The Direct- and Quadrature-Axis

Equivalent Circuits of the

Results and Discussion

Synchronous Machine
A. W. RANKIN
ASSOCIATE AIEE

HE E Q U I V A L E N T - C I R C U I T
method of analysis is a tool of unquestioned competence in the solution of
machine and system problems involving a
number of simultaneous equations. Its
efficacy in obtaining practical results has
been demonstrated in many diverse applications. In particular, the complete
equivalent circuit of the synchronous
machinecomplete in the sense that the
field-winding circuit and the multiple
damper-winding circuits are individually
includedis used whenever a detailed
knowledge is needed of the operation of
all the rotor circuits. Specific examples
of its use are in the design of the damperwinding circuits, in problems involving
single-phase and asynchronous operation,
in the determination of damping and
synchronizing torque, and in the determination of the transient and subtransient
impedances; these few by no means exhaust the list.
When we consider the many practical
applications of the complete equivalent
circuit of the synchronous machine, it is
somewhat surprising to note that it has
been analyzed only somewhat superficially in the technical literature and has
been the subject of very few technical
papers, the most important of these being
the papers of Linville 1 and Liwschitz.2
Linville presented an equivalent circuit
which was complete within the limits of
certain well-defined approximations and
also derived formulas for all the machine
Paper 45-167, recommended by the AIEE committee on electric machinery for publication in
AIEE TRANSACTIONS. Manuscript submitted June
11, 1945; made available for printing August 29,
1945.
A. W. RANKIN is in the turbine-generator engineering division of General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y.
The author acknowledges the co-operation and
contributions of his associates in the General
Electric Company in the study presented in this
paper: S. B. Crary, who first brought to the
author's attention the practical importance of a
satisfactory and general solution of this problem
and who contributed valuable suggestions and constructive criticism throughout the entire study;
C. E. Kilbourne for his encouragement and for
placing at the author's disposal several of his unpublished reports on machine impedances; C.
Concordia for his suggestions regarding the equivalent circuit and for his contribution to the analytical
work; and Gabriel Kron who developed the equivalent circuit. The gap-reluctance expressions on
which the permeance integrals are based were developed by M. B. Sledd on the basis of a suggestion
by C. E. Kilbourne. C. Gosney and M. Grems
conducted the numerical integrations on which
Tables I and II are based.
D E C E M B E R 1945,

VOLUME

64

impedances. Liwschitz recognized that

there were many applications in which the
complexity of Linville's equivalent circuit
would not be warranted and accordingly
presented simplified equivalent circuits
which were easier to use. The simplified
circuits of Liwschitz give satisfactory results in many important problems, but in
those applications which require a knowledge of the details of damper-winding
operation the complete equivalent circuits are indispensable.
Because these complete equivalent circuits of the synchronous machine are becoming of ever-increasing importance,
especially in these times with systems and
machines being subjected to higher and
higher specific loadings, it is the purpose of
this paper to derive more complete and
more exact equivalent circuits than heretofore have been available. These circuits are developed primarily for use on
a-c network analyzers, since the modern
analysis of problems of the type discussed
in this paper tends more and more toward
the use of such mechanical aids.
This paper also presents formulas for
all the impedances needed by the equivalent circuits. An assemblage of the impedance formulas such as is here given is
necessary when presenting an equivalent
circuit in order to be certain that all the
impedances are in accord and calculated
on the same base. I t will be found that
the per-unit impedance formulas presented in this paper differ from those of
Linville in that, in addition to improved
permeance coefficients, the rotor current
base is the xaa base7 which is more familiar
to designers than the magnetomotiveforce base of Linville. These impedance
formulas are presented in this paper in
a direct systematized form which considerably simplifies the determination of
the per-unit values, and which is not subject to the misinterpretation which sometimes causes errors in the determination
of the per-unit impedances of the multiple
rotor circuits.
The permeance coefficients which are
an integral part of the reactance formulas
are determined in this paper by means of
a gap-reluctance expression whose accuracy is proved by comparison with similar
coefficients evaluated from flux plots.
These permeance coefficients are evaluated numerically for a typical pole configuration and presented in tabular form.
RankinEquivalent

The specific results and a discussion of

their superiority over presently available
data are given in the following section.

Circuits

The complete direct-axis equivalent circuit of the synchronous machine is given

by Figure 1. The quadrature-axis equivalent circuit is obtained from Figure 1
merely by substituting q for d. This circuit is an improvement over previous
equivalent circuits in the following particulars:
(a). The impedances are given in their
most general form and are all present,
although some can be eliminated by a suitable choice of base-current ratio in the
calculation of the per-unit impedances.
For instance, this paper uses a base-current
ratio which makes Xgnnd^Xfnd, and, accordingly, if the end-ring impedances can be
neglected, the coupling transformers of
Figure 1 are unnecessary.
(b). The end-ring impedance is correctly
represented, and is separated from the fieldwinding circuit by means of 1/1 coupling
transformers.
(c). The component impedances are given
directly in terms of resistance and capacitive
reactance, so that the circuit can be set up
on an a-c network analyzer without introducing the resistance errors of inductive reactance. The circuit impedance Xd(ju) is
obtained by direct measurement of the
terminal voltage and current.
The equivalent circuit of Figure 1 is
developed directly from the operational
equations of the synchronous machine by
noting the physical relations which exist
between the various impedances. This
development is given in the section, "Development of Equivalent Circuits.''
The per-unit impedances for use in the
equivalent circuit of Figure 1 are developed in the sections, "Impedances of
Direct-Axis Circuits" and "Impedances
of Quadrature-Axis Circuits." Because
of the large number of formulas so obtained, it is not practical to collect and
present them in this section. The origin
of most of the difficulties in the determination of these multitudinous impedances is in the stator-rotr turn ratio of
the short-pitched damper-winding circuits. In order to maintain a consistent
stator-rotor turn ratio and thereby
obtain an harmonious system of per-unit
impedances, the latter are evaluated
herein by first determining the physical
ampere-inch-second impedances, and converting these to per unit by the direct
conversion factors previously published
by the author. 3 In the author's judgment, this method is superior to any other
method presently available, since the
physical concept of the impedance is
maintained up to the last step at which
point the per-unit impedances are obtained merely by introducing the conversion factor. In addition, the statorTRANSACTIONS

861

rotor turn ratio is used systematically

without possibility of error.
The rotor-current base selected for the
per-unit impedances of this paper is the
so-called xad base which is the base which
makes Xafd numerically equal to
%ad*

