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APPARATUS
AND SYSTEMS,
VOL. PAS-88,
NO.
11,
NOVEMBER
1969
INTRODUCTION
THE equivalent circuits of a synchronous machine with a
squirrel cage proposed by Rankin [1] have been considered
the most complete. In certain cases, however, synchronous
machines are designed with a grill (open end rings; i.e., without
connections between the adjacent poles). The structure of the
rotor circuits along the d-axis is the same for both machines.
Therefore, the direct-axis equivalent circuit is the same for both
types of machines. On the other hand, the grill circuits along the
q-axis are different from those defined for a squirrel cage.
In this paper the grill q-axis circuits are defined, and the
formulas for all parameters needed to represent the complete
equivalent circuit are given. Thus, this paper may be considered as an extension of [1].
GRILI-CIRCUIT DEFINITION
Originally [2], one circuit of the squirrel cage was defined as
formed by two bars symmetrically located with respect to the
centerline of d- and q-axes. These two bars are normally made of
the same material, and the air gap as well as the whole electromagnetic structure of the machine is symmetrical with respect
to these bars.
In Fig. 1, a simplified scheme of a two-pole synchronous
machine with its q-axis circuits is presented. The squirrel-cage
q-axis electrical circuits, and the induced current that flows
through them during the transient asynchronous operation, are
indicated. The linkage flux c?gnnq, created by any circuit of the Fig. 2. Quadrature-axis circuits of synchronous machine with grill.
cage has the same direction.
In the case of a grill, the end rings are open. The current E = 1
I^ will now flow through the outermost bars (Fig. 2). The is now composed of the outermost bars located at the edges of the
direction of the current in the two outermost bars and in any pole tips and any other bar of the corresponding pole halves.
other bar of a pole tip are opposite. Thus, the linkage flux -f11, Thus, the first grill circuit is composed of the bars 1 and 2, the
created by the first circuit opposes the linkage flux 4'1,nnQ, of the second circuit of the bars 1 and 3, etc.
nth circuit.
The grill q-axis electrical circuits may be replaced by two
PARAMATERS FOR QUADRATURE-AXIS GRILL CIRCUITS
identical systems, symmetrically disposed with respect to the
The
grill q-axis circuit per-unit parameters may be determined
centerline of the quadrature axis (Fig. 3). One circuit of the grill
from the corresponding parameters of the squirrel cage [1] as
shown in the following.
Paper 69 TP 41-PWR, recommended and approved by the Rotating Machinery Committee of the IEEE Power Group for presenta- vth Grill-Circuit Parameters
tion at the IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N. Y., January
The vth grill-circuit resistance and reactance are
26-31, 1969. Manuscript submitted September 9, 1968; made
available for printing November 7, 1968; revised February 7, 1969.
The author was with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
= l q b+
Rq
(1)
Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, N. Y., on leave from the
University of Skopje. He is now with the Electromechanical Faculty,
(2)
X" = Xqb1 +x Qev + Xq v
University of Skopje, Yugoslavia.
1621
where
RqeP -rq
=
(3)
(4)
2xqe"
*e
2Xbnnql5
(9)
XQbVp = 3Xbnnfl
If the bars are different, their parameters are determined by
(10)
Rqb = 2(rbl + rbnq)
(11)
Xq bp = 2(Xi1i + Xbnq)
and, for the last grill circuit
(12)
Rq = 2(rblq + 2rbnq)
(13)
X = 2(Xblq + 2XInq).
=
=
(16)
XqalIql
(17)
Xq2Iq2
xqlaIq, + XqllIql + Xql2Iq2
XqIq
(18)
(19)
(7)
For the circuit formed by the bar lying directly on the polar
axis and the outermost bar (i.e., for the last grill circuit), we have
(8)
Rg b = 3RbnmQ
n - 1.
*4I
I,f2 = X2aIq + Xq2lIql + Xq22Iq2.
and (Fig. 3)
xqby,
Xqep
Xalq, v
Vq
0
jxq1l"q +
(ft
0 = jX2I5 +
jXqIq + jX5alIql
+
+
jxqil) I1l +
(ft
jXqa2JI
+
(20)
jXql2) I02
(21)
jX/'alI, +
'K
/fbi
jXqbll) Iqg
jX5a2II
( +2
Xs2)
Iq' +(
Iq2) (23)
jX52b22
B5e22\
+ jXq522/ 152. (24)
+ q + jXqt22 +
1622
= (R;
Iq2
jXell +j
Iq2
in (24), we obtain
0
+
jX a2 (Rq
-R
b22
jX b22 +
ell
R ~~e22Rq
Xqell)
+ j(Xqe22
(25)
According to the q-axis electrical circuit definition of the synchronous machine with a grill (Figs. 2-4), the armature winding
will be represented on the q-axis equivalent circuit by six seriesconnected reactances (for the considered machine with five bars
per pole). Because both halves of the grill q-axis circuits are
identical (Fig. 3), the corresponding mutual reactances between
armature and grill circuits on both halves of the equivalent
circuit are the same (Fig. 5).
