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Suspensionbridge
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Asuspensionbridgeisatypeofbridgeinwhichthe
deck(theloadbearingportion)ishungbelowsuspension
cablesonverticalsuspenders.Thefirstmodernexamples
ofthistypeofbridgewerebuiltintheearly19th
century.[3][4]Simplesuspensionbridges,whichlack
verticalsuspenders,havealonghistoryinmany
mountainouspartsoftheworld.
Thistypeofbridgehascablessuspendedbetween
towers,plusverticalsuspendercablesthatcarrythe
weightofthedeckbelow,uponwhichtrafficcrosses.
Thisarrangementallowsthedecktobelevelortoarc
upwardforadditionalclearance.Likeothersuspension
bridgetypes,thistypeoftenisconstructedwithout
falsework.
Thesuspensioncablesmustbeanchoredateachendof
thebridge,sinceanyloadappliedtothebridgeis
transformedintoatensioninthesemaincables.Themain
cablescontinuebeyondthepillarstodecklevelsupports,
andfurthercontinuetoconnectionswithanchorsinthe
ground.Theroadwayissupportedbyverticalsuspender
cablesorrods,calledhangers.Insomecircumstances,
thetowersmaysitonablufforcanyonedgewherethe
roadmayproceeddirectlytothemainspan,otherwise
thebridgewillusuallyhavetwosmallerspans,running
betweeneitherpairofpillarsandthehighway,which
maybesupportedbysuspendercablesormayuseatruss
bridgetomakethisconnection.Inthelattercasethere
willbeverylittlearcintheoutboardmaincables.

Suspensionbridge

TheAkashiKaikyBridgeinJapan,world'slongest
mainspan.
Ancestor

Simplesuspensionbridge

Related

Underspannedsuspensionbridgesee
alsocablestayedbridgeandthrough
archbridge

Descendant Selfanchoredsuspensionbridge
Carries

Pedestrians,bicycles,livestock,
automobiles,trucks,lightrail

Spanrange Mediumtolong
Material

Steelrope,multiplesteelwirestrand
cablesorforgedorcastchainlinks

Movable

No

Design
effort

medium

Falsework No
required

Contents
1History
1.1Precursor
1.2First
1.3Wirecable
2Structuralbehavior
2.1Structuralanalysis
2.2Advantages
2.3Disadvantages
3Variations
3.1Underspanned
3.2Suspensioncabletypes
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3.2Suspensioncabletypes
3.3Deckstructuretypes
4Forces
4.1Useotherthanroadandrail
5Constructionsequence(wirestrandcabletype)
6Longestspans
7Otherexamples
8Notablecollapses
9Gallery
10Seealso
11References
12Externallinks

History
Theearliestsuspensionbridgeswereropesslungacrossachasm,witha
deckpossiblyatthesamelevelorhungbelowtheropessothattherope
hasacatenaryshape.

ThedoubledeckedGeorge
WashingtonBridge,connecting
NewYorkCitytoBergenCounty,
NewJersey,USA,istheworld's
busiestsuspensionbridge,
carrying102millionvehicles
annually. [1][2]

Precursor
TheTibetansaintandbridgebuilderThangtongGyalpooriginatedtheuseofironchainsinhisversionof
earlysuspensionbridges.In1433,GyalpobuilteightbridgesineasternBhutan.Thelastsurvivingchain
linkedbridgeofGyalpo'swastheThangtongGyalpoBridgeinDuksumenroutetoTrashiYangtse,which
wasfinallywashedawayin2004.[5]Gyalpo'sironchainbridgesdidnotincludeasuspendeddeckbridge
whichisthestandardonallmodernsuspensionbridgestoday.Instead,boththerailingandthewalking
layerofGyalpo'sbridgesusedwires.Thestresspointsthatcarriedthescreedwerereinforcedbytheiron
chains.BeforetheuseofironchainsitisthoughtthatGyalpousedropesfromtwistedwillowsoryak
skins.[6]Hemayhavealsousedtightlyboundcloth.