This base has been selected, because it is

the base in most common use among designers, and most design formulas are
based on it. If desired, however, the perunit impedances can be converted to any
other base by the consistent expressions
previously published. 3
The permeance coefficients necessary
for the reactance formulas of the multiple
damper-winding circuits are evaluated in
Appendixes I and I I by numerical integration of definite integrals based on a
reluctance expression developed from a
study of the work of Doherty and Nickle. 4
These coefficients are evaluated for a
typical pole configuration, and the resulting numerical values are given in
Table I. Design experience has indicated that these permeance coefficients
are more accurate than any previously
published, especially in the quadrature
axis. A direct indication of their accuracy is given by comparison with the work
of Wieseman 5 who evaluated similar
quantities for the field-winding circuit
from actual flux plots. The correspondence with the work of Wieseman is given
in Table I I .
The definite-integral expressions for the
pole-shape coefficients as derived in this
paper are not intended to compete with
any future evaluation by flux plotting but
instead are offered as an acceptable and
satisfactory solution until more accurate
values can be obtained from flux plots
and design experience. The author believes, however, and the correspondence
with the work of Wieseman substantiates
this belief, that these integrals are
sufficiently accurate that future investigations can be directed at complementary
correction factors for strategic points
rather than at complete new integrals or
tabular values.

method is that all the logic and equivalent

circuits developed for one axis are immediately applicable to the other axis
jHth only a change of subscript from d t o g
or^rice versa. The disadvantage is that
the term n, upon superficial examination,
seems somewhat ambiguous since the
same bar has one number in the direct
axis and another in the quadrature axis.
This superficial ambiguity is eliminated
by noting that the subscript n followed by
d specifies the nth circuit numbered from
the direct axis, the subscript n followed by
q specifies the nth circuit numbered from
the quadrature axis, and the subscript n
without either d or a following specifies the
nth physical bar numbered from the
polar axis.

Efd=pYfd+RffdIfd+RfidIid+
R/id^2d^
Eld=p*ld+RlfdIfd+RlldIld+
Ri2dhd+-..
E2d=p*2d+R2fdIfd+R2ldIld+
R22dhd+...

862

TRANSACTIONS

(2b)
(2c)

T h e

corresponding equations in the quadrature axis can be written from equations

la b
> > and 2a, b, . . . by substituting q
f r ^
I f a11 t h e
rotor-circuit voltages are zero,
the foregoing equations reduced-to ecraa^ o n s 3a, b, . . .
, v r_j_v _i_v J_
Yd = *afd<lfd-rXaidlid~r*a2dl2d
. .-f. * {3a).

Analysis
DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

I Xf2d-\T" )hd+ . . . Xfadid

(3b)

( Xi2d+ )hd+ X\adU

(3c)

d~l ~X2ad^d
)hd-\

(3d)

The generalized per-unit equations la,

b, . . . and 2a, b, . . . were derived in a
recent publication by the author. 3
XafdIfd-\-XaidIid-\-Xa2dl2d+
...-xdt4
/d =

Xffdlfd+X/idlid+Xf2dhd+
Xfadid

<&id

(la)

(lb)

XifdI/d+XudIid-\-Xi2dI2d-\ XiadU

^2rf ^2/rf^/rf"l"^21d/ld + ^22ii^2d +

-X-iadid

( ^22<H

(lc)

It is evident from equations 3a, b, . . .

that and all the rotor currents arc

(Id)

-i-Tdn

o-

[Rffdl-L
U m v J ~T~

[x<r*afd]

+ ( X ^d- x afd)l L

[ x afd"Xa3d] < >

-(Xf3d-Xa3d)J<C

3dm

Hl-v-

|"Rb33d

L J"

r R e33d~ R e22dl

L J

b33d

J"T"

+ ( x g 3 3 d + x e 3 3 d " x f 3d)
- ( x g 2 2 d 4 x e22d - * F 2 d )

[xa3d~xa2d] < C

+ (xf3d-xa3d)
-(x-f2d""xa2d)

Numbering of Damper-Bar Circuits

Particular attention is called to the
numbering of the damper-bar circuits.
This numbering system is shown on
Figure 2. The numbering of the physical
bars proceeds outward from the polar
axis. If a single bar lies directly on the
polar axis, it should be hypothetically
divided at its center line with the two
halves thus becoming bar 1 on each side of
the polar axis.
The numbering of the direct-axis circuits is identical with the numbering of
the physical bars, and proceeds outward
from the direct or polar axis. In contradistinction to the direct-axis circuits, the
numbering of the quadrature-axis circuits
proceeds outward from the quadrature or
interpolar axis. The advantage of this

(2a)

2dm

-Figure 1 . Directaxis
complete
equivalent
circuit
for five or six bars
per pole, XdO'mv)
R
= capacitive rejmv
actance
x = resistance
The quadrature-axis
complete
equivalent circuit is o b tained from this circuit by substituting
fore/

RankinEquivalent

P^T

["Re22d~Relld1

+X

b22dj

Jmv

J~T~

+ (xg22d-xe22d"xf2d)
x

-(xglld~xelld ~x^ld)

**2d- ald]<r

(xf2d"xa2d)
-(x"Pld"xald)

^Idm

[Rbiid

[^]<

"I

i" R elld]

L jmvj

[+( x glld +x elld- x fld)]

[+( x fld- x ald)]
'/I

Circuits

ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

Table I. Pole-Shape Coefficients Evaluated

for a Typical Pole Configuration

p-1.50
7nd, ynq
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

a = 0.70

T>doi%ynd
0
0.157
0.310
0.457
0.598
0.726
0.845
0.933
0.986
1.024
1.056

p p -ig=:0.03

T^qonYn
0
0.0316
0.0690
0.123
0.210
0.329
0.460
0.598
0.747
0.900
1.056

T>dln

"Dqin

0
...0
0.198. . .0.0394
0 . 3 8 8 . . .0.0858
0 . 5 6 2 . . .0.148
0 . 7 1 3 . . .0.243
0 . 8 3 9 . . .0.348
0 . 9 3 8 . . .0.466
0 . 9 9 6 . . .0.558
1.022. . .0.630
1.034.. .0.676
1.037.. .0.692

Consider the th additional rotor circuit in the direct axis. The reactrice"
3nnd is the sum of the reactance due to
the air-gap flux within the bars which
form the th additional rotor circuit, t h r
reactance due to the leakage flux in the
bar slots, and the reactance due to the
end-ring flux.
Xnnd

(7a)

Xgnnd~T~Xbnnd'TXennd

The mutual reactance Xnm between the

th additional rotor circuit and any outei
additional rotor circuit k is the sum of the
reactance due to the air-gap flux and the
reactance due to the end-ring flux; -the
bar-slot flux is pure leakage.