At two points v = 2 of each half of the armature equivalent
circuit the corresponding grill circuits are connected. The
EMF equation of the armature equivalent circuit (Fig. 5) is
Ve
Xa2q
Xa3q
Xalq
Ao2 =
Xa3
-2
Xa2q
Xalq
Xa4=
Xq -
Xa31.
(27)
(29)
+ jX
rblq
rb2q
(30)
j Xa2q
Xalq
iXal)(IqI + Iq2)
+ (Z2 + Z" + jXa2)Iq2. (32)
(34)
j(X,iq + Xb2q)
(33)
j(Xqe22
Xqell)
+ XQ33q
Xg22q
X_
av2
a2q
(35)
(5
1623
RI2kv
-2
F.1
Xa3q)]
[j(Xq
(Xa3q
Xc2q)j.1
2*i (Xa 2q
XGaiq)i
Fi
Vq
rbnq =
fiXaiqj
-2
q
3
[2 i(Xa3q
R
F
b33q qjX
22
F~~~~r
q
1(0
Xa2q)J
- lq
s
X)l)
x33q- Xg22q)
L- jfXa3q
b22q
lzj(xc2q
a2q
ellI1
q
re
Xqev
*I
rell
(2
Ognnq
'~+ IXb22 q )J
L rbl,q rb2q).i(xbIq4xb2q)
P, k
I,
t*q, tTfqV
e Iq
j(X22q
Xg
9-i(X02q - jIIq
y
Fig. 7. Complete quadrature-axis equivalent circuit of machine
with grill for five bars per pole: (1)-bars identical; (2)-bars
different.
21
reactance of end ring, due to ring flux corresponding to length Lqe,,, (two rings)
grill circuits -v is general term, k refers to grill
circuit external to v (k > v)
nth squirrel-cage circuit average flux in air gap
quadrature-axis linkages-armature anld vth
grill circuit, respectively.
REFERENCES
[1] A. W. Rankin, "The direct- and quadrature-axis equivalent
circuits of the synchronous machine," AIEE Trans., vol. 64,
pp. 861-868, December 1945.
[2] T. M. Linville, "Starting performance of salient-pole synchronous motors," AIEE Trans., vol. 49, pp. 531-547, April 1930.
are
NOMENCLATURE
The symbols used in the paper are defined below. All quantities
are per-unit values unless otherwise specified. Vectors are
indicated by boldface type.
quadrature-axis currents--armature and Ath grill
Iq, Ig(
Laevv
circuit, respectively
Discussion
Philip L. Alger (Schenectady, N. Y.): This problem of how to
calculate the performance of a synchronous machine with open end
rings has been of interest to me for many years. In my opinion, the
two most important papers in this area have been those by I. Giaever
[3] and W. A. Lewis [4]. I regret that the author has not referred to
either of these, since they both record material advances over the
early papers, [ 1] and [2].
In my opinion, the transient performance of a synchronous
machine with a grill can be materially improved either by placing
the end bars in the lower portions of the pole tips with their slots
opening into the inner pole-tip surface, or by adding extra bars
located in the pole body just below the pole tips, so that all the
flux in the q-axis will be linked by the squirrel cage. Such a bar
arrangement is readily possible with cast aluminum windings. It
appears to me that because of the disadvantages of outside end rings
with bolted joints for high-speed machines, and the alternative
disadvantages of the usual grill construction due to the high q-axis
subtransient reactance, it should be worthwhile to provide squirrel
cages with end bars below the pole tips.
Since the currents in the various bars are so widely different,
their temperature rises may also be very different. If so, failure is
likely to occur on brazed windings after frequent starting due to the
unequal expansion of the bars. This difficulty is overcome by making
the pole face winding of cast aluminum.
The great objection to cast aluminum pole face windings for
synchronous machines has been the difficulty of making good end
ring connections between poles. The location of the end bars below
Manuscript received February 3, 1969.
1624
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. PAS-88, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1969
the pole tips, which obviates the need for end rings between poles,
should make the cast alurninum construction eminently satisfactory.
REFERENCES
[3] I. Giaever, "A complete equivalent circuit of a synchronous
machine," AIEE Trans. (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol.
77, pp. 204-209, June 1958.
[4] W. A. Lewis, "A basic analysis of synchronous machines-pt.
I," AIEE Trans. (Power Apparatus and Systems) vol. 77, pp.
436-456, August 1958.
A Digital
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STUART D. T. ROBERTSON,
NOMENCLATURE
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fundamental source frequency
general current vector, instantaneous
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