First
ThefirstdesignforabridgeresemblingthemodernsuspensionbridgeisattributedtoVenetianpolymath
FaustoVeranzio,whose1595bookMachinaeNovaeincludeddrawingsbothforatimberandrope
suspensionbridge,andahybridsuspensionandcablestayedbridgeusingironchains(seegallerybelow).
ThefirstAmericanironchainsuspensionbridgewastheJacob'sCreekBridge(1801)inWestmoreland
County,Pennsylvania,designedbyinventorJamesFinley.[7]Finley'sbridgewasthefirsttoincorporateall
ofthenecessarycomponentsofamodernsuspensionbridge,includingasuspendeddeckwhichhungby
trusses.Finleypatentedhisdesignin1808,andpublisheditinthePhiladelphiajournal,ThePortFolio,in
1810.[8]
EarlyBritishchainbridgesincludedtheDryburghAbbeyBridge(1817)and137mUnionBridge(1820),
withspansrapidlyincreasingto176mwiththeMenaiBridge(1826),"thefirstimportantmodern
suspensionbridge".[9]TheCliftonSuspensionBridge(designedin1831,completedin1864witha214m
centralspan)isoneofthelongestoftheparabolicarcchaintype.
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Wirecable
ThefirstwirecablesuspensionbridgewastheSpiderBridgeatFallsofSchuylkill(1816),amodestand
temporaryfootbridgebuiltfollowingthecollapseofJamesFinley'snearbyChainBridgeatFallsof
Schuylkill(1808).Thefootbridge'sspanwas124m,althoughitsdeckwasonly0.45mwide.
DevelopmentofwirecablesuspensionbridgesdatestothetemporarysimplesuspensionbridgeatAnnonay
builtbyMarcSeguinandhisbrothersin1822.Itspannedonly18m.[10]Thefirstpermanentwirecable
suspensionbridgewasGuillaumeHenriDufour'sSaintAntoineBridgeinGenevaof1823,withtwo40m
spans.[10]ThefirstwithcablesassembledinmidairinthemodernmethodwasJosephChaley'sGrandPont
SuspenduinFribourg,in1834.[10]
IntheUnitedStates,thefirstmajorwirecablesuspensionbridgewastheWireBridgeatFairmountin
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.DesignedbyCharlesEllet,Jr.andcompletedin1842,ithadaspanof109m.
Ellet'sNiagaraFallsSuspensionBridge(184748)wasabandonedbeforecompletion.Itwasusedas
scaffoldingforJohnA.Roebling'sdoubledeckerrailroadandcarriagebridge(1855).
TheOttoBeitBridge(193839)wasthefirstmodernsuspensionbridgeoutsidetheUnitedStatesbuiltwith
parallelwirecables.[11]

Drawingofthe
Chakzambridgesouth
ofLhasa,constructed
in1430,withcables
suspendedbetween
towers,andvertical
suspendercables
carryingtheweightof
aplankedfootway
below.

Veranzio'ssuspended
bridgedesign(1595)

"ViewoftheChain
Bridgeinventedby
JamesFinleyEsq."
(1810)byWilliam
Strickland.Finley's
ChainBridgeatFalls
ofSchuylkill(1808)
hadtwospans,100
feetand200feet.

WireBridgeat
Fairmount(1842,
replaced1874).

Structuralbehavior
Structuralanalysis

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Themainforcesinasuspensionbridgeofanytypearetensioninthecablesandcompressioninthepillars.
Sincealmostalltheforceonthepillarsisverticallydownwardsandtheyarealsostabilizedbythemain
cables,thepillarscanbemadequiteslender,asontheSevernBridge,ontheWalesEnglandborder.

TheslenderlinesoftheSevernBridge

Inasuspendeddeckbridge,cablessuspendedviatowersholduptheroaddeck.Theweightistransferred
bythecablestothetowers,whichinturntransfertheweighttotheground.
Assuminganegligibleweightascomparedtothe
weightofthedeckandvehiclesbeingsupported,the
maincablesofasuspensionbridgewillformaparabola
(verysimilartoacatenary,theformtheunloaded
cablestakebeforethedeckisadded).Onecanseethe
shapefromtheconstantincreaseofthegradientofthe
cablewithlinear(deck)distance,thisincreasein
gradientateachconnectionwiththedeckprovidinga
netupwardsupportforce.Combinedwiththerelatively
simpleconstraintsplacedupontheactualdeck,this
makesthesuspensionbridgemuchsimplertodesign
andanalyzethanacablestayedbridge,wherethedeck
isincompression.