In regard to equations 3a, b, . . . , th

"relation between and id may be writtei
operationally as in equation 8a.
(8a

t+s.-Xd(P)id

Substituting equations 4 and 5a; b, <

and taking only the steady-state solution
reduces equation 8a to equation 8b.
,

(8b

Xdijmv) =

"Reversing the direction of idm in Figure

-permits xd(jmv) to be defined as the aimpedance of the direct-axis equivalen
"Circuit since \f,dm is the voltage across th
-circuit and idm is the current into it
can be obtained in an analogou
T n e a r operational functions of id. If id is = - (k> ft)
czw jqijmv)
manner from the quadrature-axis equiva
assumed to have the vectorial form,
The mutual reactance between the th lent circuit.
.-equation 4, then & and the rotor currents
he current moduli ndm are define
must have the vector forms, equations 5a, additional rotor circuit and any inne*
b, c. The mv notation of equations 4 and additional rotor circuit is obtainable as the rotor-circuit currents obtains
5a, b, c is used, because it is adaptable to from the inner-circuit reactances. T h when the terminal current tdm is equal tdifferent machine operating conditions. important relation is a direct result of t&e / 0 . nqm is analogously defined.
The m specifies the order of the harmonic reciprocal per-unit mutual impedances to
(9a
was directed in previous "&Mm = indm for idm = 1 ./
when any are present, and the v is a which attention
3 6
generalized rotor-velocity term. For publications. The mutual reactance between the th The rotor-circuit currents lndm and tm
asynchronous operation at constant slip 5
are obtained from the product of th
and with only fundamental currents flow- additional rotor circuit and the field- .aetual terminal current t
dm and t h
winding
circuit
depends
upon
only
the
ing, v is replaced by st and m equals unity
corresponding
modulus
as
shown
in equa
only and may be dropped. For asyn- air-gap flux of the th additional rotor tfon 9b, c. The terminal currents t
d
circuit,
since
the
bar-slot
flux
and
the
endchronous single-phase operation, harare determined by the machin
monics are present, and m is needed to de- ring flux are not mutual with the field operating conditions.
fine the particular harmonic being studied, winding. These mutual reactances are
and v becomes equal to the rotor velocity. reciprocal because of the reasons stated in *~ftffm Undnfidm> J-nqm~ 0nqrrfl{
(9b, c
nqm ~ u nqni^qm
the preceding paragraph.
(4)
ii-Urn**"*
Concerning the resistance components,
The actual currents in the physics
the resistance of the th additional rotor damper bars (as distinguished from th
circuit is the sum of the bar and end-ring sub-d and snh-q currents in the hype
Tnd-Inme+jmOt (5a, b, c)
resistances of that circuit.
thetical direct- and quadrature-axis cii
Substituting equations 4 and 5a, b, c into
cuits which are introduced only to sim
(7c)
equations 3a, b, . . . , using only the fCnnd K-bnnd\ Rennd
plify the mathematics) are given by equa
steady-state solution of the operational
The mutual resistance between the th tions 9d, e. I t is evident from these es
equations, and canceling the exponentials
additional rotor circuit and any outer pressions that, in general, there is unequs
gives equations 6a, b,
additional rotor circuit k is the end-ring loading of the bars in the leading a n
resistance of the th circuit, since the bar trailing pole halves. The degree of thi
, X afd^fdm~\~ X aidUdm +
resistance
is not mutual with the &th inequality depends upon the pole salienc
Xa2dl2dm+ Xdidm ( 6 a )
and lack of symmetry between the direct
circuit.
and quadrature-axis circuits. Equi
\
jmv /
\
jmv I
Rnlcd = Rennd (k> tl)
(7d) loading of the trailing and leading pol
Halves exists only when Ind and lnq are i:
The mutual resistance between the th time quadrature.
Xf2d+Uidm^T . XfadUm
(6b)
circuit and any inner circuit is obtained
Bars on trailing pole halves:
jmv I
from the inner-circuit resistances as these
HTm" "TI ndm\ I nqm
(9
mutual impedances are reciprocal.
Vidm
w
There are no mutual resistances be\
jmv /
\
jmv
Bars on leading pole halves:
tween the additional rotor circuits and
X\2d+'
V2dm-\- . X\addm
(6c)
(
the field-winding circuits since these cirjmv I
^ n r n " *ndm~T1nqm
(9
cuits are coupled only magnetically.
=
The impedances of the quadrature-axis
0 ( ^2/d +I T^7
X2id+;
)Iidm-\.
!)lfdm+\
*
Due consideration must be given to th
jmv )
circuits can be written directly from the numbering system previously describe
jmv I
preceding expressions by substituting q by which the direct-axis circuits ar
X22d^T~.
2~\~ ~X2ad^dm ( 6 d )
for d.
numbered from the direct axis, and th
(
jmv I
When the physical relations of the pre- quadrature-axis circuits are numbere
Equations 6a, b, . . . can be applied to ceding paragraphs are introduced into from the quadrature axis. For instance
the subject problem by recognizing the equations 6a, b, . . . the equations ob- the third bar from the direct axis in Figur
physical relations which exist between the tained can be electrically duplicated by 2 is the second bar from the quadratui
self- and mutual impedances of the uat* t h e a-c circuit of Figure 1 with the axis, and the total current in this bar (i
ous rotor circuits. These relations are alternating voltage across the terminals. the trailing half) is as given by equatio
introduced in the following paragraphs. Figure 1 is therefore the equivalent cir- 9f.
They are the foundation for the direct- cuit of the direct-axis equations of a synand quadrature-axis equivalent circuits.
chronous machine.
(91
* m
^3dm\^2qm

o-(x +^y*.+(*,+^

DECEMBER 1945, V O L U M E 64

RankinEquivalent

Circuits

TRANSACTIONS

86

IMPEDANCES OF D I R E C T - A X I S CIRCUITS

Experience in the use of these equivalent circuits has shown that the safest and
shortest method of calculating t h e perunit impedances is first t o determine the
ampere-inch-second values and convert
these t o per-unit values b y the conversion
factors
previously
published.* This
method is followed in this paper.
Unit field current as used hereinafter is
that field current which will induce in
each stator phase a voltage of xaaiao Ltf
this current be Ifd0, T h e corresponding
base-current ratio is given b y equation
10a. This base current has the advantage that it makes Xa/a numerically equai
to Xad and at once eliminates the necessity
for differentiating between these t w o
quantities. I n a previous paper 7 the
author has suggested the universal adoption of this current as a preferred base.
4

*fdo

(10a)

Fdi KpKaPi Nfa

(3/2)

