapping
ArcMap represents geographic information as a collection of layers and other
elements in a map view. There are two primary map views in ArcMap: the data view
and the layout view.
The data frame provides a geographic window, or map frame, in which you can
display and work with geographic information as a series of map layers. The layout
view provides a page view where map elements (such as the data frame, a scale bar,
and a map title) are arranged on a page for map printing.
ArcMap documents
When you save a map you have created in ArcMap, it will be saved as a file on
disk. This is an ArcMap document and is referred to as a map document or mxd
since the file name extension (.mxd) is automatically appended to your map
document name. You can work with an existing .mxd file by double-clicking the
document to open it. This will start an ArcMap session for that .mxd file.
Map documents contain display properties of the geographic information that you
work with in the mapsuch as the properties and definitions of your map layers,
data frames, and the map layout for printingplus any optional customizations
and macros that you add to your map.
Views in ArcMap
ArcMap displays map contents in one of two views:
Data view
Layout view
Each view lets you look at and interact with the map in a specific way.
In ArcMap data view, the map is the data frame. The active data frame is
presented as a geographic window in which map layers are displayed and used.
Within a data frame, you work with GIS information presented through map layers
using geographic (real-world) coordinates. These will typically be ground
measurements in units such as feet, meters, or measures of latitude-longitude
(such as decimal degrees). The data view hides all the map elements on the
layout, such as titles, north arrows, and scale bars, and lets you focus on the data
in a single data frame, for instance, editing or analysis.
Learn more about using data frames
When you're preparing your map's layout, you'll want to work with your map in
page layout view. A page layout is a collection of map elements (such as a data
frame, map title, scale bar, north arrow, and a symbol legend) arranged on a page.
Layouts are used for composing maps for printing or export to formats such as
Adobe PDF.
The Layout view is used to design and author a map for printing, exporting, or
publishing. You can manage map elements within the page space (typically, in
inches or centimeters), add new map elements, and preview what your map will
look like before exporting or printing it. Common map elements include data
frames with map layers, scale bars, north arrows, symbol legends, map titles, text,
and other graphic elements.
Learn more about page layouts
Map layers
Within the data frame, you display geographic datasets as layers, where each
layer represents a particular dataset overlaid in the map. Map layers help convey
information through:
Discrete feature classes such as collections of points, lines, and polygons

Continuous surfaces, such as elevation, which can be represented in a
number of waysfor example, as a collection of contour lines and elevation
points or as shaded relief
Aerial photography or satellite imagery that covers the map extent
Example map layers include streams and lakes, terrain, roads, political
boundaries, parcels, building footprints, utility lines, and orthophoto imagery.
In addition to representing geographic information, each layer's map symbols, colors, and labels
help describe the objects in the map. You can interact with the layers displayed in
each data frame to query each feature and see its attributes, perform analytical
operations, and to edit and add new features to each dataset.
A layer doesn't store the actual geographic data. Instead, it references a dataset,
such as a feature class, an image, a grid, and so on. Referencing data in this way
allows the layers on a map to automatically reflect the most up-to-date information
in your GIS database.
In ArcMap, you specify properties for each map layer, such as its map symbols
and labeling rules, by right-clicking the layer in the table of contents and
clickingProperties or by double-clicking on the layer name.
Learn more about map layers
The Table of Contents

The table of contents lists
all the layers on the map
and shows what the
features in each layer
represent. The check box
next
to
each
layer
indicates
whether
its
display is currently turned
on or off. The order of
layers within the table of
contents specifies their
drawing order in the data
frame.
The
map's
table
of
contents
helps
you
manage the display order
of map layers and symbol assignment, as well as to set the display and other
properties of each map layer.
A typical map might have an image or a terrain base (such as shaded relief or
elevation contours) near the bottom. Next comes basemap polygon features,
followed by line and point features near the top, and then annotation and other
reference information.
Learn more about using the table of contents
Page layouts
A page layout is the arrangement of map elements and their overall design on a
printed page or a digital map display. It is one of the primary display views that you
work with in ArcMapprimarily to create maps for printing or for export and
sharing using PDF.
Example map elements include a title, legend, north arrow, scale bar, and a data
frame.
You can have more than one data frame in a map. This is often useful for map
pages that contain multiple windows in your layouts (for example, to include a
locator or index map that references the location of the primary data frame).
Learn more about page layouts
Saving and opening a map document

When you save a map you have created in ArcMap, it will be saved as a file on
disk. A file name extension (.mxd) will be automatically appended to your map
document name. In later sessions, you can work with an existing .mxd file by
double-clicking the document to open it. This will start an ArcMap session for
that .mxd file.
The Catalog Window

ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene include a Catalog window that is used to
organize and manage various types of geographic information as logical
collectionsfor example, the data, maps, and results of your current GIS projects
that you work with in ArcGIS.
The Catalog window provides a tree view of file folders and geodatabases. File
folders are used to organize your ArcGIS documents and files. Geodatabases are
used to organize your GIS datasets.
Learn more about the Catalog window
The Home folder for a map

One of the key workspaces in ArcMap is each map document's home folder,
which is the folder location where your map document is stored. The Home
folder is used by default in ArcMap to save results, store new datasets, and to
access file-based information.
Learn more about the Home folder

The default geodatabase for a map
Each map document has a default
geodatabase, which is the home
location for the spatial content of your
map. This location is used for adding
datasets and for saving resulting
datasets created by various editing and
geoprocessing operations.
Learn more about the default geodatabase
Using search in ArcMap

ArcGIS includes the ability to search for
GIS content and to put it work quickly
for example, by adding a search result to
your map or by inserting a result item into
a geoprocessing operation.
4.Essential ArcMap vocabulary

Desktop Mapping
Map document (.mxd)

A map used in ArcMap that is stored as a file on disk. Each map document
contains the specifications for the map layers, the page layout, and all other map
properties. Map documents make it easy to save, reuse, and share your work in
ArcMap. Double-clicking a map document opens it as a new ArcMap session.
Layer
A map layer defines how a GIS dataset is symbolized and labeled (i.e., portrayed)
in your map views. Each layer represents geographic data in ArcMap such as a
particular theme of data. Example map layers include streams and lakes, terrain,
roads, political boundaries, parcels, building footprints, utility lines, and
orthophoto imagery.
Table of contents
The table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features
in each layer represent. The check box next to each layer indicates whether its
display is currently turned on or off. The order of layers within the table of
contents specifies their drawing order in the data frame from bottom to top.
The map's table of contents helps you
manage the display order of map layers
and symbol assignment, as well as to set
the display and other properties of each
map layer.
Data frame
The data frame displays a collection of
layers drawn in a particular order for a
given map extent and map projection. The
table of contents on the left side of the map
window shows the list of layers in the data
frame.
Page layouts
A layout is a collection of map elements laid out and organized on a page.
Common map elements include one or more data frames (each containing an
ordered set of map layers), a scale bar, north arrow, map title, descriptive text,
and a symbol legend.
The Catalog Window

ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene include a Catalog window that is used to
organize and manage various types of geographic information as logical
collectionsfor example, the data, maps, and results of your current GIS projects
that you work with in ArcGIS.
The Catalog window provides a tree view of file folders and geodatabases. File
folders are used to organize your ArcGIS documents and files. Geodatabases are
used to organize your GIS datasets.
Labels
Labels are text strings that are used to label features within map layers.
Properties define the attribute column used as the source of the text string and
how the label is portrayed in your map. Labels are dynamicLabel display is
recomputed each time the map is redrawn (e.g., as you pan and zoom the map).
Annotation
Annotation is used to represent feature labels that are saved as graphic feature
locations in the geodatabase. The text location is saved along with other text
properties for each annotation feature. Annotation differs from labels because
each annotation location and depiction is only computed once and saved. These
are reused each time you redraw your map. Since the annotation position is
preset, no label computation need be done each time the map is redrawn.
Symbols
Symbols are graphic elements that are used in map displays. There are a number
of symbol types, such as:
Markers which are primarily used to display point locations
Line symbols used to display linear features and boundaries
Fill symbols used to fill in polygons
Text symbols used to set the font, size, color, and other text properties.
Styles
A style is a collection of symbols, colors, and map elements that match a theme
or application domainfor example, a style set for transportation maps or
geology maps.
Basemap layers
A basemap is used for locational reference and provides a framework on which
users overlay or mashup their operational layers, perform tasks, and visualize
geographic information. In ArcMap, a basemap layer can be used to hold map
layers that are more static and thus can be used to support high performance,
dynamic map display.
II. WORKING WITH ArcMAP

1.Starting ArcMap
Desktop Mapping
You can access ArcMap from the Start button on the Windows task bar. Alternatively,
you can double-click an ArcMap document (.mxd file) to start ArcMap with the desired
map.
Selecting the map on startup

When you start ArcMap from the Windows task bar, ArcMap will display a Getting
Started dialog box from which you can pick an existing map or choose to create a
new map.
Double-click an existing map document to open it, or create a new one by

clicking New Maps.
The My Templates category displays the map documents (.mxd files) in the
Templates folder in your application settings folder. This gives you a place to put
map documents for use as templates that doesn't require access to the ArcGIS
software installation folder. Only you will be able to see templates you put in this
folder.
This
folder
is
located
at %APPDATA
%\ESRI\Desktop10.2\ArcMap\Templates.
Learn more about using map templates
When you are authoring a new map document, you can set its default
geodatabase. Each map document has a default geodatabase, which is the home
location for the spatial content of your map. This location is used for adding
datasets and saving resulting datasets created through various editing and
geoprocessing operations.
Learn more about setting the default geodatabase
If you open an existing map document, this field is read-only and shows you the
default geodatabase of the map document you open. You can change its default
geodatabase at any time via either the Catalog window (right-click the
geodatabase you want to use as the default for your current document and
choose Make Default Geodatabase) or the Map Document Properties dialog box
(click File > Map Document Properties).
From within ArcMap, you can also create a new map by doing one of the following:
Click the New button

on the main menu.
Click File > New or press CTRL+N.

Tip:
You can turn on or off the splash screen and the Getting Started dialog box by
clicking Customize > ArcMap
Options and
toggling
the
options
on
the General tab.
2.Opening a map document

Desktop Mapping
There are a number of ways to open a map in ArcMap. You can:
Double-click on a map document to open it.
Select it in the ArcMap Getting Started dialog box.

Click the Open button on the Standard toolbar.
This topic describes each of these alternatives
Double-click to open a map document

1.
In Windows Explorer, navigate to the map document's location.
2.
Double-click the document to open it.
Select a map in the ArcMap Getting Started dialog box

1.
When you start ArcMap from the Windows Start menu, you'll see the
ArcMap Getting Started dialog box.
2.
Select an existing map or browse to it to open it in ArcMap.
Opening another map from an ArcMap session

If you are already working in ArcMap, you can choose to open another map
document. This will close your existing map and open the new one in its place.
There are three ways to change your map to another one:
Click
the Open button
on
the Standard toolbar
(or
use
the
shortcut CTRL+O).
Double-click on a map document in the Catalog window.
Use the Search window to find a map and double-click to open it in ArcMap.
Be sure to save your work in your existing map as it will be closed when the new
map is opened.
3.Setting map document properties

Desktop Mapping
The Map Document Properties dialog box contains fields and options that help you
make your map document more usable. This dialog box also displays times when the
document was last saved, last printed, or last exported.
You can access this dialog box in two ways. From ArcMap, click File > Map Document
Properties. From ArcCatalog or the Catalog window, right-click the map document in
the tree view and click Properties.
Note:
All the settings in this dialog box only apply to your current document.
Entering information about your map document

This dialog box includes fields where you can enter information describing your
map. This includes
TitleIn ArcMap, the contents of this field are used when you choose Insert > Title to
add a title to your map layout, and if you update this field, it is automatically reflected in
the title of your map the next time the map layout is redrawn. If this field is empty when
you choose Insert > Title, you'll be prompted by ArcMap to enter a title, and this field is
automatically populated with the title you enter.
SummaryContains brief information about your map document. When you share
your map as a package or as a service, the text entered here will automatically be used
by the Summary in the Item Description tab.
Caution:
You can change this text when setting the item descriptions for a map
package or a map service. However, any changes you make will not be
reflected in the map document properties. The changes you make will only be
for the map package or for the map service.
A summary is required when sharing a map as a package, publishing to
ArcGIS Online or sharing a service withArcGIS Online.
DescriptionCan contain more detailed information about your map

document. When you share your map as a package or as a service, the text
entered here will automatically be used by the Description in the Item
Description tab.
Caution:
AuthorAcknowledgment indicating who authored the map document.

CreditsAcknowledgment indicating who contributed to the map document.
When you share your map as a package or as a service, the text entered here
will automatically be used by the Credits in the Item Description tab.
Caution:
TagsSeparate tags with a single comma (,). Tags make it easier to find this
document when you or someone else searches for it.
Caution:
Tags are required when sharing a map as a package, publishing to or sharing
a service with ArcGIS Online.
Setting a hyperlink base

Paths or URLs for field-based hyperlinks accessed from this document will be
preceded by this base. For example, if the hyperlink base is set to D:\Data, then
the values in the field or fields used as hyperlinks to documents don't have to
contain D:\Data. They can just contain the name of the file.
Using this property makes it easier to manage hyperlinks, because if the location of
the targets changes, you can simply edit this one setting instead of having to edit
each value of the field providing the hyperlink targets. The Hyperlink Base setting
has no effect on dynamic hyperlinks or on field-based hyperlinks to macros.
You don't need to add a slash separator to the end of the hyperlink base you
specify. By default, ArcGIS automatically adds a slash to the end of the hyperlink
basea forward slash (/) in the case of a hyperlink to a URL and a backward slash
(\) in the case of a hyperlink to a document.
Learn more about using hyperlinks
Setting a default geodatabase

Each map document has a default geodatabase, which is the home location for the
spatial content of your map. This location is used for adding datasets and for saving
resultant datasets created by various editing and geoprocessing operations. For
example, when you export features from a layer, the data will be saved in the map's
default geodatabase unless specified otherwise. The default geodatabase is
synchronized with Current Workspace of Geoprocessing Environments; therefore,
all output from tools or models will be saved to this default location.
This property can't be changed if you accessed this dialog box by right-clicking a
document in the Catalog window (unless the document you right-clicked is the
current document you have open in the application) or in ArcCatalog.
Legacy: If no default geodatabase is shown when you access this dialog box in
the Catalog window or ArcCatalog, you are looking at the properties of an 8.x or 9.x
document. Once that document has been saved using ArcGIS 10.0 or later, the
default geodatabase that it uses will be shown here.
Learn more about setting the Default Geodatabase
Changing how the document references data

You can define how path references are maintained in your document by checking
or unchecking Store relative pathnames to data source. If this box is checked,
paths are stored as incomplete paths that are relative to the current location of this
document on disk. Using relative paths makes the map document more easily
portable because ArcGIS will resolve the paths to the document's data sources
relative to the document's current location in the file system rather than by full paths
that include a drive letter or machine name.
Using relative paths doesn't mean that the layers in your document will never need
repairing. Even with relative paths, it is still possible for a document to be unable to
find its data sources if the document or the data sources are moved to a different
location relative to each other, such as to a different part of the folder hierarchy or
to a different disk.
This setting only applies to how the document references file-based data (such as
file geodatabases, shapefiles, coverages, and raster files) and data in personal
geodatabases. It has no effect on how the document references data on servers.
Layers representing data and services on these servers reference them directly by
server name rather than via paths.
Learn more about referencing data in the map
Tip:If you want all your new maps to be stored with relative paths, you will need to specify
relative paths as the default. Click Customize > ArcMap Options to open the ArcMap
Options dialog box, then click the General tab. Check the option to Make relative paths the
default for new map documents. This setting is stored in the registry.
Making a thumbnail of your map

A thumbnail is a graphic illustrating the data an item contains. Thumbnails can be
particularly helpful when you are evaluating the items you've found with a search,
especially when you are searching a geoportal or metadata catalog where you
might not have access to the actual item and can't preview its data.
The thumbnail is captured at the time you press the button, so changes you make
to the contents of the document after you have pressed this button are not
reflected. In ArcMap the thumbnail snapshot is a picture of your map's full layout
page.
Thumbnails are not dynamic, so once you create a thumbnail it won't reflect any
changes you make in your map until you delete it and re-create it. To re-create the
thumbnail for the document, click Delete Thumbnail and click Make Thumbnail.
Learn more about creating a thumbnail for maps
4.Adding layers to a map

Desktop Mapping
Each layer references a dataset that is stored in a geodatabase, coverage, shapefile,

raster, and so on. It's easy to add layers to a mapyou simply select a dataset and
drag it from the Catalog or Search window onto your map or add a dataset using
the Add Data button.
Once each layer is added to your map, you'll typically set the symbology and labeling
properties and organize the drawing order of the layers in your table of contents to
make your map work well.
If your data is stored in a format supported by ArcMap, you can add it directly to your
map as a layer. If your data isn't stored in a supported format, you can use the data
conversion utilities in ArcToolbox or the Data Interoperability extension to convert
practically any data and display it in your map.
Adding map layers

There are a number of ways to add map layers. Each of them is covered here.
Adding a dataset
To create a new map layer, simply add a dataset to your map, globe, or 3D scene.
There are a few ways to add datasets:
Using the Add Data buttonClick the Add Data button

the desired dataset. Then select and add it to your map.
Tip: When you use the Add Data button in ArcMap for the first time in a new
session, it automatically returns to the last location you added data from. By
unchecking Return to last used location when Add Data dialog first used on
the General tab of the ArcMap Options dialog box, the Add Data dialog box
will instead default to the top level of the Catalog tree. This improves the
performance of the Add Data command because you don't have to wait while it
reconnects to the network drive, database location, or GIS server that you
accessed in your previous session. To open the ArcMap Options dialog box,
click Customize > ArcMap Options.
Copying or dragging a layerYou can move layers between data frames or
maps by copying and pasting or dragging the layer from one data frame to
another.
Dragging a dataset from the Catalog windowYou can navigate to
datasets and add them directly in ArcMap. Using the Catalog window, navigate
to the desired dataset. Drag the dataset into the map's data frame.
and navigate to
Dragging a dataset from the Search windowYou can add data to your
map from the Search window. Click Data, enter the search terms to find the
desired dataset, then drag the dataset into the map's data frame.
See Using search in ArcGIS for more information.
Dragging a dataset from ArcCatalogYou can add data to your map from
the ArcCatalog application. In ArcCatalog, navigate to the desired dataset. Then
drag it onto the ArcMap data frame.
Adding multiple datasetsYou can select and add multiple datasets at one time
by highlighting all of the desired datasets instead of a single one when adding.
Tip:
When you uncheck the Make newly added layers visible by default option on
the General tab of the ArcMap Optionsdialog box, new layers that you add will
appear in the table of contents but not be automatically turned on (drawn on the
map). For example, if you are working with large datasets that may take a long
time to draw, it might be good to uncheck this box so you can set properties before
turning on the layer in the table of contents. Open the dialog box by
clicking Customize > ArcMap Options.
Adding data from ArcGIS Online

You can add data and layers that are published and shared online by the ArcGIS
community. See Adding data from ArcGIS online for more information.
Setting layer symbology

When you create a new layer by adding a dataset, the layer will be drawn using a
default set of drawing properties. So one of your first steps will be to set the layer's
symbology and other display properties.
See About displaying layers for more information.
Setting the layer drawing order
When adding a new layer, it will automatically be placed above others of the same
type. For example, a new line feature will be placed above other line features.
Thus, you'll want to position layers appropriately. For example, you may want to
place layers that form the background of your map, such as an ocean layer, at or
near the bottom of the table of contents.
The default layer drawing orderIf you simultaneously add a number of datasets
to your map, the new layers in your map will be ordered as follows (raster on the
bottom):
1.
Annotation
2.
Features
Point
Line
Polygon
TIN/Terrain
Raster
For more information, see Listing by drawing order.
Common layer operations

Once a layer is part of a map, you can do all of the following:
Toggle the layer display on and off.

Move layers from one data frame to another.
Set scale-dependent drawing for your layer.
Choose which features or subset of features to display.
Set layer properties and symbolize the layer.
Label the layer.
Save layers and layer packages for sharing.
Display and work with tabular information about a layer.
Organize a logical collection of layers into a group layer for various purposes.
Add the layer to a basemap layer for increased display performance.
When layers aren't being drawn on the map

When layers are turned on but are not being drawn on the map, the table of
contents may provide some clues. In the table of contents below, all the layers are
checked on for display, but the parks and lakes layers do not appear in the map
display.
In the example below, the parks layer is not drawing because the link to its data
source is broken, indicated by the red exclamation point (!) beside the check box.
The lakes layer is not drawing because the current display map scale of the data
frame is outside the layer's visible scale range, indicated by the dimmed scale bar
under the check box.
See repairing broken data links and displaying layers at certain scales for more information.
Removing layers from a map

When you no longer need a layer on your map, you can remove it. Select the layer,
right-click, and choose Remove.
Removing a layer doesn't affect the underlying data source on which the layer is
based. You can delete (and manage) data sources, such as a feature class, using
theCatalog window.
Adding layers to a map from Windows, e-mails, or Web pages

Layer files and layer packages are registered to the ArcGIS for
Desktop applications, allowing you to double-click them in Windows Explorer,
Microsoft Outlook, the Windows Desktop, and so on, and add them directly to your
current ArcMap or ArcGlobe session. Layer files will appear with the familiar yellow
icon. Clicking layer files embedded in Web pages will also add them into your
session.
If you don't have an ArcGIS for Desktop application running, opening a layer file will
automatically start the appropriate application: ArcMap will start and add the layer
into the empty map, or in the case of layer files containing 3D-only content,
ArcGlobe will start and ad
5.Using data frames

Desktop Mapping
The data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a particular order for a given
map extent and map projection. The table of contents on the left side of the map
window shows the list of layers in the data frame.
Each layer in the data frame is used to display information from a dataset (such as a
feature class or an image file). The table of contents lists the drawing order of each
layer.
You work with features, rasters, and layers within the data frame in ground units
(using feet, meters, and so on). When you create a map, it contains a default data
frame listed in the table of contents as Layers (you can rename it if you want).
In data view, the display window is the data frameshowing the map layers of the
active data frame drawn according to their order in the table of contents from bottom
to top.
Tip: You can toggle the display of scroll bars in data view and layout view by
clicking View > Scroll Bars. This setting is independent in each view, so to hide
scroll bars in both views, you'll need to change the setting in both places.
Working with additional data frames

While in many maps, you'll only need one data frame, you can add more data
frames by clicking Insert > Data Frame on the main menu. You can remove a data
frame by right-clicking the data frame name in the table of contents and
selecting Remove.
Note: A map must have at least one data frame. You can't delete the last data frame on a map.
When a new data frame is added in ArcMap, it appears in the table of contents
and is highlighted as the active data frame.
The active data frame

When your map document contains more than one data frame, you will have one
that is the active data frame; that is, the one you are actively working with. The
active data frame name is shown in bold in the table of contents. To make a data
frame active, right-click on its name in the table of contents and select Activate.
Moving layers between data frames

When you have more than one data frame and add layers to the map, they're
added to the active data frame. You can move layers from one data frame to
another by selecting them and then dragging them into the target data frame.
Navigating in the data frame and working with its layers
The Tools toolbar is one of the primary ways that you interact with geographic
information displayed in the data frame. It contains tools for working with the
contents within the active data frame, for example, to pan and zoom your map, to
identify features, and to measure distances.
Functions on the Tools toolbar
Butt
on
Name
Function
Zoom In
Allows you to zoom in to a geographic window by clicking a point or dragging a box.
Zoom Out
Allows you to zoom out from a geographic window by clicking a point or dragging a
box.
Pan
Allows you to pan the data frame.
Full Extent
Allows you to zoom to the full extent of your map.
Fixed Zoom In
Allows you to zoom in on the center of your data frame.
Fixed Zoom Out
Allows you to zoom out on the center of your data frame.
Back
Allows you to go back to the previous extent.
Forward
Allows you to go forward to the next extent.
Select Features
Allows you to select features graphically, by clicking or dragging a box around them.
You can also use the Select By Polygon, Lasso, Circle, and Line tools to select features
using graphics drawn to the screen.
Clear Selection
Unselects all the currently selected features in the active data frame.
Select Elements
Allows you to select, resize, and move text, graphics, and other objects placed on the
map.
Identify
Identifies the geographic feature or place on which you click.
Hyperlink
Triggers hyperlinks from features.
HTML Pop-up
Triggers HTML pop-up windows from features.
Measure
Measures distances and areas on your map.
Find
Finds features in the map.
Find Route
Allows you to calculate point-to-point routes and driving directions.
Go
To
Location
XY
Allows you to type an x,y location and navigate to it.
Open Time Slider

Window
Opens a time slider window for working with time-aware layers and tables.
Create
Window
Allows you to create a new viewer window by dragging a rectangle.
Viewer
In addition, right-clicking in the data frame displays a context menu of data

navigation tools.
Right-clicking inside the data frame view displays this context menu.
Interactive panning and zooming using basemap layers

Smooth, continuous panning and zooming can be turned on and are productive,
especially when using basemap layers.
Improving display performance

You can use a number of approaches to ensure better drawing performance of your
data frames. Here are a few of the approaches you can take:
Analyze your map for drawing performance.

Use basemap layers to compute layer display once and reuse it during your
ArcMap session.
Use hardware acceleration for basemap layers and accelerated raster layers
to further improve interactive display performance.
Data frame properties

Each data frame is a geographic window for displaying GIS information. Data
frames have properties that define the context for displaying and working with the
data they contain. To view and set properties of a data frame, follow these steps:
1.
Right-click the data frame's name in the table of contents (or the data frame on
the layout).
2.
Click Properties and click the various tabs to view and set data frame
properties. You can set and review various properties under each tab on this
dialog box.
The coordinate system is one of the most important properties because it defines
the map projection for the data frame. Typically, the coordinate system of your data
frame is determined by the coordinate system of the first dataset you add to your
map. All other added datasets will be projected on the fly to match the coordinate
system. You can review and set the data frame's coordinate system from
the Coordinate System tab on the Data Frame Properties dialog box.
In addition, other properties can be set from this dialog box. These include adding
grids and graticules; setting the full extent of your map window when you click
theFull Extent button; creating and managing a feature cache to boost
performance across a network; and setting appearance properties such as the
position of the data frame on the page, borders, and background.
See Working with data frames in page layouts for how to use many of the tabs on
the Data Frame Properties dialog box.
Setting the map scale of your data frame's map display

You can set a specific map scale at which to view data in your map frame using
the Map Scale drop-down list on the main menu. Type in the desired map scale or
choose one from the drop-down list.
See Working with map scales to learn more about working with map scales in
ArcMap.
Map navigation using bookmarks

Bookmarks provide a way to locate specific areas on your map that users can
navigate to easily. When you are using ArcMap and find an extent that you want to
mark, you can add a bookmark to your map that will make it easy for others to find
it later on.
See Using spatial bookmarks for more information.
Working with the data frame tools

The Data Frame Tools toolbar is available for working with data frames. You can
open this toolbar by clicking Customize > Toolbars > Data Frame Tools on the
main menu.
Using these tools, you can rotate your map contents in the data frame and use a
collection of your own places (My Places) for map navigation. See Using My
Placesfor more information on using place-names to navigate around your maps.
Common data frame tasks

Here are some common operations and links to more information on performing
each:
Common tasks
Where to go for information
Setting or changing the coordinate system
About coordinate systems and map projections for

map display
Setting the data frame's coordinate system
Customizing your map extent
Controlling the map extent
Zooming and navigating a map
Moving around the map

Working with map scales in ArcMap
Using keyboard shortcuts to navigate maps and
page layouts
Creating an overview map using extent indicators
Creating an inset or reference map
Customizing the appearance of a data frame
Clipping data frames to a custom shape
on the layout page
Setting a custom extent for the map's full extent
Improving map performance
Changing the extent used by the Full

Extent button
Improving the performance of map display
6. Coordinate systems for map display

Desktop Mapping
In ArcMap, the map window is called the Data Frame, which is where GIS datasets
are symbolized and labeled within a layer-based map display. Each data frame has a
particular extent representing part of the world. Hence, each data frame has a
coordinate system for the map display.
By default the data frame's coordinate system is set to the first layer added to your
map. So most of the time, the map's coordinate system is the same as the coordinate
system of your geographic data.
However, many maps must use a specialized map projection in order to meet a
particular requirement. Choosing an appropriate coordinate system for your map is
often an important step to create a map display that will meet your needs.
Considerations for choosing the coordinate system

Various coordinate systems are designed to maintain certain properties, and you
can often choose the coordinate system of your map and its purpose because of
these properties. Here is a short overview of some key considerations.
Map purpose
Maps constructed for a special purpose should use a map projection that preserves
important projection characteristics. For example, navigation maps often use the
Mercator projection because this projection has the special property of
representing a path of constant bearing as a straight line (called a rhumb line).
Thematic maps that symbolize an attribute of an area, such as population density,
often use a equal-area projection. And so on.
Map extent
The area covered by your map will affect your selection of map projection. Several
dozen map projections have been designed specifically for maps of the world, such
as the Winkel-Tripel and Robinson projections. Maps of continents often use conic
projections such as the Albers equal area projection.
Map orientation
Whether you are mapping an area with an extent longer in the eastwest or northsouth
orientation will influence your selection of map projection. Generally, conic projections are
greater eastwest extent. Transverse cylindrical

projections are commonly used for areas with a greater northsouth
extent.
used for areas with a
Latitude range
The latitude range of your map influences the selection of a map projection.
Cylindrical projections work well for mapping equatorial regions. For mid-latitudes,
the map projections most often used are based on cylindrical and conic projections.
Polar regions are usually mapped with planar projections.
National coordinate systems

Frequently, you create general purpose maps that cover local areas such as cities,
counties, states, or provinces. Especially if these maps are to be used by
government agencies, using the map projection specified by a national or regional
coordinate system is a good choice. Two examples are the State Plane Coordinate
System in the United States and the Great Britain National Grid for the United
Kingdom. For regions not covered by a national coordinate system, the Universal
Transverse Mercator system (UTM) or Gauss-Krger (GK) is commonly used for
large-scale maps. UTM zones are six degrees of longitude wide, about 660
kilometers at the equator or 330 kilometers at 60 north or south latitude.
Maps for use on the Web

Often, web maps define the coordinate system that will be used for making
mashups. You'll need to match the coordinate system of the base map you choose
to use, whether it is ArcGIS Online, Microsoft Bing Maps, or Google Maps. All of
these online maps are stored with a continuous tiling system to support the
seamless display of map data for large scale subareas (e.g., imagery and streets
within a city). This requires a single map projection for the world. The spherical
Mercator
projection
is
used.
This
is
often
referred
to
as
the Web
Mercator projection.
Geographic databases are in latitudelongitude (geographic coordinates)

Many datasets and whole databases are often collected and maintained in
latitudelongitude. This is especially true of organizations who build and assemble
data collections that span the globe. Latitudelongitude is a spherical (geographic)
coordinate system and should always be projected in your map display. Maps
created with data from these systems will cover any number of objectives. Use the
same considerations described above for choosing a coordinate system.
7. Specifying a coordinate system

Desktop Mapping
To display your data correctly, each data frame uses a coordinate system. It
determines the map projection for the map display in the data frame. The data
frame's coordinate system need not be the same as the data you are using, although
if ArcMap has to project your data on the fly, it can take longer to draw.
When ArcMap is started with a new, empty map, the coordinate system for the
default data frame is not defined. The first layer added to an empty data frame sets
the coordinate system for the data frame, but you can change it if necessary. As you
add subsequent layers, they are automatically displayed using the data frame's
coordinate system as long as the data source's coordinate system is defined.
If there isn't enough information, ArcMap will be unable to project the data in each
layer and display it correctly. In this case, you'll have to supply the necessary
coordinate system information yourself.
Generally, if you have a layer whose dataset does not have a coordinate system
defined and you know which coordinate system it is using, you should use the Define
Projection tool in ArcToolbox to assign projection information to your data. This is
required for working with that data in ArcGIS.
Tip: To see if your data source has a coordinate system defined, right-click the
layer in the ArcMap table of contents, and click Properties to open the Layer
Properties dialog box. Click the Source tab, then look in the Data Source box. You
can also use the Catalog window to see if your data has a coordinate system
defined.
You can review and set the data frame's coordinate system from the Coordinate
System tab on the Data Frame Properties dialog box.
Changing the data frame's coordinate system

Note:
To set the coordinate system of a data frame, you must not currently be editing. To
end your editing session, click Stop Editing from the Editor menu.
1. Right-click the data frame name and choose Properties to bring up the Data
Frame Properties dialog box.
2. Click the Coordinate System tab and navigate to the desired coordinate
system for your map display. You can filter the coordinate systems presented in
the dialog box by performing a Spatial Filter, a String Filter, or a combination
of the two.
The Spatial Filter filters the list of coordinate systems based on the extent
provided, whether it be the Current Visible Extent, an Outline of Features,
an Outline of Selected Graphics, or a Custom Extent.
The String Filter filters the list of coordinate systems based on folder
names, coordinate system names, or well-known ids (WKID).
When using the filter options to reduce the number of available coordinate
systems, only the folders containing the matching coordinate systems will
appear.
Tip: Once you have located the coordinate system you can add it to
your Favorites folder by clicking the Add To Favorites button or right-clicking
on it and selecting Add To Favorites. The physical location of this folder is
theApplication
Data\ESRI\Desktop10.2\ArcMap\Coordinate
Systems folder in your Windows profiles directory.
To set the data frame coordinate

system to be the same as a
particular layer in the data frame,
open the Layers folder and select
the coordinate system. Once the
coordinate system is expanded,
you
will
see
the
layers
that
reference it.
To set the data frame coordinate
system to be the same as a layer
that is not in the data frame, click
the Add Coordinate System
drop-down
menu,
selectImport,
and browse to a data source that

is defined with the coordinate
system
you
want
to
use.
Using Import you can also import

previously saved .prj files.
Note:
You can create a new coordinate system by clicking the Add Coordinate
System
drop-down menu, and selecting New. You can also modify
parameters of an existing coordinate system by right-clicking it and

selectingModify Item. Coordinate systems created with either of these
methods will be displayed in the Custom folder.
Changing the coordinate system of a data frame doesn't alter the coordinate
systems of the source data in the data frame.
Learn more about coordinate systems for map display
Geographic transformations
To
specify
geographic
transformation
for
the
data,
click
the Transformations button and select the desired transformation, or create a

custom or compound transformation.
Converting correctly between two geographic coordinate systems requires
a geographic or datum transformation. ArcMap doesn't automatically choose a
transformation for you because there are often multiple transformation choices that
could be applied between two geographic coordinate systems. The transformations
presented in the drop-down menu are sorted by suitability for the layer's extent.
Transformations can differ by method and parameters which affect their accuracy
by area of use. It is up to you to decide which transformation is most appropriate
for your data and your purposes. (There is one exception to this where ArcMap will
automatically apply a transformation: If the two geographic coordinate systems are
NAD 1927 and NAD 1983, and the data is determined by the application to be in
the lower 48 US states, the NADCON transformation is used automatically.)
Working with map and display units

The map units are the units in which the layers in the data frame are displayed and
used. The map units are determined by the data frame's coordinate system. Once
a coordinate system has been specified for the data frame, the map units cannot
be changed unless you choose a different coordinate system for the data frame or
modify the existing coordinate system's linear units.
If the data frame is using a projected coordinate system, the map units will be the
linear unit of the chosen projected coordinate system, such as feet or meters.
If the data frame is using a geographic coordinate system (in other words, the data
frame is not projected), the map units will be the angular (spherical) unit of the
geographical coordinate system, usually Decimal Degrees.
The map units will be shown as unknown until the coordinate system is specified
for the data frame. If the data frame contains no data, add your first layer to the
data frame, which will set the coordinate system automatically.
The data frame's display units default to being the same as the map units but can
be changed at any time. The display units are used by the Measure tool, provide
the default units used by scale bars, and are the units in which the map coordinate
readout and the area and dimensions of graphics you draw are shown in the status
bar.
Note:
The feet, miles, and yards listed here are US survey units, so they are US Survey
Feet, US Survey Miles, and US Survey Yards. The imperial or international
versions of these units are not supported as display units, although both versions
of these units are supported in ArcGIS projected coordinate system definitions.
You can change the Map and Display units on the Data Frame Properties dialog
box.
1. Right-click the data frame name in the table of contents and click Properties.
2. Click the General tab. You can see the current Map units and also set
the Display units.
You can also set additional coordinate display properties for the status bar by
clicking Customize > ArcMap Options on the main menu and clicking on the Data
Viewtab.
Tip: You can also specify that

the XY coordinate readout will be
in different units than the display
units. For example, if you want the
length of graphic lines that you
draw on your map to be shown in
the status bar in miles, but you
want the XY coordinate readout to
be in decimal degrees, set the
display units to be miles here,
then go to the Data View tab on
theArcMap Options dialog box,
and choose the option to use
decimal
degrees
instead
of
display units for the coordinate

display. Note that settings you
make
in
the ArcMap
Options dialog box apply to all

the data frames in your map
document.
8.The geographic coordinate systems warning

Desktop Mapping
The geographic coordinate systems warning appears whenever data you are adding
uses a different geographic coordinate system than the one used in the map or globe
you are adding it into. Why is this information important? ArcMap and ArcGlobe can
convert data between coordinate systems. This is often called projecting the data. If
the source and target coordinate system do not use the same geographic coordinate
system, data can be shifted anywhere from a few meters to hundreds of meters from
the correct locations.
The table lists any data sources that

you are adding and their geographic
coordinate systems. The coordinate
system of the data or the map/globe
may be a projected coordinate system
like Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM). Each projected coordinate
system is based on a geographic one.
The
dialog
geographic
box
retrieves
coordinate
the
system
information from the data sources and the map or globe.

Converting correctly between two geographic coordinate systems requires a
geographic, or datum, transformation. ArcMap doesn't automatically choose a
transformation for you, because there are often multiple transformations that could be
applied between two geographic coordinate systems. Transformations can differ by
method and parameters that affect their accuracy, or by area of use. It is up to you to
decide which transformation is most appropriate for your data and your purposes.
Note: There is one exception to this rule where ArcMap will automatically apply a
transformation: If the two geographic coordinate systems are NAD 1927 and NAD
1983 and the data is determined by the application to be in the lower 48 U.S. states,
the NADCON transformation is used automatically.
Learn more about map projectionsLearn more about geographic transformation methods
The Transformations button will open the Geographic Coordinate Systems

Transformations dialog
box,
where
you
can
see
what
already
defined
transformations are available or define a custom or compound transformation. The

transformations in the drop-down list are ordered with the best option first. Or, if you
prefer,
you
can
access
the Geographic
Coordinate
Systems
Transformations dialog box via the data frame's Coordinate Systems tab.
This Geographic Coordinate Systems Warning dialog box will not appear if you
add data later that does not have the map or globe's coordinate system if you have
set a geographic transformation. If the transformation is between the same
coordinate systems, it will treat the set one as the default.
Note: If you check the Don't warn me again ever check box, the dialog box will
be turned off while this ArcGIS version is installed. If you later want to display it, start
the AdvancedArcMapSettings.exe utility and uncheck the Skip Datum check box on
the Miscellaneous tab.
9. Using the table of contents

Desktop Mapping
The table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in
each layer represent. The map's table of contents helps you manage the display
order of map layers and symbol assignment, as well as set the display and other
properties of each map layer.
The layers at the top of the table of contents draw on top of those below them. Thus,
you'll put the layers that form the background of your map, such as the ocean or an
image, near the bottom of the table of contents and the layers to which you want to
draw the map reader's attention near the top. A typical map might have an image or a
terrain base (such as shaded relief or elevation contours) near the bottom. Next,
comes basemap polygon features, followed by line and point features near the top.
And finally, you might typically see some reference layers, such as road names and
place-names, that provide locational context.
You use the check box or icon to the left of each map layer to turn it on or off. Holding
down the CTRL key and clicking turns all map layers on and off simultaneously.
You can set the display properties for each map layer so that it draws within a
specific range of map scales. When the map display is out of range for scaledependent drawing, the layers will not be visible. Layers that are out of range of the
current map scale are indicated in the table of contents by a gray check box with a
scale bar under it.
Ways to list layers in the table of contents

The table of contents has several ways of listing layers: by drawing order, source,
and whether layers are visible or selectable. Click the icon at the top of the tab to
switch between these grouping methods. You can
tell which mode is active by looking at the button
(the active one is highlighted) and the organization
of the items in the table of contents. The different
ways of listing layers are simply methods of
displaying information about the same layers.
The options include the following:

Listing by drawing order
Use List By Drawing Order
to author the contents of your map, such as to
change the display order of layers on the map, rename or remove layers, and
create or manage group layers. All the data frames in your map are listed when the
table of contents is sorted by drawing order. However, only the active data frame
indicated by a bold data frame nameis shown in the map in data view.
The order of layers determines how layers are drawn on a map. Within a data
frame, the layers listed at the top will draw over those in the list below them, and so
on, down the list. You can easily drag and drop layers to adjust their drawing order
or organize them in separate data frames.
To turn on or off a layer, click the check box next to the layer's name. Right-clicking
opens a menu containing many commands for working with layers, including
accessing their properties, zooming to them, selecting from them, and opening
their attribute tables.
Listing by source
Click List By Source
to show the layers in each data frame with the layers
organized by the folders or databases in which the data sources referenced by the
layers can be found. This view will also list tables that have been added to the map
document as data.
This view is very useful for managing and repairing each layer's path reference to
its data source in your map document.
Listing by visibility
Click List By Visibility
to see a dynamic listing of the layers currently displayed
in the active data frame. The way layers are listed updates automatically as you
pan and zoom, interact with the map, select features, and turn layers on and off.
Listing layers by visibility helps you visually simplify and organize a detailed or
complicated map with many layers. Since the organization of the table of contents
visibility list is controlled automatically, you cannot change the order or groupings of
layers manually. Layers within a group layer are listed individually, since each layer
can have its own visibility and selection properties. You can choose to display the
group layer's name beside the layer's entry on the Table Of Contents
Optionsdialog box.
With List By Visibility, you have visual cues to indicate the layer's visibility. Each
type of layer has its own icon, and the symbol is either colored to indicate the layer
is on or gray when it is not, so you can quickly look at the icon to determine
whether a layer is visible.
When layers are listed by visibility, they are grouped into these categories:
VisibleThe layer is turned on.
Out of Scale RangeThe layer has a visible scale range and is not being
displayed at the current map scale. To bring it back into view, right-click and
clickZoom To Make Visible.
Not VisibleThe layer is turned off. To turn it back on, click the icon to the left
of the layer name.
When you right-click a layer name, the menu that appears contains the same
commands as the menu for listing layers by drawing order and selection.
To turn a layer on or off, click the layer icon to the left of the layer name, such as
for a line layer or
for a polygon layer. To make a layer selectable or not
selectable, click the selection icon to the right of the layer name. If that icon is
colored , the layer is selectable; if it is gray , the layer is not selectable.
Listing by selection
Click List By Selection
to group layers automatically by whether or not they are
selectable and have selected features. A selectable layer means that features in
the layer can be selected using the interactive selection tools, such as those on
the Tools toolbar or the Edit tool, when in an edit session.
When layers are listed by selection, they are grouped into these categories:
SelectedThe layer has features selected.
Selectable (no features selected)The layer is selectable, but it has no

features currently selected.
Not SelectableThe layer is not selectable, and you cannot use the
interactive selection tools to select features in it.
Similar to listing layers by visibility, you can turn a layer on or off using the layer
icons to the left of the layer name, such as
layer, and make a layer selectable
for a line layer or
or not selectable
for a polygon
using the icon to the right
of the layer name. In addition, the number of selected features is listed next to the
selection icon. When there are selected features, you can clear the selection by
clicking the white selection icon
number of selected features.
in the column between the selectable icon and
When you right-click a layer name, the menu that appears contains commands that
work with selections. You can navigate to selected features, clear the selection,
create a selection layer, open the table showing the selection, and so on.
When only a few features are currently selected, the selected features are listed
individually under the layer name. The square icon
next to the feature ID allows
you to refine which features are selected; clicking the box deselects that particular
feature. With a large number of selected features, the layer's entry does not include
this icon. You can turn off this setting altogether on the Table of Contents
Options dialog box. The ID of the feature is obtained from the layer's display
expression, which is set on the Display tab of the Layer Properties dialog box.
Knowing whether layers are selectable or have selected features is particularly
useful when editing, running geoprocessing tools (any tool that accepts layers
considers the selected features), or performing other tasks that operate on selected
features. For example, when copying features, both the editing environment and
the Copy Features geoprocessing tool will copy only the selected features. You can
list the table of contents by selection and easily see which layers have a selection.
Layers containing at least one selected feature are automatically promoted to the
top of the window, so you can avoid scrolling or sifting through a long layer list
looking for layers with selected features. In addition, even though a layer is
designated as not selectable and you cannot use the interactive selection tools to
select its features, it is still possible to select from that layer using other methods of
selectionsuch as with the table window, Select By Location, or Select By
Attributes.
Display options for the table of contents

You can use the Options button
on the
table of contents to set display properties.
This will display the Table of Contents Options dialog box.
The Preferences tab

On the Preferences tab, you can do the following:
Check Show selected features in selection list to list selected features

individually when the table of contents items are grouped by selection. This
allows you to refine the selection, since you can click a feature in the table of
contents to deselect it. When unchecked, only layer names will appear in the
table of contents.
Click Sort layers by and click whether to sort them by the order layers are
drawn or alphabetically by layer name.
Check Show group layer name to include the name of a group layer next to
the layer's name when the table of contents is listed by visibility or selection.
Since each layer in a group layer can have its own visibility and selection
statuses, layers are not listed with their parent group. When unchecked, the
group layer's name will not appear next to any child layers. List the table of
contents by drawing order to create and manage group layers.
The Patches tab

On the Patches tab, you can change the patch size or shape as desired. Patches
are the geometric shape that is used to represent a specific kind of feature in the
table of contents. (The patches in a map legend are set separately when you
create a legend.) Click the Line or Area symbol and click the desired symbol from
the list.
10. Using symbols and styles

A key aspect of creating a beautiful map is the choice of symbols, colors, and map
elements that you will use. Not everyone in the GIS community has the design skills
necessary to choose elegant symbols and color schemes on their own or apply them
effectively. This is one of the big challenges faced by many ArcGIS users.
Fortunately, there are highly skilled cartographers in the ArcGIS community who
compile libraries of symbols, colors, and other related map elements. They share
these as ArcGIS styles. In ArcGIS, a style is a library of symbol collections, color
schemes, rendering rules, and related map elements that help users build better
maps. Each style adds these graphic libraries to ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene
which you can tap into as a rich source for mapping and visualization.
One of the fundamental capabilities of ArcMap is the ability to share these styles,
which can be referenced in ArcMap. This enables all users to create consistent,
attractive maps that make an impact. This topic introduces some of the key symbol
terms and provides guidance on where to learn more.
Symbols
Symbols are used to portray points, lines, polygons, and text in maps. This is
similar to the mechanisms used in Microsoft Word documents and PowerPoint
presentations. Here's a brief overview of symbol types used in maps and other GIS
views (e.g., in 3D):
Marker symbolsThese are point symbols used to portray points on maps

and are often used in line patterns. For example:
Well symbols
Tree symbols
A weather front line symbol built using a series of markers arrayed

along the line in patterns.
Line symbolsThese are used to draw line features and polygon boundaries
as well as to render other map lines. For example:
Fill symbolsThese are used for filling polygons and other solid map
elements. For example:
Text symbolsText symbols include font, size, color, and other properties.
They are used for feature labels, annotation, and other map text. For example:
Styles
ArcGIS supports the ability to produce a consistent set of cartography that adheres
to an agreed upon standard by a workgroup, organization, or community. One of
the ways that this is promoted is through the use of styles.
A style is a collection of symbols, colors, map elements, and other graphical
elements that enable a group of users to create and share consistent cartography.
A style is a library of all of these elements that can be shared among a group of
ArcGIS users.
There are many types of graphics elements that can be shared as part of a style. This example shows some
of the colors that are part of the ESRI.style file. Notice all of the other categories of graphic elements.
Styles hold symbols, graphics, and colors that are used in ArcGIS. Each time you
search for and pick a symbol for your map layout and map layers in ArcGIS, you
are selecting the symbol from a style library.
In ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene, you can add styles and reference them in
your map documents. This provides a consistent library of symbols to use in your
maps, globes, and scenes.
Using styles is one of the ways that organizations and communities share a
standard. By sharing a style, all users reference the same symbols, labeling rules,
borders, scale bars, and so on. This leads to a shared mapping standard and more
consistent representations among a user group.
Esri provides a series of styles for various user communities. Plus, users can build
and share their own styles. In ArcMap, all of the users in a group can add shared
styles to the collection of symbols and other elements that provide a library of
graphics to add to their maps.
11. Referencing data in the map

Data references used in map documents, globes, and 3D scenes are stored as map layer properties.
Most layers reference data stored in geodatabases or as files on diskfor example, shapefiles,
coverages, CAD files, imagery, and so on. Each data reference is a path, and there are a number of
alternatives to store that path.
Each time you add data to a map, the path to the data is stored in a layer in the map. When you open
your map, ArcMap locates the data it needs using these stored paths. You can view the path of the
data represented by a layer in your map by looking at the List by Source view of the Table of
Contents or by double-clicking the layer to open the Layer Properties dialog box, then clicking on
the Source tab.
If ArcMap can't find the data for a particular layer, the layer will appear in the ArcMap table of contents,
but it won't be drawn. Instead, a red exclamation point will appear next to the layer to indicate that the
layer needs to be repaired.
Learn more about repairing broken data links
Options for paths

There are several options for referencing datasets using paths. These include:
Full paths
An example of a full path is:
C:\GIS\Project1\Boundary.shp
To share maps saved with full paths to their data sources, your users must have access to the
same computer (or replicate your folder structure on their computer).
Note:
Full paths are also known as absolute paths or complete paths.
Relative paths
Relative paths specify the location of the data relative to the current location on disk of the
referenced file. An example of a relative path is:
\Project1\Boundary.shp
You can reference data in a folder that's above the folder containing the map. In these cases, the
relative path will contain \..\ for each level up in the folder structure to be traversed.
Since relative paths don't contain drive names, they enable a layer and its associated data to be
moved to any disk drive without having to repair the layer's data links in your map documents.
UNC paths
Universal Naming Convention (UNC) paths use a syntax for paths and files on a network of
computers. The syntax is:
\\<computer name>\<shared folder>\
followed by any number of directories and terminated with the referenced directory or file name.
For example:
\\pondermatic\public\studyarea.gdb
\\billywood\public\streets.lyr
\\omnipotent\shared_stuff\wednesday\tools
Note:
There may be a performance disadvantage when using UNC paths because network file access is
typically slower than direct disk access on your local computer (using absolute paths), which can affect
map drawing performance for map services.
Specifying the format of paths

You can view (as well as specify) how path references will be persisted in your documents using
the Map Document Properties dialog box as follows:
1.
Click File > Map Document Properties on the main menu.
2.
Check Store relative pathnames to data sources to specify relative paths.
3.
Tip:
4. If you want all your new maps to be stored with relative paths you will need to specify
relative paths as the default. Click Customize > ArcMap Options to open the ArcMap
Options dialog box, then click the General tab. Check the option to Make relative paths the
default for new map documents. This setting is stored in the registry.
Once you've saved the layer file, you can't change the data source options from absolute to relative
or vice versa. The layer will always maintain the data source option that was set for the map
document at the time you saved the layer.
12. Pausing the map's drawing

If you want to make changes to your map without having the map refresh each time, you can use
the Pause Drawing button. When you pause drawing, you temporarily suspend all drawing in ArcMap
in both data view and layout view.
The Pause Drawing tool is most useful when you are changing the symbology and properties of
several layers or adding or removing many layers and don't want the map to redraw each time you
click OK on a dialog box.
While drawing is paused, your data frame will look like this:
Note:
Each time your map refreshes, the placement of your labels is recalculated. Depending on the label
engine used and the label parameters that are set this will take varying amounts of time. Clicking
the Pause Labeling button
on the Labelingtoolbar lets you suspend the drawing of labels while you
continue to work with your data. This is useful when you are working with a heavily labeled map but do
not need the features labeled for the task you are completing.
Steps:
1.
Click the Pause Drawing button

whenever you want to suspend drawing. The Pause
Drawing button is located in the lower left of the view window, next to the Refreshbutton
and
the horizontal scroll bar.
You can also press F9 as a shortcut to pause drawing.
2.
Click the button again to resume drawing.
13. Analyzing your map

Analyzing your map helps you to improve the drawing performance of your ArcMap documents by
generating a list of potential display performance issuesmuch like a spell checker in a word
processing program. Each problem description guides you to suggested updates that you can make to
your map layer to address the issue and improve map drawing performance.
There are three types of messages in the Prepare window:
Error
Warning
Message
You can right-click each message to get a quick suggestion on how you can address that specific
issue. This will also give you access to a help topic with more information, such as additional repair
options. The item in bold in each list will provide the default approach for addressing each issue.
Note:
As you evaluate the results in the Prepare window you have the option to address or ignore messages
and warnings. If you choose to ignore, you can mark as an exception by right-clicking the message or
warning and choosing Mark As Exception.
Steps:
1.
Click File > Analyze Map on the main menu.

The Prepare window with its list of Errors, Warnings, and Messages will be displayed.
14. Using page layouts

A layout is a collection of map elements laid out and organized on a page. Common map elements
include one or more data frames (each containing an ordered set of map layers), a scale bar, north
arrow, map title, descriptive text, and a symbol legend.
Layout view is where you add map surrounds, frames, graticules, and other finishing touches to a
map. What you see on the layout is what you get if you print or export the map to the same page size.
15. Printing a map in ArcMap

You use the Print tool to print a map in ArcMap. This sends your map to your desired printer.
There are two printing tasks you can perform in ArcMap. You can:
Print your data frame
Print your layout
Printing a data frame

Here are the steps for printing the contents of the active data frame. This will print the existing
display as shown in the current map extent of your data frame.
Steps
1. Make sure that you are working in Data view in ArcMapeither by selecting View > Data
View in the main menu or by clicking the Data View button in the lower left of the map canvas.
2. Pan and zoom your data frame until you have the desired map extent.
3. Click File > Print on the main menu, to print your data view.
Printing a layout
The layout is the map view that arranges various map elements onto a page for map printing. Here
are the steps for printing the layout view of your map.
Steps
1. Make sure you are working with the Layout View in ArcMapeither by selecting View > Layout
View in the main menu or by clicking the Layout View button in the lower left of the map
canvas.
2. Click File > Print on the main menu, to print your layout.
Fitting a large layout onto the printer page

From time to time, you may have the need to print a map whose layout page size is larger than
your printerfor example, you may only have access to a document printer instead a large format
plotter. Or you may want to create a huge wall map.
You have two options:
You can select Tile map to Printer Paper to tile the map into a number of pages for printing.
You can select Scale Map to Fit Printer Paper to fit the map onto your printer paper.
Tip:
In cases where you will print maps as multiple tiles, it's helpful to create a test plot first. For
example, you can print just a few tiles or create a simple layout with an empty data frame and
a few other map elements.
See About map printing for more information.
Printing maps that have multiple pages

There are a number of maps that you'll work with, which will contain multiple pages. For example,
suppose you want to generate a map book (say to assemble a Tax Map book or a book of
Emergency Response maps of your jurisdiction). In these cases, you can use an ArcMap capability
called Data Driven Pages. This uses an index dataset where each feature defines the map extent
for a specific map sheet. The attributes of the feature specify some of the map element properties
for each map page (such as the map title or the filled area of interest that is displayed on an index
map).
Using Data Driven Pages starts by setting its use on the page and print setup dialog box and then
defining how attributes will be used in page generation. For more information, see What are Data
Driven Pages?
16. Saving a map

After you finish working on a map, you can save it and exit ArcMap. You save a map as a
document and store it on your hard disk. If you haven't saved the map before, you'll need to
provide a name and save it into a folder location. ArcMap automatically appends a file extension
(.mxd) to your map document name.
The data displayed on a map is not saved with it. Map layers reference the data sources in your
GIS database. This helps keep map documents relatively small in size.
You can also save the map with its data using a map package, which can be used to share your
map and its related data with other users.
Saving to previous versions of ArcGIS

In most cases, after you open and save an existing map document (.mxd file), the map can no
longer be opened with earlier versions of ArcGIS because it will now reflect the new functionality.
Similarly, new documents cannot be opened in earlier versions of the software; however, you can
use the Save A Copy command to make a copy of a map document so you can open and work with
it in previous versions of ArcGIS. Note that ArcGIS 10.1, 10.2, and 10.2.1 map documents are
directly compatible with each other; ArcGIS 9.0 and 9.1 documents are also compatible with each
other.
Each new version of ArcGIS introduces functionality and properties that aren't available in previous
versions. When you save a map document, layer file, or 3D document to a previous version of
ArcGIS, the format of the file is changed to eliminate properties not available in the older version.
This means saving to a previous version removes from the file any functionality that depends on
the newer software. Therefore, some work may be lost if you save to a previous version and start
working with the older copy again in the current ArcGIS product, as the new functionality was
stripped out in the Save A Copy process. Your original file will still have the new functionality.
In addition, when you save a map document to a previous version of the software, only the .mxd
file is saved; the data sources referenced in the .mxd file remain unchanged. See the following
sections for more information about geodatabases, data sources, and saving to previous versions.
You can also save layer files in ArcMap and ArcGlobe and ArcGlobe and ArcScene documents to
previous versions of ArcGIS.
Geodatabases and saving map documents to previous versions

If your organization uses different versions of ArcGIS, you need to confirm the ArcGIS release with
which your geodatabase is associated, as it can have an impact on whether or not ArcGIS will be
able to access the data referenced in the map. Newer versions of ArcGIS can read older
geodatabases, but older versions of ArcGIS cannot read newer geodatabases except in the
following cases:
Starting with ArcGIS 10, the release number is associated with individual items within the
geodatabase, rather than being applied to the entire geodatabase; therefore, the core
geodatabase version did not change between 10.0, 10.1,10.2 and 10.2.1. Only datasets with
newer functionality in these databases will be unopenable by the previous release. For best
results in identifying such datasets, use ArcGIS 10.0 Service Pack 3 (SP3) or higher which can
properly identify newer datasets.
ArcGIS 9.2 Service Pack 5 (SP5) and Service Pack 6 (SP6) can open and edit a 9.3
geodatabase; however, 9.2 SP5/SP6 will not be able to open, edit, or create datasets
containing new functionality available with ArcGIS 9.3, such as creating a terrain with a Window
Size pyramid format or a network dataset with an attribute that uses the 9.3 global turn delay
and network function evaluators.
ArcGIS 9.1 and 9.0 geodatabases are directly compatible with each other.
For example, if your map contains data from an ArcGIS 10.2.1 personal, file, or ArcSDE
geodatabase, you can save the .mxd file so it can be opened in an ArcGIS 9.3 release, but 9.3
won't be able to display the newer data. Shapefiles, coverages, and file-based rasters don't present
a problem in this regard.
Existing geodatabases created using previous releases can be opened and used in the current
release without being upgraded; however, to take advantage of new functionality, existing
geodatabases must be upgraded. If you upgrade a geodatabase, you can't restore it for use in its
original version of ArcGIS. For this reason, you may want to make a copy of the geodatabase
before you upgrade.
If you have data in a geodatabase that you have created or upgraded in the current version that
you want to be able to work within an older version of ArcGIS, you have two options. In the current
version, you can create a new, empty file geodatabase that can be opened in an older version
using the Create File GDB geoprocessing tool, then in the current version, copy and paste the data
from your geodatabase into that new, empty file geodatabase. This will create a geodatabase that
can be opened in the older version; however, note that some items supported in newer
geodatabases can't be pasted into a geodatabase intended for an older version if that version
doesn't support them. Alternatively, in the current version, add the data into a map as a layer and
create a layer package, which can be opened with ArcGIS 9.3.1 and newer. If you have multiple
layers you want to prepare, you can create a group layer, then package that layer, or create
separate layer packages for each layer.
Some general points to remember when working with geodatabases from different ArcGIS releases
include:
Geodatabase functionality that is new at a particular release is only supported in map

documents from the same release or higher.
Geoprocessing toolboxes stored in upgraded geodatabases cannot be opened in previous

releases. Similarly, once you make a change to a file-based toolbox (.tbx), it can no longer be
accessed by the previous version. You can right-click a toolbox and click Save As and choose
the release number to save it to, but you will need to make manual edits to consider any
functionality in the toolbox that is not available in those releases.
Parcel fabrics are only supported in ArcGIS 9.2 or newer geodatabases or map documents.
Mosaic datasets are only supported in ArcGIS 10.0 or newer geodatabases or map
documents.
ArcGIS Network Analyst layers and network datasets are only supported in ArcGIS 9.1 or
newer geodatabases or map documents.
ArcGIS Schematics layers and schematic datasets are only supported in ArcGIS 9.0 or newer
geodatabases and 9.1 or newer map documents.
There are some limitations and guidelines with replication with geodatabases from different
releases.
Functionality and properties that are removed when saving to a previous

release
The following sections describe which functionality or properties may be changed when you save
documents from the current release to an earlier release of ArcGIS. The headings represent the
release numbers to which you are saving. Because ArcGIS 10.2.1, 10.2, and 10.1 are directly
compatible, you do not need to perform any additional steps to use a document in either release;
however, if you want to open the file in ArcGIS 10.0, you must use Save A Copy. When you do this,
you are removing the new items available that 10.0 cannot read.
Functionality from all intermediate releases is removed when you save to a release that is two or
more versions older than the one you are using. For example, if you save from ArcGIS 10.2.1 to
ArcGIS 9.2, you should review the sections listed under ArcGIS 10.0, ArcGIS 9.3, and ArcGIS 9.2
to understand the effects of the Save A Copyprocess.
Saving to ArcGIS 10.0

Functionality or properties that are not supported when saving to all releases newer than ArcGIS
10.0 are also not available in 10.0. In addition, here are some other notes specific to saving to
ArcGIS 10.0:
ArcMap
Label, display, and hyperlink macros that use Python expressions will be reverted to VBScript
when saved to 10.0. The expression will remain so that it can be ported back to VBScript or
JScript.
Layers using new Maplex properties at 10.1, such as key numbering and label class level
feature connection options, will lose these capabilities when saving to 10.0.
Symbols using 32-bit PNG images will lose transparency when saved to 10.0.
LAS dataset and WMTS layers will be dropped from the map when saving to 10.0.
Map's displaying time data in live mode will lose that capability when saved to 10.0.
Legends on the page layout will lose their dynamic, text wrapping, and columning abilities
when saved to 10.0.
Dot density renderers using the capability to maintain density by dot value will lose that
capability.
Feature service layers will be saved but will be unable to connect to the feature service in
10.0.
Layers referencing geodatabase datasets with functionality specific to 10.1 will not be able to
connect to these data sources in 10.0.

9.3 are also not available in 9.3. In addition, here are some other notes specific to saving to ArcGIS
9.3:
ArcMap
The map document's default geodatabase property will be removed when saving to 9.3.
Customized layer field ordering will be removed when a layer is saved to 9.3.
The time properties of a layer will be removed when a layer is saved to 9.3.
The time properties of the data frame will be removed when a layer is saved to 9.3.
Field properties noting fields as highlighted or read-only will be removed when a layer is saved
to 9.3.
Dynamic text elements will be realized to static text when saving to 9.3.
Mosaic layers will be dropped when saving to 9.3.
Feature templates will be dropped when saving to 9.3.
Group layer transparency can be set at both the sublayer and top-level group layer at ArcGIS
10. When saving to a previous version, the appearance of the map will be preserved in this
situation, but the transparency values will change.
Basemap layers will be converted to group layers when saved to 9.3.
Accelerated raster layers will be converted to raster layers when saved to 9.3.
Data-driven pages did not exist in ArcGIS 9.3 and will be dropped from the map document.
The ability to automatically derive the extent of one data frame from another will be removed
when saving to 9.3.
Extent indicators will be rectangle indicators when saved to 9.3.
Data frame clipping options for clipping specific layers will be removed when saving to 9.3.
Layer symbology options for 3D rotation and field-driven sizing will be removed from the layer.
Image format properties of dynamic service layers will be removed from service layers when
saved to 9.3.

9.2:
ArcMap
In 10.0, when layers in a data frame are made transparent, the table of contents and the
legends in layout view automatically use lighter colors to reflect transparency. This simulated
transparency is removed when you save to 9.2.
Dimension layers in 10.0 support a label-weight ranking so dimension features can be
considered barriers to the labeling process. This property is removed when you save to 9.2.
All layer types that support HTML pop-up properties will have their HTML pop-up properties
removed.
Fields with a saved sort order will have that order removed.
JPEG 2000 picture elements will be removed.
WCS layers will be removed from your data frame when you save to 9.2.
The style name of a WMS layer will be removed from the layer.
Field-based hyperlinks containing parameters will not work in releases prior to 9.3. If you save
a 10.1 .mxd file to 9.2, parameters will automatically be removed from dynamic hyperlinks,
but the links to the document will still work.
NITF graphics layers will be removed from your data frame.
Raster layers using the Discrete Color renderer will revert to a default renderer when you save
to 9.2.
The separator property of scale text will be removed from scale text graphics when you save
to 9.2.
Representation rules that are marked as hidden for legend display in 10.0 or higher will be
visible when you save to 9.2.
Network layers and network analysis layers referencing network datasets containing
evaluators (global turn delay evaluators and function evaluators) will be saved in the 9.2
document but will be disconnected from their network dataset when opened in ArcGIS 9.2.
Published map files (.pmf) created with ArcGIS Publisher in 10.0 or higher can't be opened in
ArcReader 9.2 or earlier versions. If you need to create a .pmf file that can be opened by a
previous version of ArcReader, you can save the .mxd file to a previous version and publish it
on a machine with an older version of ArcGIS. Another option is for the recipient of the .pmf
file to download and install ArcReader 10.0 for free.
Geoprocessing
Several software features are not available in ArcGIS 9.2 including
Script tool properties for custom tool validation
Model properties for storing symbology
Enhancements to several data types that affect models
ArcGlobe
Stars and atmospheric halos in ArcGlobe are dropped when saving to 9.2.
When consumed in 9.2, the cache for 10.0 or higher layers with full caching will be
regenerated on demand.
Some KML elements, such as screen overlays, COLLADA models, and so on, are dropped
from Google Earth KML/KMZ files.
With ArcGlobe, you can save a layer only to releases that will support it; for example, terrain
layers are supported starting with 9.2. So when you save a terrain layer, you can save it as
9.3 or 9.2 (or the regular 10); you will not be able to save it as 9.0/9.1 because terrain layers
were not supported in those releases. In addition, if there are any layers in your group layers
that the version of ArcGIS you choose won't be able to draw, a dialog box will appear listing
them. You can then decide whether to continue with saving the copy in the format of that
previous version.
If you have other Esri or third-party extensions, you should check with the manufacturer to
determine their compatibility with previous versions of ArcGIS.
Saving to ArcGIS 9.0/9.1

9.0/9.1 are also not available in 9.0/9.1. In addition, here are some other notes specific to saving to
ArcGIS 9.0/9.1:
Layers based on data from any ArcGIS 9.2, 9.3, or 10.0 geodatabase are not supported. In
addition, any new data source or layer type, such as tables based on Microsoft Excel data, are
not supported.
Symbols and properties new to ArcGIS 9.2, 9.3, 10.0, or 10.1 aren't available in ArcGIS 9.1.
These include new document properties, new rendering and display options, custom full
extents, and so on.
Graphs created in ArcGIS 9.2, 9.3, 10.0, or 10.1 are not supported and will be removed;
however, if you use the graphing tools from the ArcGIS 9.3 Customize dialog box, the graphs
will work in ArcGIS 9.1.
Animations in .mxd files are dropped when saving to 9.1; however, you can save animations in
.sxd or .3dd files back to 9.1 as long as the animations do not have time tracks.
New 3D properties, layers, and functionality, such as Google Earth KML/KMZ files, graphics
layers, annotation, and text, are not supported.
The Goode Homolosine projection, which was new at 9.2, is unknown to 9.1.

8.3:
If you have updated geodatabase annotation feature classes from ArcGIS 8.3 to ArcGIS 9.0 or
higher, you will be unable to open the geodatabase in ArcGIS 8.3 because you are required to
upgrade the geodatabase first.
Symbols and properties new to ArcGIS 9.0 or higher aren't available in ArcGIS 8.3; for
example, 3D text elements aren't supported, and 3D symbols will be converted to 2D symbols.
Paragraph text elements aren't supported in ArcGIS 8.3 and will be dropped.
Symbol-level drawing is a property of a data frame at ArcGIS 8.3, but is a property of the
layers for which it is defined at ArcGIS 9.0 or higher. When saved to ArcGIS 8.3, the supported
aspects of the layer's symbol-level drawing are retained and added to the data
frame's Advanced Drawing Options dialog box.
Data frame masking properties aren't supported, and no masking will occur. If ArcGIS 8.3 can
read your masking layers, they'll appear in your map but will be drawn just like other layers.
Data frames labeled with the Maplex Label Engine in ArcGIS 9.0 or higher will be labeled with
the Standard Labeling Engine.
ArcGIS Map Server and WMS layers aren't supported in 8.3.
Projections new at ArcGIS 9.0 or higher are unknown to ArcGIS 8.3. These are:
Goode Homolosine projection, Fuller projection, Rectified Skewed Orthomorphic

(RSO) projection, Cube map projection, Transverse Mercator Complex projection,
Robinson projection (ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced)the same version of Robinson
supported in ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced Workstation, Local Cartesian projection.
Some page and printer setup options aren't retained.
Stereo views in ArcScene aren't supported.
ArcGIS Tracking Analyst properties aren't supported.
How to save a map to a previous version of ArcGIS

Steps:
1. Click File > Save A Copy.
2. Navigate to the location where you want to save the map document.
3. Type a file name.
4. Click the Save as type drop-down arrow and click the release to which version you want to
save.
Note:
If you choose ArcMap Document (the option without a version number), the map will be
saved in the current version of the software.
5. Click Save.
Note:
The previous version map document will be saved to disk, and your current version
document will remain open.
If there are any layers in your current document that the previous version won't be
able to draw, a dialog box will appear listing them. You can then decide whether to
continue with saving the copy in the previous format.
Tip:
The Save A Copy command is different from the Save As command. The Save As command allows you
to save your document with a new name, or file location. When you use the Save As command, the
new Save As document is loaded as the current document in the application.
With the Save A Copy command, you are saving a copy of the document to disk, and the
document is not reloaded in the application. In addition, the Save A Copy command can also
be used to save a document so it can be opened in a previous version of ArcGIS.
17. Adding data from ArcGIS Online

ArcGIS Online contains galleries of many online GIS data sources that you can connect to and use in
ArcMap. This topic describes how to add online data from ArcGIS Online.
There are some occasions, where a user will want to change from the default ArcGIS online portal
(e.g.
http://www.arcgis.com)
and
switch
to
an
organization's
portals
(e.g.
http://myportal.company.com). This can be done using Manage Portal Connections via the ArcGIS
Administrator.
Steps
1.
2.
3.
Click the Add Data arrow

and click Add data from ArcGIS Online. The ArcGIS online window
appears. You can search, read about, and use various online data sources at ArcGIS Online.
Note:
The data you see will depend on which portal you are connected to.
4.
Click Sign In. As an ArcGIS user, you can use your global login to view your content and other
group content whose access may be restricted for selected users.
5.
Search for content using the Search interface.
Tip:
Use an asterisk (*) as a wildcard in your searches.
6.
7.
Browse entries in the window. To see more details on any item, click the Details button.
Click Add in this window to add selected online content to ArcMap.
18. Using search in ArcGIS

ArcGIS includes the ability to index your GIS content, search for the data, and put the results to work
quicklyfor example, you can quickly search for data regardless of where the data is located on your
disk. You can also search for geoprocessing tools without navigating the tool hierarchy in the toolbox
window.
Search is accessed through the Search window. The Search window is also used to configure and
manage how search is usedfor example, to identify the file folders, geodatabases, and servers that
you want to search against.
Preparing to use search

Ensure that you have set your search properties before using the search. To do this, identify the set
of folders on your local computer or network as well as any geodatabase connections that you
want to search against.
See the Reviewing and setting your indexing options section below for more information.
Updating and maintaining your search index

Since you are periodically creating new datasets and modifying or replacing existing ones, it's
possible that your search index will not reflect the latest status of your contents.
You can use the Search Options dialog box to control how often your index is rebuilt or to re-create
it on demand. This will help when searching in workspace folders and geodatabases that undergo
a lot of change.
See the Reviewing and setting your indexing options section below for more information.
Searching for items

Use the Search window to search for items:
1.
Open
the Search window
by
clicking
the Search
window button
or
clicking Windows > Search on the main menu.
2.
This will display the Search window in which you can search for GIS items and review the
results.
Note:
If you are interested in searching for raster data, see Searching for images in ArcGIS.
Viewing and working with search results

Search results are displayed in the results window. You can perform several operations on each
search result:
Clicking on a search result item name will open it. For example, you can click on a map
document name to open it in ArcMap; clicking on a dataset name will add it to ArcMap as a new
layer; clicking on a geoprocessing tool will open it for execution; and so on.
Right-click each result item name to show more actions on the item.
Hover over a search result name to view its item description in a pop-up window. Note that this
option is turned off by default. You can enable it using the Search Options button
on
the Search window.
Click on the result snippet (that is, the short phrase under each item name) to open the item
description. This is often a useful place, not just for viewing item information, but to make notes
and updates to the description. For example, you may have found the perfect dataset to support
a particular task. You can capture that as a note in the description.
Click on the path/link to navigate to that item in your Catalog window. For example, when you
find the relevant geoprocessing tool, you can click on the link to see in which toolbox that tool is
located.
Click the thumbnail to create/update the thumbnail for your item.
Sorting and grouping results

By default, search results are sorted by relevance. You can change the sort order by clicking
the Sort By link and choosing a different field to sort search results. When appropriate, you can
also sort results in ascending/descending order.
Note:
Spatial Relevance is enabled only in the context of spatial search. See the next section on
spatial search for more details.
Search results are also grouped by data type for your convenience. Click the Search returned
items link to see the grouping of your results. You can quickly see the breakdown of your results by
type as shown below:
Check desired types and click Apply Filters to narrow down your search results to show only a
subset of relevant results. Click the Remove Filters or the Back button on theSearch toolbar to go
back to previous search results.
Note:
ArcGIS Online searches groups showing the first 300 results only.
Map-based spatial search

Spatial search is tied to your map. In other words, search results are restricted to the current visible
extent on your map. As you zoom or pan your map, the search results update to reflect the data
within or overlapping your current visible extent. The behavior is similar to searching for restaurants
or other landmarks in Google Maps. As you zoom or pan your Google map, it automatically
refreshes results in the current visible extent.
By default, you search for data in any extent ignoring the current visible extent of your map. In
other words, the map-based spatial search is turned off by default. To enable spatial searching,
click Any Extent and choose either the Within Current Extent or Within Or Overlapping Current
Extent option. After you choose one of these two options, as you pan or zoon your map,
the Search window automatically reflects the results relevant to the current extent of your map. You
can turn off the spatial search filter at any time by choosing the Any Extent option.
Note:
Add at least one layer to your current map to enable these choices.
These options are always disabled in ArcCatalog as spatial search is not supported in
ArcCatalog.
Text-based spatial search

Map-based spatial search works well when you know the geographic extent of your map as you've
seen in the above section. Sometimes you know the geography only by its geographic name, and
you want the software to figure out the geographic extent. In such cases, text-based spatial search
helps you locate relevant data based on geographic names.
Examples of text-based spatial searches include:
Parcel data in Redlands, CA
Data near Paris, France
The keywords in and near have special meaning in ArcGIS search. If a well-defined geographic
name followed by these keywords in search strings is detected, spatial filters are automatically
applied based on the geography, and relevant results are found in that geographic extent. If the
name has multiple geographic locations, you can pick the desired one from the drop-down list as
shown below:
You can optionally zoom your map to a specific geographic location. This option is turned off by
default but can be enabled within the Search Options window's Generaltab.
Map scale and spatial search

Datasets can render well only at certain scale levels and become irrelevant when you are viewing
very large- or small-scale maps. Spatial search is tied to the current map extent and, therefore,
map scale becomes an important factor in returning relevant search results based on the current
visible extent. For example, when you are working with a map at global scale, data relevant to
small cities and neighborhoods becomes irrelevant, and you may not want to see it in the search
results. By default, the scale-based spatial filter is turned off. You can turn it on using the dropdown menu on the Search Options button
as shown below:
Note:
Map scales are not derived intrinsically. You must input relevant levels for your datasets as
part of documenting your item description. Without this information you may not get the
appropriate results when you enable this option. SeeDocumenting Items in the Catalog
window for more information.
Search using synonyms

Synonyms are a group of words that are roughly synonymous in a given context. When you search
for a word, you can retrieve results that contain words with the same or similar meaning.
For example, when you search for the word route, you may also want to find results related to
roads, streets, railroads, waterways, and flight paths. To trigger searching for synonyms, prefix your
search terms with $.
Example:
Searching for route yields nine results:
Searching for $route yields 46 results:
User-defined synonyms
The supported built-in synonyms are very generic terms and are not designed to work with GISspecific terms. You can customize terms by defining your organization-specific GIS terms and
placing them under your user profile.
Use the following steps to create custom synonyms to use in desktop search:
1.
Go
to
your
user
profile
directory
..\ESRI\Desktop10.2\ArcCatalog\SearchIndex\Synonyms\UserDefined.
2.
Edit the UserDefinedSynonyms.xml file and add your own user-defined synonyms. Follow the
comments in the .xml file to define synonyms.
3.
Save the file.
4.
In the search window, search for your custom synonyms using the $ prefix.
located
at
Useful search tips

Here are some useful things to think about when you use ArcGIS search.
Use search categories (All, Maps, Data, Tools, or Images) to narrow your search results.
Use tags when you are documenting your items. Tags can be very useful when searching.
Use wildcards (*) when searching. Typing part of a word or phrase followed by * will aid in
searchesfor example, you could enter land* when searching for land base or land use.
It's good to understand what folders, geodatabases, and servers you are searching against.
See the section below to set up ArcGIS search properties on your computer.
It's often useful to edit the item description as part of viewing search results. Click the snippet
so a search result will display its Item Description. You can then edit that description as part of
the search experience. See Documenting Items in the Catalog window for more information.
The Search window provides other helpful hints. Click on Help in the Search window to learn
more.
Identifying what to search

ArcGIS search has a few important ways to target your search, which are described here.
Performing a local searchOn the main menu, you can identify that you want to perform a
local search or an enterprise search. Choosing Local Search means that you want to search
your computer, the folder connections, and the SDE connections that you have set in
your Catalog window.
Performing an enterprise searchChoose Enterprise to perform an enterprise-wide search

using search services published using ArcGIS for Server. You can add search services from
the Search Options dialog box.
Performing an ArcGIS Online searchChoose ArcGIS Online to search for content on ArcGIS
Online. To log in to ArcGIS Online from the desktop, click File > Sign-in.
If you are logged in as a member of an organization, by default your search results will only
include items that are available within your organization. If your organization's administrator
lets you search for items that are publicly available from ArcGIS Online, include them in your
search results using the drop-down menu on the Search Options button
as shown below:
Reviewing and setting your indexing options

You can manage the search properties in the Search Options dialog box.
Building a search index is important so that your search results are fast and accurate. Using default
settings will typically serve most users very well. However, you can use this dialog box to modify
certain settings, for example:
To identify which folders and database connections to index
To set how often the search index is updated for new items
To say how frequently you want to re-create the item index
To generate thumbnails at index time (This option is turned off by default.)
To define how many indexers to use for parallel indexing
You can also manually control immediate indexing to update, pause, or reindex your ArcGIS
contents.
Open the Search Options dialog box by clicking the Search Options button on the Search window.
1. On the Search Options dialog box, you can review and set the folders and other database
connections that you want to index for searching. You can review the current connections in
the Register Folders and Server Connections box. Use the Add and Remove buttons to manage
this list of connections. These are used to establish connections to a number of workspace
folders, geodatabases, toolboxes, and other resources.
Here is a list of connections you can manage for ArcGIS search:
Folder Connections
These are any additional workspace folders to which you
have established a connection. You'll see their contents listed under each folder.
Personal geodatabases Used to organize datasets in a file geodatabase.
Toolboxes
This node is used to organize and access geoprocessing tools.
Interoperability Connections
Used to access a number of special data formats
in the optional Data Interoperability extension product. This is used to access Safe
Software's FME product for GIS data interoperability.
Database Server Connections

Used to connect as the administrator to
geodatabases that are stored and managed in SQL Server Express.
Database Connections
geodatabases.
Used
to connect
to
databases
and
enterprise
Check the option to create thumbnails if you wish to automatically generate thumbnails at
index time. Please note that checking this option will slow down the indexing process
considerably. Thumbnails generated at index time are temporary thumbnails and will only be
used in the search results window. Deleting the index will also delete thumbnails. These
thumbnails will not be saved as part of the item description or the metadata for your items. We
recommend creating thumbnails as part of documenting your items. See Documenting Items
in the Catalog window for more information.
By default, only one indexer is used. Parallel indexing can speed up the index generation,
especially when you work with a lot of data. The parallel process allocates indexers based on
the number of folders that are registered. If the number of indexers is greater than the number
of registered folders, then the parallel process will allocate indexers to the subfolders.
Below are a few tips for setting the number of indexers:
It is recommended that you manage your data in folders and subfolders. Storing all
your data into a single folder will not take advantage of parallel indexing.
The number of indexers should be less than the number of folders (including
subfolders). For example, if your data is stored in two folders, then only 2 indexers will be
used by the system.
When indexing data that is stored on a slow disk or over a slow network, it is
recommended that you set the number of indexers to be equal to half the number of CPUs
on your clientthis will give you the best possible performance. It is a best practice to
make sure that the number of indexers never exceeds the number of CPUs.
2.
On the General tab, you can set spatial search options and enable built-in and user-defined
synonyms.
3.
On the Advanced tab, you can review and set Search Services in the Register Enterprise
Search Services box. Use the Add and Remove buttons to manage the search service list of
connections.
19. etting ArcMap options

You have the ability to establish a number of preferences for ArcMap and your map document on
the ArcMap Options dialog box. Once set, these options are saved as properties of your map
document and are used each time the map document is opened in subsequent sessions or until they
are changed.
To open the ArcMap Options dialog box, click Customize > ArcMap Options on the main menu.
This dialog box includes a number of tabs. Each tab corresponds to specific options you can set and
use:
GeneralEnable options for the application.

Data ViewEnable hardware acceleration and coordinate display in your map's data frames.
Also set default label engine and font name and size for .mxds.
Layout ViewEnable options for page unit guides and grids and for snapping various map
elements to these page locations.
MetadataSet the metadata style and update rules.
TablesEnable options for table appearance, prompts and warnings for various table states,
and attribute join properties.
RasterEnable properties for band combinations for multiband display and rules for pyramid
generation.
CADEnable options for recognizing DGN files.
SharingEnable options for packaging and publishing.
Display CacheEnable properties to specify the cache location, clear an existing cache, and
view its size.
General options
Here you can set options for the application. These include defining ArcMap's startup behavior.
Here you can set ArcMap to automatically do the following:
Turn off the ArcMap splash screen.
Open the ArcMap Getting Started dialog box.

Open the Add Data dialog box.
Open the last saved map document.
Other options available on this tab include:
Change the default visibility of newly added layers.

Set Add Data to use the last location accessed instead of the home folder of the current map
document.
Display wizards if available.
Use relative paths to reference data in new map documents.
Using relative paths doesn't mean that the layers in your document will never need repairing.
Even with relative paths, it is still possible for a document to be unable to find its data sources
if the document or the data sources are moved to a different location relative to each other,
such as to a different part of the folder hierarchy or to a different disk.
To review or change this setting for your current document, click File > Map Document
Properties to open the Map Document Properties dialog box.
Caution:
This option has no impact on your currently open map document or your existing map
documents. It just determines what the default is for new map documents you create.
Set the default layer when identifying features.

Choose the highlight color for features containing hyperlinks.
Keep drawing tools active after creating the graphic. This option allows you to easily draw
multiple graphics. The ArcMap default behavior automatically activates the Select Elements tool
to allow you to immediately manipulate the graphic.
Define the behavior of the mouse wheel and Continuous Zoom/Pan tools when navigating data
frames and layouts.
Note:
These settings apply to all your ArcMap sessions, not only your current map document. They
are saved as registry settings for the ArcMap application.
Data View options

On this tab, you can set how you work with your map when you are in data view:
Enable continuous display during navigation when connected through a remote desktop
session.
When continuous display is enabled, ArcMap updates the display of basemap layers
continuously during navigation operations such as pan and zoom. When continuous display is
not enabled, ArcMap updates the display of basemap layers only after navigation is
completed. This option has no effect on basemap layer display updates when not connected
via remote desktop. This setting is not recommended for remote desktop sessions over lowbandwidth connections. This setting is applied over all .mxds.
Enable hardware acceleration.
Hardware acceleration improves the refresh rate of supported layers, such as basemap layers
and any raster layers accelerated with the Image Analysis window during navigation. If this
check box is unavailable, it indicates that this session of ArcMap cannot utilize hardware
acceleration. This can occur if ArcMap is running over a remote desktop session or on a
computer whose graphics hardware's drivers are out of date or corrupted, or if the computer's
graphics hardware does not support the necessary functionality. This setting is applied over all
.mxds.
Customize coordinate display in your map's data frames.
This refers to the x,y coordinate readout in the status bar at the bottom of the ArcMap window
and in the feedback you get in the status bar when you draw graphics with the tools from
the Draw toolbar. Options include setting the number of decimals, using thousands separators,
and padding values with zeros. This setting is stored in the current map document (.mxd file)
and only applies to this map.
By default, ArcMap displays the x,y coordinate readout in the bottom right-hand corner of
the ArcMap window in the display units of the data frame. Display units are set on
the General tab of the Data Frame Properties dialog box (View > Data Frame Properties). You
can choose to use different units to display the coordinates. This option does not affect the
units used to report the dimensions of graphics that you draw with the tools from
the Draw toolbar or of features you create or edit in an edit session using the Editor toolbar.
The length, area, and perimeter of graphics that you draw are always reported in display
units. When you edit features, their dimensions are reported in the map units of the data you
are editing; when you enter x,y coordinates while editing, they are also specified in map units.
Setting the x,y display units is useful if you are experimenting with different coordinate
systems for your map and you want the x,y coordinate readout to remain unchanged. When
you change the coordinate system of a data frame on the Data Frame Properties dialog
box, Display defaults to the map units of the coordinate system you choose. By using this
option to override the display units, you can keep the x,y readout in the status bar constant.
Set default labeling properties.
By default, new .mxds open using the Standard Label Engine. You can change the default
label engine to the Maplex Label Engine and set a different font name and size for labeling.
This will not change the label engine and font for existing .mxds, only for newly created
projects.
Note:
When new annotation feature classes are created, they will also use the default label
engine, font name, and font size set here.
Layout View options

Here you can enable options for working with the page layout:
Set the layout view appearance.
You can choose to stretch contents when the window is resized. By default, ArcMap does not
stretch the contents of the window.
You can show horizontal and vertical guides to help you precisely place elements on the page
layout. These can be preset in a template.
By default, ArcMap displays a dashed line around the active data frame. The active data
frame is the one to which commands that you use, such as Add Data, Full Extent, Select By
Attributes, and Zoom To Selected Features , are applied when you are working in layout view.
The dashed line is not part of your map layout and does not appear on your map when you
print it.
However, you may sometimes want to hide this indication, for example, if you want to view
your map exactly as it will appear when printed. If you turn off the active data frame indication,
you can still see which data frame is active by looking in the table of contents: the active data
frame's name is always shown in bold.
Show and customize rulers along the page layout.
Rulers are displayed by default.

Show and customize a grid within the page layout.
The grid is not on by default. Grids can be preset in a template.

Enable snapping properties.
This allows you to snap page layout elements, such as a legend or north arrow, to any or all of
these: guides, grids, rulers, and printer margins. If you have chosen more than one, you can
set snapping priority by reordering the list of guides, grids, rulers, or margins. Checked entries
at the top of the list take priority over checked entries lower down the list.
For rulers, elements are snapped to the ruler's smallest division.
To snap to the printer's margin, Use Printer Paper Settings must be checked for Map Page
Size on the Print Setup dialog box (File > Page and Print Setup); otherwise, elements snap to
the page edge if Margins is checked. A check box on that dialog box also lets you choose
whether the printer margins are shown in layout view.
These settings are stored in the current map document (.mxd file) and just apply to this map.
Metadata options
Here you can set the metadata style and update rules. A metadata style configures ArcGIS to
create the metadata you want. It controls how you view metadata and also the pages that appear
for editing metadata on the Description tab. It identifies the metadata standard or profile to be
followed, the XML schema defining the valid XML format for that standard, and how to export
metadata from ArcGIS to a stand-alone metadata XML file in that format. Choose the style from the
available list.
The default style, Item Description, lets you create a brief description for an item that can be
searched in ArcGIS and published to ArcGIS Online. This metadata style is best for individuals who
don't need complete access to metadata or for organizations that don't need to adhere to metadata
standards.
If you want to see or edit more information than is available with the Item Description metadata
style or you must create metadata that complies with a metadata standard, choose another
metadata style that provides access to an item's complete ArcGIS metadata.
By default, ArcGIS automatically creates metadata if it doesn't already exist and updates existing
metadata for you. When you view metadata, elements that were updated automatically have an
asterisk (*) next to their name or value. If you choose not to automatically create metadata, you can
still create metadata for an item by editing it on the Description tab, but the metadata isn't updated
automatically when you view it; metadata is still updated automatically when other operations are
performed.
Tip:
Choosing not to create metadata automatically can increase the speed with which you can
view metadata because the update won't be performed. Advanced users who are creating
metadata for publication for datasets that are still in production can also uncheck this option
until they are ready to generate the final metadata. You can use the Synchronize
Metadata geoprocessing tool to update an item's metadata at any time.
Tables options
This tab provides a number of options that you can use to customize the way attributes are
displayed in tables. Font, color, and size are properties that can be changed for attribute values,
while color and cell sizes can be adjusted for the entire table. You can use characters to indicate
indexed fields, display domain and subtype descriptions, and set field properties on the Layer
Properties dialog box that are honored by the table. Also, you can set application behavior when
performing attribute joins.
Raster options
There are several options that can be defined to modify how your raster data is displayed. This
allows you to save time and display your raster data consistently. On this tab, you can enable
properties of raster datasets, raster catalogs, raster layers, and mosaic datasets.
These settings apply to all ArcGIS for Desktop applications. Changing any setting here changes it
for all the applications.
CAD options
Here you can enable the option for recognizing MicroStation DGN files.
MicroStation allows you to assign any file extension to design files. This setting enables ArcGIS to
recognize these types of files as CAD drawings and CAD feature datasets. This support only
applies to three-character file extension names. If this setting is not enabled, ArcGIS only
recognizes files with .dgn file extensions as MicroStation design files.
These settings apply to all ArcGIS for Desktop applications. Changing any setting here changes it
for all the applications.
Sharing options
The Sharing tab provides options for both publishing and packaging.
Publishing options include an option to change the publishing staging path along with an option to
automatically save the document when publishing.
The staging path is the location where a map is staged before it is published. You can override this
folder from an ArcGIS Server connection in ArcCatalog. This is also the default location for staged
(saved) service definitions. You can override this location for an individual service definition within
the Share As Service wizard.
The publishing process requires that the document be saved before it is published. You will be
prompted to save the document before publishing and staging a service definition. Choosing to
automatically save the document will keep you from having to interactively save the document
every time you publish or save a service definition.
When publishing a cached service, ArcGIS returns a warning message box when the estimated
cache exceeds a given size. You can change the threshold for the warning by entering a new size.
If you do not want the warning message to appear, uncheck Show warning when cache exceeds.
Note:
These settings do not affect the analyzers associated with the estimated size of the cache you
are about to create and the available space on the server. These analyzers will still trigger if
the estimated size of your cache may (warning 24050), or will (error 00149), exceed the
available space on the server.
For packaging, this tab has an option to support ArcGIS runtime tools when creating a map
package. Once enabled, you will see this option in the Share as Map Packagewizard. You can also
choose the location to unpack packages.
Display Cache options

The display cache is a local disk cache on your computer that stores data for basemap layers, tiled
images from cached map services from ArcGIS for Server, tiled images from other Internet map
services, and the ArcGIS globe cache. ArcGIS for Desktop uses this display cache to help manage
and improve display performance in ArcMap and ArcGlobe. Here you can enable properties to
specify the cache location, clear an existing cache, and view its size.
20. Map automation using geoprocessing

Geoprocessing is the methodical execution of a sequence of operations on geographic information.
While geoprocessing is certainly used for spatial analysis, it can also be used for automating a wide
range of mapping tasksfor example, to generate map books and multipage map atlases, to repair
broken data links of all the map documents in a folder, and so on.
If you are new to the use of geoprocessing in ArcGIS, read and learn more at What is geoprocessing?
Learn more about using geoprocessing scripts for map document management and output once you
have become familiar with geoprocessing.
21. Using ArcGIS extension products

rcGIS for Desktop has a set of optional extension products that you can install and work with. Each
adds a set of specialized and advanced capabilities to your geographic information system (GIS).
Enabling extensions for ArcGIS for Desktop

To add the capability to use any extension, ensure that the extension software is installed on your
computer and that you have added keycodes to unlock the use of the software on your desktop.
See Adding additional installation features for more information on how to add extensions.
Next, enable the desired extension using the following steps:
1.
2.
Click Customize > Extensions from the main menu in any ArcGIS application.
In the Extensions dialog box, choose the extensions that you want to enable and click Close.
22. Keyboard shortcuts in ArcMap

The following lists some of the keyboard shortcuts available in ArcMap, although many of these also
apply to ArcGlobe and ArcScene. In addition, there are keyboard shortcuts available
when editing and working with tables in ArcMap.
You can also assign your own keyboard shortcuts to a command.
Download ArcGIS for Desktop: A Selection of Time-Saving Tips and Shortcuts, a printable PDF of tips
and shortcuts.
Click inside the table of contents and click F1 to open a list of shortcuts while working in ArcMap.
Accessing ArcMap menu commands

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts for some common commands:
Shortcut
CTRL+N
CTRL+O
CTRL+S
ALT+F4
CTRL+Z
CTRL+Y
Command
Menu
New
File
Open
File
Save
File
Exit
File
Undo
Edit
Redo
Edit
CTRL+X
CTRL+C
CTRL+V
DELETE
F1
Cut
Edit
Copy
Edit
Paste
Edit
Delete
Edit
ArcGIS for Desktop Help
Help
Keyboard shortcuts used to access ArcMap menu commands
To access the main menu, press ALT and use the arrow keys to move through the menus;
press ENTER to make a selection.
Press ESC to close a menu or dialog box.
Window handling
CTRL+F opens the Search window.

ESC moves the focus from the Catalog window or the Table Of Contents window to the map
display.
F3 puts the focus to the Table Of Contents window.
Hold down CTRL while dragging a toolbar or dockable window to prevent it from docking.
To dock or undock any dockable window, double-click its title bar, or if it is stacked with
another docked window, double-click its tab.
Refreshing or suspending map drawing
Press F5 to refresh and redraw the display.

Press F9 whenever you want to suspend or pause drawing so you can make changes to your
map without having the map redraw after each change. Press F9 again to resume drawing.
Dragging and dropping to move or copy
You can drag and drop or copy and paste multiple layers in the table of contents and between
ArcMap sessions. You can also drag and drop or copy and paste data frames between ArcMap
sessions.
Use drag and drop to move layers in and out of a group layer within a data frame.
Layers that are dragged and dropped between data frames and ArcMap sessions are copied;
hold down CTRL while dragging and dropping to move layers between data frames and ArcMap
sessions.
Data frames that are dragged and dropped are moved; hold down CTRL while dragging and
dropping to copy them.
Layers that are dragged and dropped inside a data frame are moved; hold down CTRL while
dragging and dropping to copy them.
Similarly, in ArcCatalog, you can hold down CTRL while dragging and dropping to copy items.
Navigating the table of contents with the keyboard
F3 or clicking inside the table of contents puts the keyboard focus on the table of contents so
you can navigate and interact with it.
ESC or clicking the map puts the keyboard focus on the map.
HOME selects the first item in the table of contents.
END selects the last item in the table of contents.
PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN arrows move through the items in the table of contents.
Left/Right arrows or the + and - keys expand or collapse selected items. They also toggle
among the tabs at the bottom of the table of contents when they have keyboard focus.
SPACE turns drawing of the selected layers on or off.
CTRL+SPACE turns all the layers in the data frame on or off when a single layer is selected in
the table of contents. If the selected layer is part of a group layer or a composite layer, such as
an ArcIMS image service layer, all the members of that layer will be turned on or off. If multiple
layers are selected, CTRL+SPACE works like SPACE by itself and toggles only the selected
layers on or off.
F2 renames the selected item.
F12 or ENTER opens the selected item's properties dialog box. If the currently selected item is
a heading, symbol, or label, the Layer Properties dialog box will open with the Symbology tab
shown on top.
SHIFT+F10 (or the APPLICATION key, if your keyboard has one) opens the shortcut menu for
the selected item.
Use SHIFT+F1 or F1 to obtain context help when an item has keyboard focus or when the
properties dialog box tab or a table of contents tab is selected.
F11 activates a selected data frame, or hold down ALT and click a data frame to activate it.
When there are multiple data frames in the map, use CTRL+TAB to cycle through each data
frame and activate it.
Using mouse shortcuts in the table of contents
CTRL+click an expansion control (+/-) to expand or collapse all the items at that level. If any
items are currently selected, only the selected items are expanded or collapsed.
CTRL+click selects or deselects multiple layers or data frames.
SHIFT+click selects all layers or data frames between two layers or data frames within the
same table of contents level.
ALT+click a data frame to activate it.
CTRL+click a layer's check box turns all the layers on or off at that level. If any items are
currently selected, only the selected items are turned on or off.
ALT+click a layer's check box turns that layer on and turns off all others at that level.
ALT+click a layer's name to zoom to the extent of that layer. This saves having to right-click a
layer and click Zoom To Layer.
When dragging layers, hover the pointer over an expansion control to expand or collapse any
item.
Right-clicking features, layers, and data frames always opens a shortcut menu.
Navigating maps and layout pages

Hold down the following keys to temporarily turn the tool you are currently using into a navigation
tool:
ZZoom In
XZoom Out
CPan
BContinuous Zoom/Pan (Drag with mouse button zooms in/out; drag with right mouse
button pans.)
QRoam (Hold down mouse wheel until cursor changes, then drag or hold Q.)
These shortcuts work in data view and layout view. In layout view, they apply to the page by
default. Hold down SHIFT as well as the key to apply it to the data frame you click instead of the
page.
For more map navigation shortcuts, see Quick ways to navigate data frames and layouts.
Opening and closing table windows
CTRL+double-click a layer or table in the table of contents to open its table.

CTRL+T or CTRL+ENTER to open the table of the selected layer or table in the table of
contents.
CTRL+SHIFT+T to minimize or maximize all open table windows.
CTRL+SHIFT+F4 to close all open table windows.

For more table shortcuts, see Keyboard shortcuts for working with tables.
23. Navigating Maps

23.1. Displaying maps in data view and layout view
ArcMap provides two ways to view a map: data view and layout view.
Data view
Layout view
Each view allows you to view and interact with the map, but in different ways. Data view provides a
geographic window for exploring, displaying, and querying the data on your map. You work in realworld coordinates and measurements in data view.
In layout view, you work with the map layout elements, such as titles, north arrows, and scale bars,
along with the data frame, all of which are arranged on a page. In layout view, you work primarily in
page space (typically, inches or centimeters) except when you are interacting with a data frame in your
layout.
Switching between data view and layout view

Use the buttons at the bottom left of the ArcMap window to switch between data view
view .
and layout
You can also use this menu to refresh your map display and to pause drawing.
An alternative way to switch your display is to click View > Data View or View > Layout View from the
main menu in ArcMap.
Tip:
You can toggle the display of scroll bars in data view and layout view by clicking View > Scroll
Bars. This setting is independent in each view, so to hide scroll bars in both views, you'll need
to change the setting in both places.
Navigation in a data frame

The Tools toolbar is one of the primary ways that you interact with geographic information
displayed in the data frame. It contains tools for working with the contents within the active data
frame, for example, to pan and zoom your map, to identify features, and to measure distances.
Functions on the Tools toolbar

Butto
n
Name
Function
Zoom In
Allows you to zoom in to a geographic window by clicking a point or dragging a box.
Zoom Out
Allows you to zoom out from a geographic window by clicking a point or dragging a box.
Pan
Allows you to pan the data frame.
Full Extent
Allows you to zoom to the full extent of your map.
Fixed Zoom In
Allows you to zoom in on the center of your data frame.
Fixed Zoom Out
Allows you to zoom out on the center of your data frame.
Back
Forward
Select Features
Allows you to select features graphically, by clicking or dragging a box around them. You can
also use the Select By Polygon, Lasso, Circle, and Line tools to select features using graphics
drawn to the screen.
Clear Selection
Unselects all the currently selected features in the active data frame.
Select Elements
Allows you to select, resize, and move text, graphics, and other objects placed on the map.
Identify
Identifies the geographic feature or place on which you click.
Hyperlink
Triggers hyperlinks from features.
HTML Pop-up
Triggers HTML pop-up windows from features.
Measure
Measures distances and areas on your map.
Find
Finds features in the map.
Find Route
Allows you to calculate point-to-point routes and driving directions.
Go To XY Location
Allows you to type an x,y location and navigate to it.
Open Time Slider

Window
Opens a time slider window for working with time-aware layers and tables.
Create
Allows you to create a new viewer window by dragging a rectangle.
Viewer
Window
You can also use the mouse and keyboard, as well as other shortcuts, for data view navigation. For
example, you can use the thumbwheel to zoom in and out on your map. For more information,
see Quick ways to navigate data frames and layouts.
Tip:
If any of the navigation tools on the Standard toolbar are unavailable, the data frame may be
set to either a fixed extent or fixed scale. To enable the navigation tools, click View > Data
Frame Properties to open the Data Frame Properties dialog box, then click the Data Frame tab
and choose Automatic from the Extent list.
If your layer doesn't draw when you zoom in or out, it probably has a visible scale range set
that prevents it from being displayed on the map at certain scales. You can clear the scale
range by right-clicking the layer in the table of contents and clicking Visible Scale Range > Clear
Scale Range.
Navigation in layout view

When you are working with a page layout, you are working in page units (for example, inches or
centimeters). The Layout toolbar provides navigation tools for working in layout view.
Navigation tools on the Layout toolbar

Button
Name
Function
Zoom In
Allows you to zoom in on your layout by clicking a point or dragging a box.
Zoom Out
Allows you to zoom out on your layout by clicking a point or dragging a box.
Pan
Allows you to pan the layout.
Zoom Whole Page
Allows you to zoom to full layout extent.
Zoom to 100%
Allows you to zoom to 1:1 page scale.
Fixed Zoom In
Allows you to zoom in on the center of your layout.
Fixed Zoom Out
Allows you to zoom out from the center of your layout.
Go Back To Extent
Go Forward To Extent
Zoom To Percent
Allows you to set the page size using a percentage.
You can also use the mouse and keyboard as well, as other shortcuts for layout navigation, using
the same shortcuts and quick keys as in data view. For more information, see Quick ways to
navigate data frames and layouts.
23.2. Setting a custom full extent for your data frame

Clicking the Full Extent button
on the Tools toolbar zooms your map to show you all the data in
your map. In one click, you can see everything in your map. Sometimes, though, clicking the Full
Extent button zooms you out much further than desired. In these cases, you might like to set your own
full extent.
For example, in a map of France, you might have layers that cover the world, and clicking Full
Extent will zoom you out to the whole world.
You can specify a custom extent, such as France, as the full extent of your data frame. Then, when
you click the Full Extent button, you are taken just to your area of interest.
Tip:
You can also press the INSERT key to zoom to the full extent.
Steps for setting a custom full extent

Each data frame can have its own custom full extent, which is set in the Data Frame
Properties dialog box. Here are the steps:
1.
Right-click the Data Frame name in the table of contents and click Properties.
2.
Click the Data Frame tab.
3.
In the Extent Used by Full Extent Command section, click Other and click the Specify
Extent button.
4.
This displays the Full Extent dialog box where you can set your custom extent. You can
choose to
Use the current extent of your data frame.
Use the outline of features in a particular layer (and choose all features, selected
features, or those that are visible).
Use the outline of selected graphics.
Type in your own coordinate values (in decimal degrees or display units) to define an
extent. Display units are specified on the General tab of the Data Frame Properties dialog
box.
Once you choose an option and click OK, the next time you open the dialog, the Custom
Extent option will be automatically selected and will show you the top, left, right, and bottom
coordinates of the extent you specified. When you choose an option that is based on an
extent that can change, such as the extent of the map, the features in a layer, or the outline of
the selected graphics, the dialog gets that current extent and stores its actual coordinates, so
that any further changes made in the map or to layers, and so on, that would otherwise
change this extent are ignored. In other words, when you are defining an extent using this
dialog, the option you choose isn't dynamicit is just a convenient way to specify an extent to
save you having to type in its actual coordinates.
Tip:
An easy way to specify a custom extent is to zoom to the area you want to use as your new full extent,
then use the Current Visible Extent option.
23.3. Quick ways to navigate data frames and layouts

Desktop Mapping Working with ArcMap
You can use keyboard shortcuts and your mouse for quicker navigation with maps and layout pages.
For example, you can pan, zoom, or recenter the map without having to go to a toolbar and click a
different tool for each operation.
You can also download ArcGIS for Desktop: A Selection of Time-Saving Tips and Shortcuts, a printable
PDF of tips and shortcuts.
Navigating with the mouse

Using the mouse wheel makes it easy to zoom and pan anytime you like without changing the tool
you are currently using.
These shortcuts work in data view and layout view. In layout view, they apply to the page by
default. You can hold down the SHIFT key and perform any shortcut to apply it to the data frame
instead of the page (the active data frame in the case of rolling the mouse wheel, or the data frame
you clicked in the case of clicking or dragging the mouse wheel).
Mouse wheel action
ArcMap navigation function
Rolling wheel back and forth
Zooms in and out
Holding down CTRL and rolling
Zooms in and out but with finer increment; used fo
Clicking mouse wheel (or middle mouse button)
Centers map at location where you clicked
Holding down mouse wheel (or middle mouse button) and dragging
Pans
Holding down CTRL and clicking mouse wheel

Holding down CTRL and dragging with the mouse wheel
Centers and zooms in at location you clicked

Zooms in
Rolling the mouse wheel is applied to whichever part of the user interface the pointer is currently
over. In this way, you can just move the pointer over the map and roll the wheel to zoom in or out,
regardless of which window or dialog box has keyboard focus.
You can reverse the zoom in/zoom out convention used by the mouse wheel.
Click Customize > ArcMap Options to open the ArcMap Options dialog box. Click the Generaltab and
make your changes in the Mouse Wheel and Continuous Zoom/Pan Tool section.
Note:
You can use the middle mouse button on a three-button mouse instead of the mouse wheel for
all the shortcuts except for rolling to zoom in and out.
Navigation while using other tools

Hold down the following keys to temporarily turn the tool you are currently using into a navigation
tool:
ZZoom In
XZoom Out
CPan
BContinuous Zoom/Pan (Dragging with left mouse button zooms in/out; dragging with right
mouse button pans.)
These shortcuts work in Data view and Layout view. In Layout view, they apply to the page by
default. Hold down the SHIFT key as well as the key to apply it to the data frame you click in the
page.
Recentering the map with one click

You can quickly recenter the map when you use the pan tools.
A click with the Pan tool

recenters the data frame at the location you clicked.
A click with the Layout Pan tool
recenters the page at the location you clicked.
The Continuous Zoom/Pan tool

The Continuous Zoom/Pan tool
can be added to any toolbar in the ArcMap user interface.
Click Customize > Customize Mode to open the Customize dialog box. Click the Commands tab and
select the Continuous Zoom and Pan tool from the Pan/Zoom category. This tool is especially useful
if you want to use dynamic zooming and panning when you do not have a thumbwheel.
You can temporarily turn any tool into this tool by holding down the B key on your keyboard.
The Continuous Zoom/Pan tool does not have to be added to your ArcMap user interface for
this to be available.
You can reverse the zoom in/zoom out convention on the General tab of the ArcMap
Options dialog box.
When this tool is active, you can recenter the map by clicking with the right mouse button in
addition to panning the map by dragging with the right mouse button.
The Continuous Zoom/Pan tool works on the page when you are in Layout View. Hold down
the SHIFT key to operate on a data frame when you are in Layout View.
Other navigation shortcuts
When the Zoom In tool , Zoom Out tool , or Pan tool

is active, F6 toggles among these
three tools.
F6 also toggles among the corresponding three layout tools when you are in Layout View.
The ARROW KEYS scroll the map in the direction you press, unless a graphic or map element
is selected, in which case they nudge that element.
The HOME and END keys also scroll the map left and right.
PAGEUP and PAGEDOWN scroll the map up and down.
The + and - keys zoom in and out, the same as the Fixed Zoom In
and Fixed Zoom Out
tools.
The < and > keys go back to the previous extent or forward to the next extent, the same as
the Go Back To Previous Extent
and Go To Next Extent
buttons.
The INSERT key takes you to the full extent, like the Full Extent
button.
Hold down ALT and click the name of a layer in the table of contents to zoom to the extent of
that layer.
Navigating with context menus

Right-clicking the map in Data view gives you a menu containing a set of commonly used
commands. The menu includes some commands that operate at the location you right-clicked,
enabling you to perform an operation once without changing your current tool.

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Help Arcgis 10.2.1

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What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.

What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.2 for Server

What's new in ArcGIS 10.2.1

so they become connected with the lines in the adjacent dataset.

Modifies input line features by spatially adjusting them through rubbersheet

Tools in the Conflation toolset

List, Curvature, Cut

Migrate Relationship Class tool is used to prepare your relationship class or

For more information, see the Extensions section below.

Find Disconnected Features In Geometric Network

Export Mosaic Dataset Items

Outputs all or selected processed mosaic dataset items to a specifie

Export Mosaic Dataset Geometry

Outputs the footprint, boundary, and seamlines of a mosaic dataset

Split Polygon Feature Class, Clip Type, and Template Extent

There is a new raster function available:

Lidar - LAS Optimizer Utility

ArcGIS Online network services

A set of new Transformation Function ArcPy classes has been added to

Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS

SDKs and APIs

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for OS X

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Qt

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Android

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for Windows Phone

ArcGIS Runtime SDK for WPF (for Windows)

ArcPad (includes what's new for developers)

ArcGIS API for Flex

ArcGIS API for JavaScript

ArcGIS API for Silverlight

ArcGIS REST specification

1.Mapping and visualization in ArcGIS for Desktop

See What is ArcMap? for more information.

ArcGlobe is used for seamless 3D visualization of geographic data using a

ArcScene is used for 3D visualization of focused scenes or areas. It creates a

3.A quick tour of ArcMap

Learn more about using data frames

Discrete feature classes such as collections of points, lines, and polygons

The Table of Contents

Saving and opening a map document

The Catalog Window

Learn more about the Catalog window

The Home folder for a map

Learn more about the Home folder

Using search in ArcMap

4.Essential ArcMap vocabulary

Map document (.mxd)

The Catalog Window

II. WORKING WITH ArcMAP

Selecting the map on startup

Double-click an existing map document to open it, or create a new one by

Click the New button

Click File > New or press CTRL+N.

2.Opening a map document

There are a number of ways to open a map in ArcMap. You can:

Double-click on a map document to open it.

Select it in the ArcMap Getting Started dialog box.

This topic describes each of these alternatives

Double-click to open a map document

In Windows Explorer, navigate to the map document's location.

Double-click the document to open it.

Select a map in the ArcMap Getting Started dialog box

Select an existing map or browse to it to open it in ArcMap.