Advantages

Comparisonofacatenary(blackdottedcurve)and
aparabola(redsolidcurve)withthesamespanand
sag.Thecatenaryrepresentstheprofileofasimple
suspensionbridge,orthecableofasuspendeddeck
suspensionbridgeonwhichitsdeckandhangers
havenegligiblemasscomparedtoitscable.The
parabolarepresentstheprofileofthecableofa
suspendeddecksuspensionbridgeonwhichits
cableandhangershavenegligiblemasscomparedto
itsdeck.Theprofileofthecableofareal
suspensionbridgewiththesamespanandsaglies
betweenthetwocurves.

Longermainspansareachievablethanwithany
othertypeofbridge
Lessmaterialmayberequiredthanotherbridge
types,evenatspanstheycanachieve,leadingtoareducedconstructioncost
Exceptforinstallationoftheinitialtemporarycables,littleornoaccessfrombelowisrequired
duringconstruction,forexampleallowingawaterwaytoremainopenwhilethebridgeisbuiltabove
Maybebettertowithstandearthquakemovementsthanheavierandmorerigidbridges
Bridgedeckscanhavedecksectionsreplacedinordertowidentrafficlanesforlargervehiclesoradd
additionswidthforseparatedcycling/pedestrianpaths.

Disadvantages
Considerablestiffnessoraerodynamicprofilingmayberequiredtopreventthebridgedeckvibrating
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underhighwinds
Therelativelylowdeckstiffnesscomparedtoother(non
suspension)typesofbridgesmakesitmoredifficulttocarry
heavyrailtrafficwherehighconcentratedliveloadsoccur
Someaccessbelowmayberequiredduringconstruction,to
lifttheinitialcablesortoliftdeckunits.Thisaccesscanoften
beavoidedincablestayedbridgeconstruction

Variations
Underspanned
Inanunderspannedsuspensionbridge,themaincableshangentirely
belowthebridgedeck,butarestillanchoredintothegroundina
similarwaytotheconventionaltype.Veryfewbridgesofthis
naturehavebeenbuilt,asthedeckisinherentlylessstablethan
whensuspendedbelowthecables.ExamplesincludethePontdes
Berguesof1834designedbyGuillaumeHenriDufour[10]James
Smith'sMicklewoodBridge[12]andaproposalbyRobertStevenson
forabridgeovertheRiverAlmondnearEdinburgh.[12]

Asuspensionbridgecanbemadeout
ofsimplematerialssuchaswoodand
commonwirerope.

MicklewoodBridgeasillustratedby
CharlesDrewry,1832

Roebling'sDelawareAqueduct(begun1847)consistsofthree
sectionssupportedbycables.Thetimberstructureessentiallyhides
thecablesandfromaquickview,itisnotimmediatelyapparent
thatitisevenasuspensionbridge.

Suspensioncabletypes
Themainsuspensioncableinolderbridgeswasoftenmadefrom
chainorlinkedbars,butmodernbridgecablesaremadefrom
multiplestrandsofwire.Thiscontributesgreaterredundancyafew
flawedstrandsinthehundredsusedposeverylittlethreat,whereasa
singlebadlinkoreyebarcancausefailureoftheentirebridge.(The
failureofasingleeyebarwasfoundtobethecauseofthecollapse
oftheSilverBridgeovertheOhioRiver).Anotherreasonisthatas
spansincreased,engineerswereunabletoliftlargerchainsinto
position,whereaswirestrandcablescanbelargelypreparedinmid
airfromatemporarywalkway.