T h e unit current for the additional

rotor circuits as used hereinafter will be
that current which when flowing in t h e
additional rotor circuit of 100-per-cent
pitch will induce in each stator phase a
voltage Xadiao- Let this current be Ixdtr
T h e corresponding base-current ratio i s
given b y equation 10b. A 100-per-centpitch circuit is n o t usually present i n
modern synchronous machines, b u t it Is
convenient t o use it as a base circuit since
it has maximum effectiveness.
*xdo

(3/2)

N
4 AA
TrDdlxKPKdPl

(10b)

Base stator inductance Lao and funda^

mental flux per pole at rated voltage will
be needed for the evaluation of the perunit impedances. These quantities are
expressed i n t h e following i n terms
of machine dimensions.
'mvx^S.Vd

'fund^S.W

Fdi

Rl
/-12.76FfFft

(He)

Pig

io /jsyr,
L>ao

1.5Pi\

(lla,b)

N
"

(Hd)

distributed with three-phase currents

iao flowing therein. A t the instant when
the resulting sine w a v e of armature
magnetomotive force is in the direct axis,
the fundamental flux per pole will be as
given b y equation 12a. T h e corresponding per-unit generated voltage is given b y
equation 12b; this is xad b y definition-.
Fundamental flux per pole =
3.19 4 1.5Niao
g
*AdlA
7 rdx ta

2 2rltf
dl

(12a)

T Pi

(12b)

ra

The quantity (xd-Xad) has been evaluated several times in the technical literature. T h e most accurate published expressions are probably equation 37 of
Alger 8 and equation 4a of Kilgore, 9 and
the reader is referred to these references.
I n both cases, this quantity has been
termed the armature "leakage" reactance.
Field-Winding Reactance, Xf/d.
With
a current of one ampere flowing in the
field winding, the flux per pole due t o airgap flux is given b y equation 14a. T h e
corresponding inductance in henrys for
-the entire field-winding circuit of P x poles
is given b y equation 14b.
Nfd 2 2irRl
, v
Flux per pole = 3 . 1 9 - Fdo - (14a)
g

Lmi

Pi

Rl
= 12.76 X 1 0 - - Nfd*Fao

Let & and Vt be t h e effective permeance f

of the pole-body and pole-tip "leakage"
paths per axial inch of machine length per
pole, r^pectively. T h e inductance in
henrys of the field-winding circuit of P i
poles due to the pole-tip and pole-body
flux is given b y equation 14c.
Lfm

= 3.19X 10-W / d ZPi( f t +*,?

(He)

(14c)

T h e total inductance in henrys of the

field-winding circuit is given b y equations
14d, e. Introducing equation 10a gives
the per-unit value of the field-winding
reactance, equation 14f.

4PP/f
fig

10
A
g/KjJCqPi
19.14 F0Fdl Rl

(14b)

(14d)

Lm = 10-iWld[^+3-W<*+)]

19.14 = 1.5X12.76 = 1.5X4X3.19

(We)

= 1.5X4X0.4TTX2.54 (llf)

Stator
Synchronous
Reactance, ,
T h e stator synchronous reactance xd can"
be obtained most easily b y arbitrarily
separating it into t h e components xad and
(XcrXad) T h e former is the reactance of
armature reactance, and the latter, somewhat unfortunately, has been termed the
"leakage" reactance.
Assume the stator windings sinusoidally
* See "Results", reference 3.
864

TRANSACTIONS

.fThe permeance factor (*6+) is difficult t o

evaluate and depends considerably upon the characteristics of the machine type being studied. Its
complete derivation would be too long to be included in this paper. Satisfactory expressions have
been given by Kilgore and Linville, and thej>ermeance factor previously given is related to the corresponding quantities of Kilgore and Linville ae follows:
3.19 (*&+) - \FB+*Fe - Lb+Lt
wherein \Fa and XF are evaluated iifc equations T.
and 16a of Kilgore, and Lb and Lt are^evaluated/in
equation 14a of Linville.

RankinEquivalent

Circuits

Figure 2. Pole and damper-bar dimensions

and numbering of damper-winding circuits
yd and yq are measured in per unit of half the
pole pitch (0.5p). and ynq are the values
of yd and yq, respectively, tocircuit n, measured
from and numbered from the corresponding
(d or q) axis

Al
(6+*,)
<t>f

Xffd-kad^xad+d.l9kad^

(14f)

Mutual Reactance Between Stator and

Field Winding, XafdThe fundamentafflux per pole per ampere field-winding
current is given b y equation 15a. If
sinusoidal distribution of the armature
winding i s assumed, the corresponding
mutual inductance in henrys is given by
equation 15b. Introducing equation 10a
into equation 15b gives Xafd as shown hr
equation 15c.
Fundamental flux per pole
Nfd 2 2irRl
-3.19-^-Fdlg

Pi

,m %
(15a)

Laf^SAQXlO-^F^--- (15b)

Jiafd

E, , Radn Xad
* *di ?
rg

(15c)

Equation 15c illustrates a major advantage of the selected base-current ratio:

Xajd and Xat, are numerically equal.
nth Additional-Rotor-Circuit
Reactance,
XnndWith one ampere i n the wth"
additional rotor circuit, the average flux
density in the air gap within the bars
which bound the n t h circuit is given by
equation 16a. T h e corresponding inductance in henrys for the entire circuit
of Pi poles is given b y equation 16b.
_3.19 2

i8avg

(16a)

Ddon

Lannd - 1 2 . 7 6 X

RL
10-*-Ddonynd
g

(16b)

T h e inductance due t o the bar-slot

leakage flux i s given b y equation 16c.
This expression neglects the small amount
of leakage flux around the bars where
they emerge from the pole body. EquaELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Resistance of nth Additional Rotor CirRotor Circuits, Xnkd (k>n).

The
The resistance of the two
mutual inductance Ln1cd between thetrtfc tt^ Rnnd>
additional rotor circuit and any outer bars which form the wth additional rotor
rotor circuit k is equal to the sum of Lgnnd circuit in each pole is given by equation
and Lennd since the fluxes which define the 22a. The resistance of the corresponding
latter inductances are mutual with the end-ring section is given by equation 22b.
outer circuit. Lnkd is therefore as given The resistance of the entire wth additional
by equation 18a. The per-unit mutual rotor circuit of Px poles is given by equareactance Xnkd of equation 18b is based tion 22c, and the corresponding per-unit
(16c) en the base-current ratio 10b. Xgnnd and value is given byequation 22d.
!&<*=6.38 X10-8Pii/+0.625 j
X-ennd are given by equations 16e and 16f,
(22a)
The inductance due to the end-ring respectively. The mutual reactance be- Rbnnd = 1.67X10- Pi
&bn
leakage flux can be approximated by con- tween the wth additional rotor circuit and
sidering the end rings as two wires of a any inner circuit can be obtained from the
Pi
(22b)
single-phase transmission line with a dis- impedances of the inner circuit, since all * 3 . 3 3 X 1 0 -&tnd
tance between centers of De and an mutual impedances in this article are
{effective) cross-sectional radius of re, reciprocal.
Rnnd-IMXIO-'PJ^W) (22C)
This inductance is given by equation 16d.
\a&n
bend/

tion 16c assumes that the slots are-4

open round slots as shown in the nomen?
clature; for rectangular slots, the factor
0.625 within the bracket should be replaced by (0.333 dsr/wsr); for closed slots^
the bracketed expression should be replaced by test or estimated values of
slot permeance.

lot

Lnkd ~ Lgnnd+Lennd

Iend = 0.5()X$<1() "PJmdU.2 logl0 ~+lJ

Xnkd^Xgnnd+Xennd

(18a)

(&>)

(18b)

_108/4^\

Rnnds I ~ ~ j Rnnd
(22(1)
\ir DdlxJ /
Mutual Reactance Between Field-Wind' (ld)
Mutual Resistance Between Additional
ing Circuit and nth Additional Rotor CirThe per-unit values of equations lbr^ cuit, Xnf .
Ratar Circuits, Rnkd (k>n).
The muThe mutual inductance
d
d, based upon the base-current ratio 10b, Lap between the field-winding circuit tual resistance between the nth additional
are given by equations 16e, f, g respec- and the nth additional rotor circuit is rotor circuit and any outer rotor circuit k
tively.
N/aLgnnd* since the flux which defines the is the end-ring resistance of the wth addilatter
inductance is mutual with the fielcT tional rotor circuit. Rnkd is given by
4
A
\*A
D
UA
dl
don
Y
(16< winding circuit. Lnfd is given by equa- equation 23a, and the corresponding per\T Vdiz/
Ails/ *g
Fg*di
Fdi '
tion 19a, and the corresponding per-unit unit value by equation 23b. The
value, based on the base-current ratios mutual resistance between the wth addiequations 10a and 10b is given by equa- tional rotor circuit and any inner rotor
\'DdlJ
FeFMR\wr
)
circuit is obtained from the latter, since
(16f) tion 19b.
in this article all the mutual impedances
are reciprocal.
TJJ
Rl
Fig h
Lm - NfdLgnnd 12.76 X10-8 DdonyndNfd
X
FFdlR I
Rnkd Rennd 3 . 3 3 X 1 0- 6 6
Pi
(23a)
Q>end
(9.2logl0~ + l \ (log)
(Adl\Ddon
Adl 2A
Ln/d
=
=
I
(19b)
ynd*ad
FdjDd
(23b)"
Rnkd
Rnkd
The per-unit reactance of the wth addi\ DdixJ
tional rotor circuit is given bv equation
Stator Resistance, ra.
The stator re16h.
sistance is a definitive impedance, and its IMPEDANCES OF QUADRATURE-AXIS
CIRCUITS
(16h) per-unit value is given by equation 20a.
Xnnd ~~ Xgnnd'T'Ji j>nnd~T X eniffi
The currents in the additional rotor
Mutual Reactance Between Stator and
(20a) circuits in the quadrature axis are exx
ao
pressed in per unit of IXd0 which is the
"nffT* Additional Rotor Circuit, Xnadbase current of the direct-axis additional
With one ampere flowing in the wth addiField-Winding Circuit Resistance, Rffd. rotor circuits. This base is adopted so
tional rotor circuit, the maximum value
of the fundamental component of Rffd is easily obtained from the design or that the per-unit currents in the directdensity is given by equation 17a, and the name-plate data. The corresponding and quadrature-axis additional rotor cirmutual inductance in henrys between the per-unit value, based on the base-current cuits may be added directly.
The concept of a field winding in the
stator and the nth additional rotor circuit ratio 10a, is given by equation 21a.
quadrature axis appears academic, but it
is given by equation 17b.
.12!
is convenient to assume such a winding
R/fd
*ffd
3.19
(but of infinite resistance), with a base
"wP\\T Fdl) Nfd*<i>f
(17a)
0fund =
>diH
(no external resistance) (2TH; current defined analogously to I/do. By
i
this concept the stator flux which is leakRl N
age with respect to all the rotor circuits is
Lnad=12.76 X10"8
(17b)
Dd
Rig KpK*
Table II. Comparison of Pole-Shape Ca
be&-~xad) for both the direct and quadraIf the base-current ratio 10b is used, the efficients Obtained in This Paper by Numeri- ture axis. In addition, the assumption
per-unit mutual reactance corresponding cal Integration With Corresponding Values of the existence of a quadrature-axis field
Obtained by Wieseman
winding is convenient, since it maintains
to equation 17b is given by equation 17c.
l
symmetry between the direct- and quadp a 1.50 a = 0.70 pp~ 9 = 0.03
rature-axis equations.
X =(t \ Ddm^Ddinx
(17c)
The equations of the quadrature-axis
V* F>a\x)Fg Fdl Ddix
Aql
Arfi
Fdi

circuits, including the quadrature-axis

field winding, are identical with the directNote that with the base-current ratio
.0.472
0.874.
...1.037
1.020
Tub, the mutual reactance Xnad becomes 21 0.876,
.0.481
end

J!L(t

a u m e r i c a l l y e q u a l t o %ad f o r t h e # t h a d d i tional r o t o r c i r c u i t
Mutual

Reactance

Between

Additional

DECEMBER 1945, VOLUME 64

v a ' u e s obtained in this paper by numerical integration.

2 values obtained by Wieseman from flux plots.

RankinEquivalent

Circuits

*Equations 22d and 23b are evaluated for copper at

75 degrees centigrade. For any other material
at/or any other temperature, these equations should
be multiplied by the material resistivity in per unit
of the resistivity of copper at 75#degrees centigrade.
TRANSACTIONS

865

axis equations with the d replaced by q.