SquibbParkBridge,Brooklyn,built
2013

Deckstructuretypes
Mostsuspensionbridgeshaveopentrussstructurestosupportthe
EyebarchaincablesofClifton
roadbed,particularlyowingtotheunfavorableeffectsofusingplate
SuspensionBridge
girders,discoveredfromtheTacomaNarrowsBridge(1940)bridge
collapse.Recentdevelopmentsinbridgeaerodynamicshave
allowedthereintroductionofplatestructures.InthepictureoftheYichangBridge,notetheverysharp
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entryedgeandslopingundergirdersinthesuspensionbridgeshown.Thisenablesthistypeofconstruction
tobeusedwithoutthedangerofvortexsheddingandconsequentaeroelasticeffects,suchasthosethat
destroyedtheoriginalTacomaNarrowsbridge.

Forces
Threekindsofforcesoperateonanybridge:thedeadload,thelive
load,andthedynamicload.Deadloadreferstotheweightofthe
bridgeitself.Likeanyotherstructure,abridgehasatendencyto
collapsesimplybecauseofthegravitationalforcesactingonthe
materialsofwhichthebridgeismade.Liveloadreferstotrafficthat
movesacrossthebridgeaswellasnormalenvironmentalfactors
suchaschangesintemperature,precipitation,andwinds.Dynamic
loadreferstoenvironmentalfactorsthatgobeyondnormalweather
conditions,factorssuchassuddengustsofwindandearthquakes.
Allthreefactorsmustbetakenintoconsiderationwhenbuildinga
bridge.

TheYichangBridge,aplatedeck
suspensionbridge,overtheYangtze
RiverinChina

Useotherthanroadandrail
Theprinciplesofsuspensionusedonthelargescalemayalsoappear
incontextslessdramaticthanroadorrailbridges.Lightcable
suspensionmayprovelessexpensiveandseemmoreelegantfora
footbridgethanstronggirdersupports.Wheresuchabridgespansa
gapbetweentwobuildings,thereisnoneedtoconstructspecial
towers,asthebuildingscananchorthecables.Cablesuspension
mayalsobeaugmentedbytheinherentstiffnessofastructurethat
hasmuchincommonwithatubularbridge.
CablesuspendedfootbridgeatDallas
FortWorthAirportTerminalD

Constructionsequence(wirestrandcabletype)
Typicalsuspensionbridgesareconstructedusingasequence
generallydescribedasfollows.Dependingonlengthandsize,
constructionmaytakeanywherebetweenayearandahalf
(constructionontheoriginalTacomaNarrowsBridgetookonly19
months)uptoasadecade(theAkashiKaikyBridge'sconstruction
beganinMay1986andwasopenedinMay,1998atotaloftwelve
years).

NewLittleBeltsuspensionbridge,
1970Denmark

1. Wherethetowersarefoundedonunderwaterpiers,caissons
aresunkandanysoftbottomisexcavatedforafoundation.If
thebedrockistoodeeptobeexposedbyexcavationorthesinkingofacaisson,pilingsaredrivento
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thebedrockorintooverlyinghardsoil,oralargeconcretepadtodistributetheweightoverless
resistantsoilmaybeconstructed,firstpreparingthesurfacewithabedofcompactedgravel.(Sucha
padfootingcanalsoaccommodatethemovementsofan
activefault,andthishasbeenimplementedonthefoundations
ofthecablestayedRioAntiriobridge.Thepiersarethen
extendedabovewaterlevel,wheretheyarecappedwith
pedestalbasesforthetowers.
2. Wherethetowersarefoundedondryland,deepfoundation
excavationorpilingsareused.
3. Fromthetowerfoundation,towersofsingleormultiple
columnsareerectedusinghighstrengthreinforcedconcrete,
ManhattanBridgeinNewYorkCity
stonework,orsteel.Concreteisusedmostfrequentlyin
withdeckunderconstructionfrom
modernsuspensionbridgeconstructionduetothehighcostof
thetowersoutward.
steel.
4. Largedevicescalledsaddles,whichwillcarrythemain
suspensioncables,arepositionedatopthetowers.Typically
ofcaststeel,theycanalsobemanufacturedusingriveted
forms,andareequippedwithrollerstoallowthemaincables
toshiftunderconstructionandnormalloads.
5. Anchoragesareconstructed,usuallyintandemwiththe
towers,toresistthetensionofthecablesandformasthemain
anchorsystemfortheentirestructure.Theseareusually
anchoredingoodqualityrock,butmayconsistofmassive
reinforcedconcretedeadweightswithinanexcavation.The
anchoragestructurewillhavemultipleprotrudingopen
eyeboltsenclosedwithinasecurespace.
6. Temporarysuspendedwalkways,calledcatwalks,arethen
erectedusingasetofguidewireshoistedintoplacevia
winchespositionedatopthetowers.Thesecatwalksfollowthe
curvesetbybridgedesignersforthemaincables,inapath
mathematicallydescribedasacatenaryarc.Typicalcatwalks
areusuallybetweeneightandtenfeetwide,andare
constructedusingwiregrateandwoodslats.
Suspendercablesandsuspendercable
7. Gantriesareplaceduponthecatwalks,whichwillsupportthe
bandontheGoldenGateBridgein
maincablespinningreels.Then,cablesattachedtowinches
SanFrancisco.Maincablediameteris
areinstalled,andinturn,themaincablespinningdevicesare
36inches(910mm),andsuspender
installed.
cablediameteris3.5inches(89mm).
8. Highstrengthwire(typically4or6gaugegalvanizedsteel
wire),ispulledinaloopbypulleysonthetraveler,withone
endaffixedatananchorage.Whenthetravelerreachestheoppositeanchoragetheloopisplacedover
anopenanchoreyebar.Alongthecatwalk,workersalsopullthecablewirestotheirdesiredtension.
Thiscontinuesuntilabundle,calleda"cablestrand"iscompleted,andtemporarilybundledusing
stainlesssteelwire.Thisprocessisrepeateduntilthefinalcablestrandiscompleted.Workersthen
removetheindividualwrapsonthecablestrands(duringthespinningprocess,theshapeofthemain
cablecloselyresemblesahexagon),andthentheentirecableisthencompressedbyatraveling
hydraulicpressintoacloselypackedcylinderandtightlywrappedwithadditionalwiretoformthe
finalcircularcrosssection.Thewireusedinsuspensionbridgeconstructionisagalvanizedsteelwire
thathasbeencoatedwithcorrosioninhibitors.
9. Atspecificpointsalongthemaincable(eachbeingtheexactdistancehorizontallyinrelationtothe
next)devicescalled"cablebands"areinstalledtocarrysteelwireropescalledSuspendercables.
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Eachsuspendercableisengineeredandcuttopreciselengths,
andareloopedoverthecablebands.Insomebridges,where
thetowersareclosetoorontheshore,thesuspendercables
maybeappliedonlytothecentralspan.Earlysuspender
cableswerefittedwithzincjewelsandasetofsteelwashers,
whichformedthesupportforthedeck.Modernsuspender
cablescarryashackletypefitting.
10. Specialliftinghoistsattachedtothesuspendersorfromthe
maincablesareusedtoliftprefabricatedsectionsofbridge
decktotheproperlevel,providedthatthelocalconditions
allowthesectionstobecarriedbelowthebridgebybargeor
Lions'GateBridgewithdeckunder
othermeans.Otherwise,atravelingcantileverderrickmaybe
constructionfromthespan'scenter
usedtoextendthedeckonesectionatatimestartingfromthe
towersandworkingoutward.Iftheadditionofthedeck
structureextendsfromthetowersthefinishedportionsofthedeckwillpitchupwardrathersharply,
asthereisnodownwardforceinthecenterofthespan.Uponcompletionofthedecktheaddedload
willpullthemaincablesintoanarcmathematicallydescribedasaparabola,whilethearcofthedeck
willbeasthedesignerintendedusuallyagentleupwardarcforaddedclearanceifoverashipping
channel,orflatinothercasessuchasaspanoveracanyon.Archedsuspensionspansalsogivethe
structuremorerigidityandstrength.
11. Withcompletionoftheprimarystructurevariousdetailssuchaslighting,handrails,finishpainting
andpavingareinstalledorcompleted.

Longestspans
Suspensionbridgesaretypicallyrankedbythelengthoftheirmainspan.Thesearethetenbridgeswiththe
longestspans,followedbythelengthofthespanandtheyearthebridgeopenedfortraffic:
1. AkashiKaikyBridge(Japan),1991m(6532ft)1998
2. XihoumenBridge(China),1650m(5413ft)2009
3. GreatBeltBridge(Denmark),1624m(5328ft)1998
4. YiSunsinbridge(SouthKorea),1545m(5069ft)2012
5. RunyangBridge(China),1490m(4888ft)2005
6. FourthNanjingYangtzeBridge(China),1418m(4652ft)2012
7. HumberBridge(England,UnitedKingdom),1410m(4626ft)1981(longestspanfrom1981until
1998)
8. JiangyinSuspensionBridge(China),1385m(4544ft)1997
9. HardangerBridge(Norway),1380m(4528ft)2013
10. TsingMaBridge(HongKong),1377m(4518ft)1997(longestspanwithbothroadandmetro)

Otherexamples
(Chronological)
UnionBridge(England/Scotland,1820),thelongestspan(137m)from1820to1826.Theoldestin
theworldstillinusetoday.
Roebling'sDelawareAqueduct(USA,1847),theoldestwiresuspensionbridgestillinservicein
UnitedStates.
JohnA.RoeblingSuspensionBridge(USA,1866),thenthelongestwiresuspensionbridgeinthe
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worldat1,057feet(322m)mainspan.
BrooklynBridge(USA,1883),thefirststeelwiresuspensionbridge.
BearMountainBridge(USA,1924),thelongestsuspensionspan(497m)from1924to1926.The
firstsuspensionbridgetohaveaconcretedeck.Theconstructionmethodspioneeredinbuildingit
wouldmakepossibleseveralmuchlargerprojectstofollow.
BenFranklinBridge(Philadelphia,PA,USA,1926),replacedBearMountainBridgeaslongestspan
at1,750feetbetweenthetowers.Includesanactivesubwaylineandneverusedtrolleystationson
thespan.[13]
SanFranciscoOaklandBayBridge(USA,1936).Untilrecently,thiswasthelongeststeelhighlevel
bridgeintheworld(704m).[14]Theeasternportion(acantileverbridge)hasbeenreplacedwitha
selfanchoredsuspensionbridgewhichisthelongestofitstypeintheworld.Itisalsotheworld's
widestbridge.
MackinacBridge(USA,1957),thelongestsuspensionbridgebetweenanchoragesintheWestern
hemisphere.
SiDuRiverBridge(China,2009),thehighestbridgeintheworld,withitsdeckaround500metres
abovethesurfaceoftheriver.

Notablecollapses
SilverBridge,PointPleasant,WestVirginiaEyebarchainhighwaybridge,builtin1928,that
collapsedinlate1967,killingfortysixpeople.
TacomaNarrowsBridge,(USA),853m1940.TheTacomaNarrowsbridgewasvulnerableto
structuralvibrationinsustainedandmoderatelystrongwindsduetoitsplategirderdeckstructure.
Windcausedaphenomenoncalledaeroelasticflutteringthatledtoitscollapseonlymonthsafter
completion.Thecollapsewascapturedonfilm.

Gallery

TheVerrazano
NarrowsBridge,oneof
theworld'slongest
suspension

Suspensionpedestrian
bridgeinOsijek,
Croatiaisoneofthe
symbolsofOsijek.

bridges,[15][16]
connectsBrooklynand
StatenIslandacross
TheNarrowsinNew
YorkCity.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge

TheWheeling
DryBridgewithout
SuspensionBridgewas riverinZrenjanin,
thepercursorto
Serbia
America'sgreat
suspensionbridges.
Openedin1851,itis
stillinusetoday.

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AkashiKaikyBridge
atnight

25deAbrilBridgein
Lisbon,Portugal

SanFrancisco
OaklandBayBridge
underconstruction

Drivingonthe2nd
largestsuspension
bridge,Denmark's
GreatBeltBridge
(Storebltsbroen).

TheGoldenGate
BridgeinSan
Francisco

Westernportionofthe
SanFrancisco
OaklandBayBridge
twobridgeswitha
commoncentral
anchorage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge

TheAmbassador
NewYork'sBrooklyn
BridgeLongest
Bridge
suspensionbridgefrom
1929to1931.

BrooklynBridgewith
ManhattanBridgein
background

OrtakyMosqueand
theBosphorusBridge
inIstanbul

MackinacBridgeina
snowstorm,during
highwinds,thebridge
hastobeclosed.

TheMackinacBridge
atnight.

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SuspensionBridgein
Ozolnieki,Latvia.

SzchenyiChain
BridgeinBudapest,
Hungary

HumberBridgenear
KingstonuponHull
hadthelongestspan
from1981until1998.

HennepinAvenue
BridgeinMinneapolis,
Minnesota

AnthonyWayne
BridgeToledo,Ohio

SuspensionBridge,
Sketchybridgein
Waco,Texas(postcard, Pakistan
circa1911)

BenFranklinBridgeat
sunrise,longest
suspensionbridgefrom
1926to1929.

PunalurHanging
Bridge

Asuspensionbridge
withadistinctlyarched
deck

ManhattanBridge,
NewYorkCity

TheRunyangSouth
Bridgeisthelongestof
the16suspension
bridgesoverthe
Yangtze.

Seealso
Category:Suspensionbridgesforarticlesaboutspecificsuspensionbridges.
Listoflongestsuspensionbridgespans
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Timelineofthreelongestspanswhetherbridge,aerialtramway,powerline,ceilingordomeetc.
Cablestayedbridgesuperficiallysimilartoasuspensionbridge,butcablesfromthetowers
directlysupporttheroadway,ratherthantheroadbeingsuspendedindirectlybyadditionalcables
fromthemaincablesconnectingtwotowers.
Incaropebridgehasfeaturesincommonwithasuspensionbridgeandpredatesthembyatleast
threehundredyears.Howeverinaropebridgethedeckitselfissuspendedfromtheanchoredpiers
andtheguardrailsarenonstructural.
Selfanchoredsuspensionbridgecombiningelementsofasuspensionbridgeandacablestayed
bridge.
Simplesuspensionbridgeamodernimplementationoftheropebridgeusingsteelcables,although
eithertheupperguardrailorlowerfootboardcablesmaybethemainstructuralcables.

References
1. "PortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJerseyGeorgeWashingtonBridge"(http://www.panynj.gov/bridges
tunnels/georgewashingtonbridge.html).ThePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey.Retrieved
13September2013.
2. BodWoodruff,LanaZak,andStephanieWash(20November2012)."GWBridgePainters:DangerousJobon
TopoftheWorld'sBusiestBridge"(http://abcnews.go.com/US/georgewashingtonbridgepaintersdangerous
jobtopworlds/story?id=17771877).ABCNews.Retrieved13September2013.
3. ChakzampaThangtongGyalpoArchitect,PhilosopherandIronChainBridgeBuilder(http://archiv.ub.uni
heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/311/pdf/Chakzampa.pdf)byManfredGerner.Thimphu:CenterforBhutan
Studies2007.ISBN9993614394
4. LhasaandItsMysteries(http://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaanditsmyst00waddgoog#page/n476/mode/2up)by
LawrenceAustineWaddell,1905,p.313
5. Bhutan(http://books.google.com/books?id=s
L8NUlW_QgC&pg=PA131&dq=Thangtong+Gyalpo+suspension+bridge#v=onepage&q&f=false).LonelyPlanet.
2007.ISBN9781740595292.
6. "ChakzampaThangtongGyalpo"(http://archiv.ub.uni
heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/311/pdf/Chakzampa.pdf)(PDF).CentreforBhutanStudies.p.61.
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11. ClevelandBridgeCompany(UK)(http://www.clevelandbridge.com/Gallery%20Historic.htm)WebsiteRetrieved
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Brown,Green&Longman.Retrieved13June2009.
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(http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/index.cfm?id=1001)
dictionary.
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(http://www.asce.org/history/hp_bridges.html)Historyandheritageofcivilengineeringbridges
Bridgemeister:Mostlysuspensionbridges(http://www.bridgemeister.com)
Wilford,JohnNoble(8May2007)."HowtheIncaLeaptCanyons"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/08/science/08bridg.html).TheNewYorkTimes.
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