It would appear therefore that the formulas for the quadrature-axis impedances
could be obtained from the corresponding
direct-axis formula b y merely substituting
q for d. This is actually true for the
ampere-inch-second values (ohms and
henrys), but is not true for the per-unit
values because 0 is the base current fot
the additional rotor circuits in both axes.
The per-unit quadrature-axis impedances
are obtained b y substituting q for d in the
corresponding direct-axis ampere-inchsecond impedance formula, and converting the result into a per-unit value based
on the base-current ratio 10b.
Stator
Synchronous
Reactance,
x#
xq is evaluated b y separating it into t h e
two components xaq and
{xqXaq)
analogously to the method used in the
evaluation of xd. xaq is given by equartion 24a. (xqXaq) is independent of
the rotor position and is equal to (xd^

Xaa

,,
,, s
* Fdi Fg

Xad

XqXaq-XdXad

f I
,

(24a)

/4

lDqo

\*

^bnnq = 0.5

(25a)

dix) Fa Fd]

/ 4 Adl\*A
Pig/dr
\
)
[ + 0 . 6 2 5 )
\irDdlJ
FgFdlR\w/
)
(25b)
\ T Vdlx/

Fig hn
X
I
De
9.2 1 o g 1 0 + 1
tg FdlR

X-nnq ~X gnnq~T X bnnq~T X ennq

(25c)
(25d)

Mutual Reactance Between Stator and

nth Additional
Rotor
Circuit,
Xnaq.
Lnaq can be obtained from equation 17b
by substituting q for d. The corresponding per-unit value, based on the basecurrent ratio 10b, is given by equation
26a.

naq

"VZ. ^)T ~R~

n~ X a d

(26a)

\*vdlx/rg
rdl
vdlx
Mutual Reactance Between
Additional
Rotor Circuits, XnkQ (k>n).
In a manner similar to that used in the derivation
of Xnjcd it can be shown that Xnkq is given
by equation 27a.
L

nfcff : sXgnnq\Xe',

Resistance
cuit, Rnnq866

(*>)

(27a)

of nth Additional Rotor CirRnnq as given by equation

TRANSACTIONS

s'^y-j

(300
dsr

(30g)

=< 3.5ppp~1g

;30h)
Figure 3.

Rotor slots

28a is obtained from equation 22c by substituting q for d. T h e corresponding perunit value, based on the base-current
ratio 10b, is given b y equation 28b.

Ddon, Dqon, Ddm, and -sQ^i ^ are_jtehned in

the following subsections, and definiteintegral expressions for each are derived in
terms of the reluctance expression 30a, b,
. . . h . Numerical values obtained from
these definite-integral expressions are given
in Table I for a typical pole configuration.

Evaluation of Ddon
n w i = 1.67X10-

\a>bn

(28a)

O'enq)

__JO8/4
irDdix/

(280)"

Mutual Resistance Between

Rotor Circuits, Rkq
(k>n).

Additional
Rnkq

3-S

given b y equation 29a is obtained from

equation 23a b y substituting q for d.
The corresponding per-unit value, based
on the base-current ratio 10b, is given byequation 29b.

(24b)

nth Additional-Rotor-Circuit
Reactance,
Xnnq>
T h e components of Lnnq can b e
pbtained from the corresponding components of Lnnd by substituting q for d.
If the base-current ratio 10b is used, the
corresponding per-unit values are given by
equations 25a, b, c. The total reactance
Xnnq is given by equation 25d.
Xa\

w sr

/ 2! >

,-3.3310- -

*nkq Re-i

/ ,

sI

(29a)

(2/w)Ddon is defined as the factor by which

the maximum gap density must be multiplied to obtain the average density within
the damper circuit of span 2ynd with the
machine excited by the damper circuit of
span 2ynd in the direct axis. Expressing the
corresponding flux per pole in the two ways
shown by equation 31a leads directly to the
evaluation of Ddonynd as given by equation
31b.

^ 3 . 1 9

*- J.
Ddonynd

ggy

dyd = 2

rvnd

ir

3.19 2
g

, .
Ddonynd(31&)

(31b)

dyd

Rnkq

10 /4^dl
<uP\irDdXx

j^Rnkq

(*>n)

(2Qh)*

Appendix I. EvaluatibivdLEoi*Shape Coefficients

The pole-shape coefficients Ddon,
DQon,
Ddm, and Dqm must be evaluated by flux
plots if extreme accuracy is desired since the
actual magnetic gap obviously cannot be
represented exactly by any known mathematical expression. However, the fluxplotting method is too time-consuming to
be used in the majority of actual problems.
A more practical method is to obtain, by
any means, whatsoever, a satisfactory
mathematical expression for the gap permeance, and by means of numerical integration
then evaluate the pole-shape coefficients.
Such a method is used in this appendix.
The gap-reluctance expression by which
satisfactory values of the pole-shape coefficients are obtained in this paper is given
I5y equations 30a, b, .. ,h; these expressions
give the gap length in per unit of the minimum gap g.
gy = gd in the region 0 < yd <

(30a)

gy = gq in the region

(30b)

av<yd<l

^-i+(p-i)(^y

(30c)
(30d)

,=1+(p_x)(^

(2/ir)Dqon is analogous to (2/ir)Ddon, but

in the quadrature axis. Its value as given
by equation 32a is obtained by the same
derivation as was used for Ddon.
The integral value given by equation 32b is obtained from equation 32a by changing the
origin of integration by means of equation
30h.
Dqonyng='

gy~ldyq = - I

I
Jo

gy-'dyd

Jl-Vnq

(32a, b)

Evaluation of Ddm
Dd\n is defined as the factor by which the
maximum flux density must be multiplied
to obtain the maximum of the fundamental
component of flux density with the machine
excited by the wth additional rotor circuit in
the direct axis. The flux density per ampere turn at any point along the gap can be
written as in equation 33a; the maximum
value of the fundamental component is
then given by equation 33b. By the
definition of Ddin, the maximum value of
the fundamental component can also be
written as in equation 33c, and Ddin can be
evaluated as in equation 33d by equating
expressions 33b and 33c.
3.19

(33a)

Py fund /

Jo

(30e)

Equations 28b and 29b are evaluated for copper at

75 degrees centigrade. For any other material a t /
or any other temperature, these equations should be
multiplied by the material resistivity in per unit of
the resistivity of copper "at 75 degrees centigrade.

RankinEquivalent Circuits

Evaluation of D q o n

y fund =

3.19
g

(33b)
(33c)

Dd\n

Vnd

cos - yddyd

(33d)

gy' cos ^yddyd

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Evaluation of D q m
Dgln is analogous t o Ddin, b u t in the
quadrature axis. I t s value as given by
equation 34a is obtained by t h e same
derivation as was used for Ddln.
The integral value given by equation 34b is obtained from equation 34a by changing the
origin of integration by means of equation
30h.

equation 35d by equating expressions 3

and 35c.
3y =

3.19

J0
Ji-y

gy ^ o s -

gy

yqdyq

sm-yaiyd

(34b)

It is obviously not possible at present to

obtain complete checks on the accuracy of
the foregoing integral expressions, because
the necessary experimental information is
lacking. If such information were available, the reluctance expression 30a, b, . . . h
would be unnecessary, since the pole-shape
coefficients could be obtained directly from
the experimental data. I t is possible, however, to use t h e work of Wieseman as follows
to check the accuracy of the limiting points
?<=1.00, y n f f =1.00, and thereby obtain a
qualitative estimate of the over-all accuracy.
Wieseman presented curves, based on
actual flux plots, for t h e quantities Adl, Aqi,
Fai, and . A check on t h e reluctance expression 30a, b , . . . h , can be obtained by
evaluating these same expressions by numerical integration based on equation 30a, b ,
...h, and comparing these derived values
with the corresponding quantities calculated
by Wieseman. Adu Aqi, Fdu and are
defined in the following subsections, and
definite-integral expressions for each are
derived in terms of the gap-reluctance expression 30a, b , . . .h. Numerical values as
obtained from these definite integrals are
given in Table I I for a typical pole configuration and are there compared with the
corresponding values obtained by Wieseman
from flux plots. The agreement with
Wieseman's results is sufficiently close as to
warrant fully the use of t h e integral expressions for the pole-shape coefficients Ddon>
Dqon> Ddm, and Dqm until absolutely accurate values can be obtained from actual flux
plots.

Evaluation of Ad,
Adi is denned as t h e factor by which the
maximum flux density must be multiplied to
obtain the maximum of t h e fundamental
component of flux density with the machine
excited by a sine-wave armature magnetomotive force in t h e direct axis. Assuming a
sine-wave magnetomotive force of one
ampere turn peak value in t h e direct axis,
the flux density a t any point in the gap is
given by equation 35a, and t h e maximum
value of t h e corresponding fundamental
component of flux density is given by equation 35b. Based on t h e definition of Adi,
the maximum value of t h e fundamental
component can also be written as in equation 35c, and Adi can be evaluated as in
VOLUME 64

>/ fund -

cos 2 - y^Jd

Jo SI
ggy
3:19

(37b)

(35b)
^

(35c)

d\

cos2-

Jo

yddyd.

(35d)

Evaluation of AQ
A Qi is analogous to A dl but in the quadrature axis. I t s value as given in equation
36a is obtained by the same derivation as
was used for Adl.
An alternative expression for Aqi in terms of yd measured from
the polar axis is given by equation 36b;
this was obtained by substituting equation
30h into equation 36a.

-2 gy^ c o s 2 Jo

= 2 /

gy~l

(34a)

Appendix II. Accuracy of the

Derived Pole-Shape Coefficients

DECEMBER 1945,

I3^a)

19

Py fund

Dqln=2

c o s - yd
ggy
2

3.19 2
(37a)
- Ddon
g
3.19 2
Fundamental flux per pole =
- Dd]n
Total flux per pole =

(36a)

ygdyq

sin*-yddyd

(36b)

Evaluation of Fdi*
Fdl is defined as the factor by which the
maximum flux density must be multiplied t o
obtain t h e maximum of t h e fundamental
component of flux density with t h e machine
excited by the direct-axis field winding.
The field winding links only t h e flux
which enters t h e pole, and its effective span
or pitch is accordingly somewhat less than
100 per cent. However, t h e effective span
is greater t h a n t h e physical-pole arc, because
the field winding links t h e flux which enters
the side of t h e pole tip. Hence, t h e effective span of t h e field winding approaches b u t
remains slightly less t h a n t h e full 100-percent value. A study of Table I, however,
shows t h a t Ddin is relatively constant (for
given values of p, a, a n d pp~xg) for values of
ynd in t h e neighborhood of 1.00. Relatively little error is introduced therefore by
assuming t h a t Fdl is given by Ddin for
ynd=1.00.
Wieseman's values of Fdi thus
may be compared directly with Ddm for
3 ^ = 1 . 0 as obtained in this paper by
numerical integration.

Evaluation of K^
is defined as the factor by which the
total fundamental flux per pole must be
multiplied t o obtain t h e total flux per pole,
with t h e machine excited b y t h e direct-axis
field winding. By means of t h e previously
justified assumption t h a t t h e field-winding
circuit is equivalent t o a damper-winding
circuit of 100-per-cent pitch (with negligible
error), can be evaluated in terms of
Ddon and Ddin, for ynd 1-00, as shown in the
following.
By t h e definition of Ddon and Ddin, the
total flux per pole and t h e total fundamental
flux per pole are given b y equations 37a, b ,
respectively, with ynd taken as unity. The
ratio of equation 37a t o equation 37b then
gives as in equation 37c, b y definition.
* Wieseman called this quantity Ax.

RankinEquivalent Circuits

(37c)

'Dd

Nomenclature
T h e quantities given below are per-unit
values unless in bold-face type in which case
they are in t h e physical ampere-inch-second
system (amperes, ohms, henrys, and so forth).
Quantities such as N, Pu R, I, for which it is
obviously unnecessary t o distinguish the
ampere-inch-second values by a special
script are in standard type only. Vector
values are indicated by a circumflex ( )
over the symbol.
All dimensions are in inches.
The subscript notation is as follows.
a, b, c = armature phases
/ = field-winding circuit
n, k, x = damper-winding circuits, n is the
general term; k refers t o a damperwinding circuit external t o n(k > n);
and x refers to the 100-per-cent-pitch
(most external) circuit which is used
as a base
d, q, 0 = direct, quadrature, and " z e r o " axes
o = base quantities
m order of harmonic
Only the direct-axis quantities are defined in the following, as t h e quadrature-axis
quantities are obtained from these by
merely substituting q for d.
a n = cross-sectional area of bar n
aend = average cross-sectional area of end
ring for bar n
A = flat-topped armature reaction a t base
stator current
_

l.5iaoN
KpKdP\

A di defined in Appendix I I
Ddon, Ddin defined in Appendix I
De = axial distance between end rings minus
axial length of pole, or twice t h e distance between one end ring and side of
pole
eao peak value of rated stator phase voltage
Efd> End^rotor-circuit applied voltages
Fdo = Ddon tor ynd = 1.0
Fdl = dened in B3
F0 field-winding ampere turns for rated
air-gap-line stator voltage
g = minimum gap, effective
gy = gap length a t any point ydt in per unit
of g
ho = P e ak value of rated stator line current
Ifdo> hdo = base-current; field winding, and
vth additional rotor circuit, respectively
id, Ifd Ind = direct-axis currents; stator,
field winding; and wth additional
rotor circuit, respectively
In = total current in wth physical bar

Adl

kad = ~ "
7

rdi

Kp, Kd pitch and distribution factors,

respectively (greater than 1.0)
TRANSACTIONS

867

 = defined in Appendix II
/ = machine stacked length
/&n = length of bar n
lendcircumferential length of end ring
measured from direct axis to center
of bar n
L ampere-inch-second inductance corresponding to per-unit reactance x
00 = base stator inductance
too

Modern Practice in Power-Plant

Auxiliary Equipment and Systems
H. N. MLLER, JR.
MEMBER AIEE

HIS DISCUSSION of central-station

auxiliary equipment and systems cannot cover the entire field of practice, but
must touch only selected high spots. The
dfat)
particular points selected were chosen to
include those items where the user may
pp pole pitch =-exercise judgment in choosing alternate
Pi = number of poles
arrangements of supply or items of appara = stator resistance per phase
ratus, or where his specifications may inre = effective radius of end-ring cross section; fluence apparatus design by emphasis on
wre2 = aend
particular requirements.
Rbnnd> Renndresistances of nth additional The discussion is timely, because
rotor circuit; bar and end ring, power-plant auxiliary equipment has
respectively
undergone important development in the
Rffd* Rnnd=resistance of field-winding and past several years, and because the internth additional rotor circuits, respec- ruption in normal construction of new
tively
facilities, necessitated by war activities,
Rnfd, Rnkd = mutual resistances, wth addi- provides an opportune moment for analytional rotor circuit to field winding sis of what is available and how to apply it.
and &th circuit, respectively
Supply systems for auxiliaries have res = slip in per unit
ceived extensive study with the result that
Undm^current modulus defined in equation loop and network systems now find ap9a
plication along with the more convenv = general rotor-velocity term of equation 4 tional radial distribution system. The
*ao base stator ohms
change in equipment is keynoted by the
Cap _ r
swing to air circuit breakers and the curx
ao . **
rently marked trend toward the use of
Xad reactance of armature reaction
air-cooled transformers. Both motors
xd, Xffd, Xnnddirect-axis reactances; sta- used for central-station auxiliary service
tor, field winding, and nth additional and the associated motor starters have
rotor circuit, respectively
been given close attention with the genKara Xand, Xnfd, Xnkd = mutual reactances;eral result that more economical reliable
stator field, stator-th rotor circuit, drives will be available to meet rigid rewth rotor circuit to field winding, and quirements. One fact is ever apparent:
nth rotor circuit to fcth rotor circuit
Xbnnd, Xennd, Xgnnd = reactance components Paper 45-168, recommended by the AIEE comof wth rotor circuit; due to bar-slot mittee on power generation for publication in
AIEE TRANSACTIONS.
Manuscript submitted
flux, end-ring flux, and air-gap flux, June
1, 1945; made available for printing Septemrespectively
ber 5, 1945.
Xd(P) = operational stator impedance as H. N. MLLER, JR., is central-station engineer with
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsviewed from stator terminals
yd yq= peripheral distances on pole face burgh, Pa.
author expresses his appreciation to members
measured in per unit of half the pole The
of the design and application department of
pitch; see Figure 2
Westinghouse Electric Corporation for assistance in
selection of subjects and the digesting o material
a = ratio of pole arc to pole pitch
included in this paper.
'max /3'fund maximum flux density and
maximum value of the fundamental
component of flux density at normal
voltage no load
p ratio of maximum gap to minimum gap;
References
see Figure 2
1. STARTING PERFORMANCE OP SALIBNT-POLB
/fundamental flux per pole at normal SYNCHRONOUS
MOTORS, T. M. Linville. AIEE
voltage no load
TRANSACTIONS, volume 49, 1930, pages 531-47.
~peak value of rated stator phase link2. STARTING PERFORMANCE OF SALIENT-POLE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS, M. M. Liwschitz. AIEE
ages; eao=10_8wVoo
TRANSACTIONS, volume 59, 1940, pages 913-19.
&* /df ^nd direct-axis linkages; stator,
3. PER-UNIT
IMPEDANCES
OF SYNCHRONOUS
field-winding, and wth additional MACHINES, A. W. Rankin. AIEE TRANSACTIONS, volume 64, 1945, August section, pages 569rotor circuits, respectively
*b, % = effective permeance of the pole-body 73.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINESI, R. E. Doherty,
and pole-tip leakage paths per axial 4.
C. A. Nickle. AIEE TRANSACTIONS, volume 45,
1926, pages 912-26.
inch of machine length per pole

iV=stator series turns per phase

Nfa = turns per pole offieldwinding
d
p = differential operator=-7--

868

TRANSACTIONS

MllerPower-Plant Auxiliary Equipment

the central-station operator demands

maximum reliability. Nowhere else on
the entire power system is the requirement of reliability so great compared to
the investment in equipment involved.
There follows, thus, a discussion of particular design features of motors, desirable arrangements of switchgear and control, and data on distribution systems that
may be helpful when selection of the
method of supply is under consideration.

Motor Design
As in the past, the squirrel-cage induction motor for across-the-line starting
is the best selection for an auxiliary drive
wherever constant-speed operation is desired. The simplicity, reliability, and low
cost all enter to make it the number-one
choice. Its control is simple as well. The
higher power factor and efficiency of synchronous drives is offset by the increased
complication of synchronizing control
and a source of excitation. Also, since the
cost of both real and reactive power is a
minimum at the generator bus, higher
efficiency and power factor is not a large
incentive.
ROTOR DESIGN

Draft fans and some pulverizers have

high inertia, and motors for these loads
are best designed to limit the temperatures and expansion of the rotors to safe
values. The WR2 of each drive of this
nature should be supplied to the motor
designer for an analysis of the particular
application. Certain types of pulverizers
are subject to jamming, and it is known
from experience that operators may try
several times to start them. Motors for
these pulverizers require an extra margin
in rotor thermal capacity. An ample air
gap is especially desirable for motors on

5.

GRAPHICAL

DETERMINATION

OF

MAGNETIC

6.

EQUATIONS OF THE IDEALIZED SYNCHRONOUS

7.

PER-UNIT

8.

CALCULATION OF ARMATURE REACTANCE OP

9.

CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS-MACHINE CON-

FIELDS, R. W. Wieseman. AIEE TRANSACTIONS,

volume 46, 1927, pages 141-54.
MACHINE, A. W. Rankin.
volume 47, June 1944.

General Electric Review,

IMPEDANCES

OF

SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINESII, A. W. Rankin. AIEE TRANSACTIONS, volume 64, November section, pages 839-41.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, P. L. Alger. AIEE
TRANSACTIONS, volume 47, 1928, pages 493-513.
STANTS, L. A. Kilgore. AIEE TRANSACTIONS,
volume 50, 1931, pages 1201-14.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING