Feasibility Study Report

Krabi Coal-Fired Power Plant Project

Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

Report No. 9A11 01 5702

Power

Plant

Development

Planning

Department.
KBCTH-P32-02 / 2012
October 2557
No.

Forward
The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), a state owned utilities that
performs the main tasks in the production and supply of electric power to meet the electricity
demand of the people as well as responds to the economic and society development of the
country. EGAT offers quality power system according to international standards, in the terms of
stability, reliability with reasonable price. EGAT mainly concerns society and the environment
when processes operations, also adheres to the principles of good corporate governance policy,
good governance, transparency, morality, that can be verified and keeps in mind that EGAT is
part of the society.
Power plant at Krabi has the net capacity to generate electric power of approximately
800 MW using imported good quality Sub-bituminous coal from overseas. This plant also uses
modern equipment and technology for high efficiency in producing electricity along with
stringent environmental management. Taking into account the feelings and needs of the
community are also major concerns . The objectives are to accommodate the demand for
electricity and enhance the stability of the power system in the South to meet the government
policy in the term of fuel ratio distribution to produce electricity.

Executive summary

1. Background and objectives of the project

According to the electric production capacity development plan of 2555 - 2573 (PDP
2010, 3rd revision) EGAT is set to construct 4 clean coal power production plants with the net
capacity of 800 MW each and is scheduled to contribute power as commercial in 2562, 2565,
2568, and 2571, respectively.
Krabi power plant is the one in this area that has potentials to develop the coal-fired
power plant projects since the area is the existing area of EGAT with infrastructure facilities and
can support this development projects. This plant is also convenient linked to the main electric
transmission system located at the center of power use in the South of Adamun coastline and
there is the possibility to transport coal imported from abroad.

EGAT is then considering building this coal power plant with the net capacity of 800
MW within Krabi power plant area. The plant is scheduled to contribute power as commercial in
in December 2562 using clean coal technologies that can control environmental impact in a very
good way . As for the current Krabi power plant which uses fuel oil as fuel will run only for
backing up the stability of power systems in the south. In order to build up confidence for
community that the power plant uses modern technology with safety and met standards, expert
staffs with experiences to supply power plant equipment for the

group of countries with

stringent environmental and credible internationally, for example members of the Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) are considered.

2. Project Description

2.1 Project Location

Krabi coal power plants is located inside Krabi power plant T. Klong Ka Naan, A. Nau
Klong, Krabi province in the south of the existing power plant requires

an area of about 600

acres and docks for unloading coal, located inside Baan Klong Rau oil depot (wharf unloading
fuel oil for Krabi power plant) T. Talingchun, A. Nua Klong, Krabi Province away from the
Krabi power plant about 9 km.

2.2 Types and sizes of the power.

A thermal power plant of electric power base using imported coal as fuel with the
capacity to generate net electricity about 800 MW, an average efficiency through a lifetime of
30 years is approximately 41.34%.

The powerhouse consist of main devices and systems

including Supercritical Pressure Steam Generator, Steam Turbine Generator, Condenser, Cooling
tower, Electrostatic Dust Trap (ESP), sulfur dioxide removal system (FGD), NOx removal
system (SCR), docks, and coal conveyor system etc.

2.3 Fuel and Transportation

The project uses good quality Su-Bituminous coal as fuel with average heat about 5,500
kCal./kg. (HHV), sulfur content no more than 1% for the average usage 7,262 tons/day or about
2.3 millions tons/year. This coal is. freight transported usinA 1-2 coal barges with the size about

10,000 DWT from aboard to Klong Rau dock per day. This coal is then loaded by conveyor
system, 9 km. in length to coal storage building of the power plant with storage capacity of
480,000 tons and be able to reserve for usage about 60 days.

2.4 Water supply and water demand

The project will use raw water from the reservoir of the plant for 3,830 cubic meters per
day to be used for steam generation process, sulfur dioxide removal, and other activities inside
the plant. Water around 100,500 cubic meters per day from Klong Pakasai is also used for
cooling system.

2.5 Power Transmission

The project will link electric power to the main electric system at the 230 kW high power
station at Krabi. High power station is needed to improve and required construction of 230 kW
transmission lines for 1 circuit and 300 m. in length.

2.6 The study to analyze the impact on the environment.

Krabi coal power plant is a project that requires a report to analyze environment and
health impact (Environmental and Health Impact Assessment: EHIA) according to the Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment, dated August 31, 2553. EGAT has appointed Air Safe
Limited to conduct a study and prepare a report analyzing the impacts on the environment and
health (EHIA) from Krabi coal power plant project (extension 1) and present to the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment to seek approval from the committee of experts to consider
the report of the environmental impact assessment of thermal power plant. The report is also
presented to independent organization and agencies to consider providing additional opinions
before presenting to the National Environment Commission for next approval.
The construction of a dock for unloading coal project is a project or action that need to be
studied and prepared for a report about Environmental Impact Assessment: EIA according to
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment dated June 20, 2555. EGAT has hired Team
Consulting Engineering and Management Limited to conduct a study and prepare a report
analyzing the impacts on the environment (EIA) from the Baan Klong Rua docking project (
docks and coal conveyor system) and present to Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

to seek approval from the committee of experts to consider the report of the environmental
impact assessment in the terms of

water infrastructure before presenting to the National

Environment Commission for next approval.

2.7 Project Plans

The power plant project will take construction period of approximately 44 months after
issues Letter of Intent: LOI and is scheduled to contribute electricity to systems in December
2562.
The construction of docks and coal conveyor systems will take about 32 months after
issues LOI and is scheduled for completion in December 2561, before contribute electricity to
systems about 12 months.

2.8 Estimate the project cost s

The project cost the total of 71,830.00 millions THBs, being the foreign currency
38,312.20 millions THBs and Thai THBs for 33,517.80 millions THBs as details below.

Categories
A. Plant, millions THBs
Equivalent in $US, $ millions
B. Docks and coal conveyor, millions THBs
Equivalent in $US, $ millions
C. Transmission of electricity, millions THBs
Equivalent in $US, $ millions
Overall, millions THBs
Equivalent in $US, $ millions

Foreign currency

Thai THB

Total

34,497.00

22,033.00

56,530.00

667.60

1,713.00

1,045.00

3,794.00

11,446.00

15,240.00

115.00

346.80

461.80

21.20

38.80

60.00

0.60

1.20

1.80

38,312.20

33,517.80

71,830.00

1,161.00

1,015.60

2,176.60

Note: Use the exchange rate of 33 THB per $US.

The estimated annual disbursement are as follows.

Estimated annual costs

2559

A. Powerhouse

5,004.00 18,260.50 16,782.50 11,088.00 5,359.00

56,530.00

B. Docks and conveyors

2,546.00

15,240.00

60.00

C. Transmission system
Total

2560

5,547.00
18.00

2561

2562

5,271.00 1,876.00
36.90

5.10

2563

7,550.00 23,861.50 22,090.40 12,969.10 5,359.00

Total

71,830.00

2.9 Sources of Investment

EGAT will consider financial status, capital market conditions, how to get a loan and
reasonable terms to get the maximum benefit by considering the sources of investment from
EGAT income and from issuing bonds or loans from financial institutions as appropriate.

2.10 The Project Feasibility

Krabi coal power plant project is a suitable project in the terms of policies, technical,
environment, economics, and financial as follows,.
Policies: can support the power demand and strengthen the power system in the south
specially on the Andaman southern coast where the county tourism economy is growing with
the continuous rate. This also reduces the risk of power outages from dependence on energy from
the central region of Thailand because the restrictions on the transmission system. There are also
less supply risks, price fluctuations and reduce the cost of electricity. It is the policy of the
government about fuel distribution. Also, the large electricity generation sources for the south
are primary depend on natural gas.
Technical and environmental: The project uses clean coal technology, a technology
developed to control and protect the environment. This increases efficiency in electricity
generation resulting in coal usage drop. Coal resources then can be used as cost-effectively and
maximize the benefits. Environmental pollution control will be implemented at the beginning
with the selection of quality imported coal. The transport and storage of coal use a closed system
to reduce dust. The power plant will be equipped with modern and high-performance systems or
devices to control emission to meet standards, includes monitoring, measuring and impact

assessment. The communities will be involved in the operation to have minimum impacts on the
community and environment.
Economics and Finance: The project is worth the investment and provides a reasonable
rate of return on investment. The project analysis are summarized as below.

The average selling price of electricity

2.4709

THBs / kW-hr.

- The availability of electric power (AP) cost

1.0568

THBs / kW-hr.

- Electric power (EP) cost

1.4141

THBs / kW-hr.

Return rate on investment economically (EIRR)

10.17

Present value of net benefits economically

8,302

millions THBs.

Return rate on investment financially (FIRR)

10.17

Present value of net benefits financially

8,059

millions THBs.

Return on equity (ROE)

11.86

%.

Present value of net benefits

6,267

millions THBs.

Economic profit(Economic Profit)

4,695

millions THBs.

Payback period

12

years

3. Benefits from the project

1) Strengthen the stability of the power system in the south . This can accommodate electricity
demand adequately and reduce the risk of power outages from dependence on energy from the
central region of Thailand that has the limitation of transmission systems . Also, purchasing of
electricity from Malaysia is to be uncertain.
2) Reduce the loss of power due to transmission of electrical energy from the central region and
increase the flexibility to control and contribute electric power.
3) The distribution of fuel to produce electricity corresponds to state policies for making the
country's overall power generation system stability.
4) Create a balance between the proportion of electricity power plants of state generated and
private power plant generated.
5) There are development of society, culture and way of life of the communities neighboring to
the plant in terms of local development, education, health, and the environment as well as in
disaster relief.

6) Power plants are education sources for energy and environmental management of the
province.

4. Proposal to Consider
The Krabi coal power plant

is a project for energy security in the South. This can

continue building steps and complete as planned and agreed to take action for Cabinet approval
as following.
1) Approval to construct and install Krabi power plants with the net electric production capacity
of about 800 MW along with building docks and coal conveyor as well as power transmission
systems. The amount of capital expenditure total 71,830.00 millions THB, in foreign currency
THB 38,312.20 millions and THB 33,517.80 millions.
2) If the Cabinet approves the project, meaning to have approve the 2559 annual budget
according to estimated plan spending for the project in the amount of THB 7550.00 millions by
then.
3) To approve for spending investment sources for the cost in foreign currency from any
source or multiple sources combined from international financial institutions, supplier's credit,
buyer's credit, bank /export-import bank, bank/international financial institutions and/or local,
issue bonds for foreign country investment,
THB from

and/or local, and EGAT income for the cost of

one source or a combination of sources from banks/financial institutions in the

country, bonds for investment in the country and EGAT income.

4) To approve the waiver of the Cabinet on 15th December 2530, on 23rd July 2534, 22nd
August 2543, and on October 17, 2543 related to the mangrove areas for EGAT to perform the
construction Krabi coal power plant, along with docks, coal conveyor and any other relevant in
the mangrove areas.
5) To approve the relevant authorities allow EGAT to perform any activity of the Krabi coal
plant project in the land of EGAT and state lands that asking for permits as necessary for the
time being. Also asking for government supports, expedite approvals or permits mentioned to be
completed as soon as for special cases.
6) To approve the Cabinet adopted on 11 July 2532 shall apply mutatis mutandis to EGAT to be
able to pay compensation to the owners or occupiers of the land and property in and outside

areas of the bounds of official reserves but in the construction of Krabi power plants area.
Lands or other properties must be occupied and taken advantages before starting the project.

1. Background
1.1 Background
According to the electric production capacity development plan of 2555 - 2573 (PDP
2010 3rd revision) EGAT is set to construct 4 clean coal power production plants with the net
capacity of 800 MW each and is scheduled to contribute power as commercial in 2562, 2565,
2568, and 2571, respectively to accommodate the demand for electric power and maintain
stability of the power system of the country. It also meets the state policy on distribution ratio of
fuel to produce electricity.
Krabi power plant is the one in this area that has potentials to develop the coal-fired
power plant projects since the area is the existing area of EGAT with infrastructure facilities and
can support this development projects. This plant is also convenient linked to the main electric
transmission system located at the center of power use in the South of Adamun coastline and
there is the possibility to transport coal imported from abroad.
EGAT is then considering building this coal power plant with the net capacity of 800
MW within Krabi power plant area. The plant is scheduled to contribute power as commercial in
in December 2562 using clean coal technologies that can control environmental impact in a very
good way . As for the current Krabi power plant which uses fuel oil as fuel will run only for
backing up the stability of power systems in the south.

1.2

The electrical system situation in the South.

The electric power generation capacity in the South in June 2557 is 2,115.68 MW net.

There is also backup power from the central through 600 MW transmission lines, ( normal
situation) and 300 MW power from Malaysia was purchased (Non-firm agreement).
Overload power required in the South in 2557 (Peak Load) occurred on Tuesday, April
26, 2557 or 2,467.65 MW. At that time power generation sources in the south can be produced
only 2,173.90 MW (Increased power production from the test, Ja Na power plant, unit 2 during
the 8th of April to 23rd of May 2557), which is not enough to meet demand. Hence, there was

electric power sent from the central grid through central - south 265.65 MW transmission lines
and from Malaysia (contractual) for 28.10 MW.
Details of electric power production in the south in 2557 and the power demand of the
south by provinces are presented in Figure 1.1 - 1.2 and Table 1.1 - 1.2 A, respectively.

Natural gas termination from JDA-A18.

Gas fields in the development in Malaysia - Thailand joint areas A-18 (JDA-A18) was
necessary to stop distributing gas during June 13 - July 7, 2557 to complete the installation of
pressure increasing equipment and to connect more gas wells together. This results in Ja Na
power plant unit 1, with 710 MW of net capacity while shutting down since this power plant
received gas from a single channel and improvements of the power plant to be able to proceed
with diesel that had not been completed. This caused the capacity of the South down to about
1,400 MW. EGAT then has prepared plans and policies to handle this situation.
The maximum demand for electricity in the South during the shut down occurred on
19th June 2557 which was equal to 2,339.96 MW. EGAT. had followed plans and policies with
the conclusion as following,
1) Electric power through central - south transmission lines for 670 MW which was risky from
exceeding electric stability standard N-1 Criteria (support when there was any one device failed).
2) Purchased electricity from Malaysia for Price B for 7.64 millions units and Price C for 2.94
millions units (Malaysian Electricity will inform the amount of electricity ready for EGAT each
day depended on the Malaysian electricity system at that time. .
3) Run power plant which use fuel oil with high production costs and to enhance the power
system including
3.1) Krabi power plant

315 MW.

3.2) Surat power plant

244 MW.

3.3) Diesel power generation

26 MW.

10

- The 15th Infantry Brigade, Pattani

5X2 MW.

- Chulabhorn Camp, Narathiwat

4X2 MW.

- High voltage station, Su Ngai Ko- Lok , Narathiwat

4X2 MW.

4) Coordinate relevant departments to help implement policies to reduce electricity demand

(Demand Response) during that period. The Siam Cement of Thailand (Thung Song) Co., Ltd.
(Thailand), a direct customers of EGAT has reduced electricity use by 10 MW per day.
1.3

Purpose of the project

To increase electricity production in the southern areas may just be enough to meet the

demand, specially the Andaman South Coast which is a tourist economy area with a continuous
rate of growth and increase the stability of the power system. This reduces the risk of
dependence on electric power from a central transmission system or purchase electricity from
Malaysia which is uncertain. This is also consistent with the government's policy on the
distribution ratio of fuel to produce electricity because the large size of power plants in the
South rely mainly on natural gas.
Table 1.1

Net capacity of power generation from systems in the South, June 2557

Power plant

Power Contract

Fuel

(MW)
1. Hydropower

313.28

1.1 Bang Lang Dam

72.00

1.2 Baan San Ti Dam

1.28

1.3 Rajjaprabha Dam

240.00

2. Thermal Power Plant

2.1 Krabi power plant
2.2 Surat Thani power plant (gas turbine)

315.00
315.00
-

oil
diesel.

3. Combined heat and power plants

3.1 The Ja Na power plant unit 1

710.00

Natural Gas

11

4. Renewable power plant

4.1 Laem Phrom Thep solar power plant

0.20
0.01

4.2 Laem Phrom Thep wind turbine power plant0.19

EGAT Net capacity

1338.48

5. Small supplies (SPP) -Firm

5.1 Gulf Yala Green Co., Ltd.
5.2 Surat Thani Green Energy Co., Ltd.
6. Major private supplies (IPP) - Firm

29.00
20.20
8.80

timber debris
palm bunch

748.20

6.1 Khanom Electricity Generating Company Limited748.20

- Combined Cycle Power Plant unit 1
- Thermal power plants
The power of the South generated

678.00
70.20

Natural Gas
Natural Gas/oil.

2,115.68

7. Backup electric generation that are reliable

7.1 Transmission Link Central - South (normal) 600.00

7.2 Transmission line linking

Thailand - Malaysia's 300 kV HVDC

300.00

Power Control Systems, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

Note: 244 MW Surat Thani power plant are out of the main system and has turned in to
Emergency Standby.

12

Figure 1.1 Electric power generated for the South, 2557

13

Table 1.2

The maximum power demand of the South by Provinces.

Province

peak electricity demand (MW)

th

26 of April,2557

2nd of April, 2556

1. Songkhla

481.7

480.1

2. Surat Thani

370.2

352.7

3. Phuket

373.4 5

359.3

4. Si Thammarat

314.7

330.9

5. Trang*

128.2

125.8

6. Chumphon

116.1

115.9

7. Krabi *

106.7

104.4

8. Pung Nga

95.9

98.6

9. Yala

96.8

87.5

10. Pattani

66.5

75.8

11. Phatthalung

74.1

61.3

12. Narathiwat

71.1

72.8

13 Stool*

56.3

59.8

14. Ranong *

47.7

46.2

Total
System power use and loss
Net
* Andaman southern coast provinces

2,403.9

2,366.5

63.6

57.3

2467.7

2423.8

807.7

805.5

Operations, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

14

Figure 1.2 Highest demand for electricity in the South by provinces

2.

The purpose and scope of the study.

2.1

The purpose of the study

To study the feasibility of Krabi coal power plant by considering the possibility of

implementing of the policy, technical, environmental, economics and, finance to comply with the
policy of the state to meet the electricity demand of the country. This also includes the
distribution ratio of fuel to produce electricity and strengthen the stability of the power system in
the Andaman southern coast which all is risky and vital to the country. The process is to engage
the public to contribute the understanding, acceptance and supporting in running the projects.

15

2.2

Scope of Study
The Feasibility study Krabi

coal power plant project are along with the scopes to

consider, as detailed below.

*

Considering the location of the project.

Considering fuel sources , fuel supply, and fuel transportation.

Considering water sources, water supply, and wastewater treatment.

Define the initial set of specifications.

Considering transmission system of project and links to the main electrical system.

Preliminary environmental impact study.

Project implementation plan.

Estimate project cost .

Feasibility study of the process in the term of economics and finance.

3.

Project Location

3.1

General
Krabi Power Plant located at 112 Moo 2. T. Klong Kanaan, A. Nua Klong, Krabi

province on the area of about 6500 acres away from the Petchakasem road to the south, about
7 km. and around the borders of.
North:

Moo 1 Ban Pakasai, T. Pakasai and Moo 4 Ban Khuan Yoong. T. Klong
Kanaan.

16

South

Moo 6 Baan Klong Wai Lek T. Klong Kanan and Lam Kruad forest area
and Klong Bang Peung forest area.

East

Klong Pakasai, next area are Lam Kruad forest area and Klong
Bang Peung forest.

West

Moo 2 Baan Huay Soke. T. Klong Kanan.

Baan Klong Rua oil reserve is an fuel oil reserve and the port of Krabi power plant

today. Located around Lam Hin headland, T. Talingchun, A. Nuaklong Krabi. Krabi away from
the power plant to the south-west about 9 km. The area is about 98 hectares.
3.2

Location
EGAT has considered the location of coal power plant project within the area of Krabi

power plant because the area was subjected to

EGAT and allowed to take an advantage from

the Forestry Department then there is no charge for the supply of land. There are also basic
facilities necessary for developing the project as well as being ready to link to the main power
system. In addition, there is the possibility to transport coal imported from abroad. The location
is at the

power used center of the South coast where are the tourist trades require increased

electric power more and more every year. For coal unloading dock of the project, space around
the oil depot of a power plant in Krabi will be used.
Project Location Map of Krabi coal power plant is shown in Figure 3.1.

3.2.1

Powerhouse
Coal Krabi power plant is a thermal power plant with the net capacity of approximately

800 MW. This plant is located on an empty space inside the Krabi power plant and requires for
an area of about 600 hectares, divided into three parts: 1) area for power generation, in the south
and east of the existing power plant (fuel oil plant) of about 140 acres, 2) area of coal storage
building, coal ash and gypsum disposal pond(Phase 1) on the south side of the Krabi power

17

plant of about 300 acres and 3) area coal ash and gypsum disposal pond(Phase 2) on the north
side of the Krabi plant, about 160 acres.
The area around the Krabi coal power plant and coal storage building are shown in
Figure 3.2 to 3.3

3..2.2 Dock
Dock for unloading coal for use as fuel for the project (Baan Klong Rua Dock) is located
on the empty space inside the Baan Klong Rua oil depot which belongs to
needs

EGAT. This dock

an area of about 45 acres for construction of port, coal handling systems, coal

reserves building, and essential utility systems. The area around the Baan Klong Rua dock is
shown in figure 3.4
3.2.3

Coal transporting conveyor

To transport coal from the dock to the plant, EGAT has chosen the conveyor system

since it is a method that can continue transporting large quantities of coal. The defined route of
this conveyor system will pass through T. Talingchun and T. Klong Ka Naan, A. Nuaklong
Krabi with the distance about 9 km and the width about 50 m. The areas covered mostly are in
national conserved forests that are utilized by communities for agricultural such as palm oil,
rubber plantation, shrimp farming, etc. There are just some parts that pass through intertidal
forests, natural canals, and public routes. However, to select

coal conveyor routes, EGAT has

tried to avoid the paths that pass through communities and intertidal forests or to have a
minimal impact if necessary.
3.3

The use of state land

Project area is located within the borders of the state, such as national conserved forest,

the agricultural land reform, wetlands, marine, public water supply or public thoroughfare.
EGAT as a state agency can perform permission to use these area corresponding to the
regulations and practices from the government agencies involved except the intertidal forests
which according to the Cabinet as follows:

18

Resolution of the Cabinet on December 15, 2530 entitled "The classify of the land used

in the area of mangroves in Thailand."

-

Resolution of the Cabinet on 23rd July 2534 entitled "Report on the current status of

mangrove and corals of the country " by suspend the use of the forest is strictly prohibited."
-

Resolution of the Cabinet on 22nd August 2543 "National Forestry Policy Committee of

mangrove management solution" by prohibiting the use permit Mangroves in any case, both
public and private sectors.
-

Resolution of the Cabinet on 17 October 2543 "National Forest Policy Committee No.

3/2543 about mangrove management solution" by prohibiting the use permit Mangroves in any
case. This includes the construction of infrastructure, and infrastructure for construction of
treatment systems.
However, the project area, such as coal conveyor system that pass through the national
conserve forests, the facts are that the areas are overrun by Rat to do agricultural work including
oil palm plantations.

As the access to the national forest land by the Forest Department

regulations require that the applicant must have taken issue with the Rat invaders as well.
Cabinet resolution details related to land use are presented in Appendix B.

3.4

Climate
Krabi coal plant project design uses climate statistics in the period of 20 years (since

2537-2556) of the meteorological station in Krabi. Table 3.1 shows the details

General climate around the project area are summarized below.

Dry bulb temperature (Ambient Dry-Bulb Temperature)
-

The maximum average

32.3 C

The minimum average

22.5 C.

Average

26.9 C

19

Relative Humidity
-

The maximum average

97.1%

The minimum average

62.6%.

Average

83.6%

Average atmospheric pressure 1008.98 mbar

Figure 3.1 Project Location Map of Krabi coal power plant

20

Figure 3.2 The area around the Krabi coal power plant

21

Figure 3.3 The area around the coal storage building

Figure 3.4 The area around the Baan Klong Rua dock

22

Table 3.1

The climate statistics in the period of 20 years (since 2537-2556) of the

meteorological station in Krabi.

4.

The supply of fuel and limestone

4.1

Properties and demand for coal

The project will use Sub-bituminous coal as fuel which is the high quality coal,

low

sulfur content by considering imported from the manufacturer and exporter of potential
coal. There are enough reserves over the life of the plant and taking into account the
management of transportation to be smooth and reasonable cost. Since the project is for the
power system stability in the southern area, it is necessary to continue to supply coal in many

23

forms such as bid and EGAT continues to supply some of their own. In order to enhance the
security of fuel supply. The properties of coal for use in the design are as follows.

Imported coal properties

Design cost

Type of coal

Sub-bituminous

Higher Heating Value: HHV

5500 kCal./kg.

Sulfur Content

Less than 1%

Ash Content

No more than 10%

Moisture Content

No more than 30%

Source: Preliminary properties of imported coal, fuel management. The Electricity Generating
Authority of Thailand (2555).

The Krabi coal power plant project has the net electrical power generation of about 800
MW, a coal demand of approximately 7,262 tons/day or approximately 2.25 millions tons/year
(at the rate of averaged running of 85 percent), operating a lifetime for 30 year, total project
volume of coal approximately 68 millions tons.

4.2

Coal Transportation

4.2.1

Coal Maritime transportation from coal supply to the project dock.

The project will use 1-2 coal barges with loading capacity of approximately 10,000

Deadweight Tonnage: DWT to transport high quality coal from overseas coal supply to the docks
of the project, in the area of Baan Klong Rua oil depot per day using the existing route of the
supertanker. However, barges need to wait for driven higher sea level when navigating through
the mouth of the docks . Coal barge navigation is shown in Figure 4.1.

24

Coal barges are in-board engine barges with tonnage freight and a cap entirely. To help
maintain the quality of coal by reducing dust and moisture, the ship is a steel shell boat, double
hall, 120 m. in length and 30 m. in width, vessel size not less than 10,000 DWT, highest water
depths up 5.5 m, but will carry coal to approximately 8,000 DWT only, where the water depths
is 4.5 m. The safety allowances between the hull and the water bottom is 1 m. and lowest low
tide (LLW) of Krabi estuary station, monitored by the Marine department is -2.4 m depth then
the required depth is - 7.9 m from mean sea level as shown in Figure 4.2.
4.2.2

Coal transportation in the dock area.

New coal unloading dock for the construction of a new fence around the depot canal

house. The L-shaped parallel to the oil dock unloading coal. The length of the coast is about 400
m long, 280 m deep berth at -8 m berth can accommodate vessels with tonnage of 10,000 DWT
new coal unloading of two vessels simultaneously and the area behind the wharf for systems that
are necessary with details as following,
1. Docks consiste of the berth width 30 m. with the length 280 m, and a bridge linked
to the dock 380 m. in length. The dock floor is concrete pier with resistant to corrosion located
on the round steel piles buried deep layer of clay or concrete deck on piles with walls prevent
erosion.
2. Bank Protection placed parallel to the coastline wit the length of approximately 1,000
m. piling up certain size of stones with sand and cement and cementitious floor Riprap.
3. Two continuous screw type coal unloader or Bucket Chain Type Unloader number 2,
Slashdot, each with

unloading rate at least 1,500 tons/hr. The system works in a closed form,

which can reduce the spread of coal with low noise levels in the workplace.
4. Storage building with the capacity of 50,000 tons of coal reserved for coal from the
ship and stored temporarily in the case of conveyor belts to the power plant damaged or
malfunction. Reclaiming Conveyor is mounted beneath coal reserves, air ventilation and dust
trap system including spraying water to control the temperature and coal dust.

25

5. Office building , conveyor system control building, equipment storage room,

equipment yard and

green areas.

6. Utilities such as manholes, raw water reservoir, roads and parking lots, and so on.
Chart of the berths and coal loader are shown in Figure 4.3 - 4.5 respectively.
4.2.3

Transport coal from the dock to the plant.

Transportation of coal from the dock to the plant's coal storage building has the distance

of about 9 km. using conveyor system. Since it is the proper way to transport large volumes over
long distances that need continuity and reliability. In case of failure or malfunctioning conveyor
belt and can not carry coal from the dock to the main coal storage building of power plants this
will

transport coal from the ship and take it to a temporary storage building coal reserves

around the dock to continue unloading from ships. The routes and areas along the conveyor belt
from the Klong Rua dock to Krabi Power Plant is shown in Figure 4.6.
Coal conveyor is designed as a closed system and cover all routes to control the spread of
coal dust and noise with an average unloading rate of no less than 3,000 tons/hr. for a line
width of 2.5 m., length of about 9 km. In the first 2 km., a tunnel will be constructed under Saba
canal and mangrove areas to reduce the impact on the environment. For the last 7 km. will be
the construction of the belt on the ground to coal storage building of the power plant. Structure
and formats of the belt are as follows.

1) Conveyor belt in underground tunnels

passing through the Saba canal and mangrove

forests is about 2 km. including.

-

Construction of concrete tunnel with the internal width 7.25 m., internal height
6.5 m., and the depth from the surface not less than 30 m.

Ventilation and fire prevention systems.

Pipe Conveyor

2) Conveyor belt on the ground, from the underground tunnel to the storage building of coal
power plant with the length about 7 km. and the right of way width of 50 m. , including
-

Conveyor supporting concrete road with the width of 15 m.

26

Public concrete road for the community, 6 m. in width on both sides along the
conveyor belt.

Box Culvert or concrete bridge or elevated structure along the public

routes, natural water ways or obstacles on the ground.

Sound Barrier and trees along the belt.

Conveyor in enclosure.

The structure and format of the conveyor are shown in Figure 4.7 to 4.10.

4.2.4

The coal storage building

The coal storage building is located from the south of the power plant for about 1.5 km.

This area is about 100 Rais, and can accommodate up to 480,000 tons of coal to produce
electricity continuously for about 60 days, including.
1) Coal storage building with covers, surrounding walls, and side enclosures around.
Open only in and out ways of belts, including
- Two coal stock piles, each of 240,000 tons.
- Two combined stacker-reclaimers with the work rate of not less than
1,500 tons / hr.
- Ventilation and coal dust trap systems.
- Water spray system to control temperature and coal dust.
2) Two coal belt loader from a pile of coal maker and coal shoveling for delivering to the
distribution bunker at the rate of no less than 1,500 tons / hr.
3) Utilities such as water reservoir for spraying coal piles. Waste water treatment system and
waste water manholes.
4) Buildings

such operational, maintenance, material storage, and conveyor belt control

buildings.

The coal storage building is shown in figure 4.11.

27

4.3

The sources and the needs for limestone.

The project requires good qualities of limestone with the content of CaCO3 of at least 90

percents for the removal of sulfur dioxide from the burning of coals with the maximum rate
about 240 tons/day or 74,460 tons/yr. The total limestone required over the life of the power
plant for 30 years is 2.23 millions tons by purchasing limestone from private sources in Thung
Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat., about 123 km.from the power plant. With the reserved amount of
limestone about 16 millions tons, this can meet the needs throughout the life of the project. This
must be purchased for the power plant for system running test in December 2561 before the
schedule to supply electricity to the system for the period of 12 months.

28

Figure 4.1 Coal Barge Navigation

29

Figure 4.2 Coal Barge

30

Figure 4.3 Chart of Baan Klong Rau dock

31

Figure 4.4 Screw Unloader

Figure 4.5 Bucket Chain Unloader

32

Figure 4.6 The routes and areas along the conveyor belt
33

Figure 4.7 The tunnel structure for coal transportation

Figure 4.8 The loading conveyor structure on the ground

34

Figure 4.9 Pipe Conveyor

Figure 4.10 The coal storage building

35

Figure 4.11 Coal Barge Navigation

5.

The water supply, storage and wastewater treatment.

5.1

Water resources and water delivery systems.

The project will take water from the same sources of Krabi power plant that currently

uses which is enough for the project even combined with existing power plants. The water for
cooling process is taken from the Chaya canal but pumping is performed during high tide, which
has the time limit. Because the Chaya canal, in the power plant area is in the influence of
fluctuations of the ocean. Also, the pumping water from canals has the direct the impact to the
community. Therefore, the construction of canals to draw water with the low current flow during
the high-tide before pumping is considered. The details are as follows:

36

- The canal to draw water is a dug canal in a rectangular shape built with concrete. The
width of 18 m., length is about 750 m. The canal ground level is at - 3.50 m., while the water
minimum level of Klong Pakasai is at - 2.40 m. The water flows continuously by gravity and
high-tide, low-tide level.
- Control the water to flow no more than 0.1 m./sec but since the speed of precipitation is
0.6 m/sec this causes sediment before reaching the pump, especially at the mouth of the canal,
then a sediment trap (Settling basil) at upper canal is required.
- Install a 5 cm2 trash rack

and a 1 cm2 rack as the 2nd layer to prevent aquatic life,

specially aquatic larvae to flow into the cooling ponds.

- Pumping station is equipped with 2 water pumps (reserve 1).

Water used in production processes and consumption is taken from the reservoir of the
Krabi power plant, including.
- Reservoir 1 (Inner), located inside the plant, about 500 m. from the previous plant to
the South. The average amount of water flowing into the basin is about 0.177 billion cubic
meters of the capacity 0.316 millions cubic meters. The pumping station is installed at this
location to be used within the plant.
- Reservoir 2 (Outer) located to the Northwest of the previous power plant, with the
average amount of water flowing in per year of 2.771 millions cubic meters of capacity to 1.82
millions cubic meters. This is the main raw water reservoir of the power plant. Water from the
reservoir 2 is drained to fill the reservoir 1 through connected natural canals.

There are also other water resources.

- Baang Pu Dum Reservoir located to the North of the power plant. The reservoir is
caused by an old mine pit lignite with capacity 7.227 billion cubic meters. The average annual
inflow water is 0.314 billion cubic meters and currently is used for trees in the Krabi power
plants and can be mixed with raw water from the reservoir for use in part of Sulfur Dioxide
removal of some existing power plants.

- Baang Yaang canal dam is a weir dike dam construction project to raise the water level
in the Baang Yaang canal and pump water during the rainy season to store in the power plant's

37

reservoir to strengthen the Krabi power plant. The structure is concrete with the length of about
40 m., height of 2 m. and can store the water level 4.5 m. (Geographical restrictions, making
water storage at a low level) or water of 0.11 millions cubic meters. The average amount of
water inflow to the dam each year is about 7 millions cubic meters. By installing 2 water pumps
(reserve 1) to pump water through a 500 mm diameter, 3.75 km. in length pipe to the reservoir
2, due to the volume of the tub is enough to hold the water before discharged through natural
canals into reservoir 1.
The pumping will be carried out during August December, 8 hours per day at the rate
of 864 cubic meters per hour. The guidelines for pumping water from Baang Yaang canals, dam
are shown in the table below

Unit: cubic meters per hour

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

864

864

864

864

864

-.

Water resources and the delivery guidelines of raw water of Krabi power plant are shown in
Figure 5.1 to 5.8.

5.2

Water Requirement
Power plant requirement for water activities is divided into 2 parts, water used inside

power plants, about 3,830 cubic meters per day which includes water used in the production of
steam and activities inside the plant as well as water used for removal of sulfur dioxide. Raw
water is used for heat removal or water cooling which is approximately 100,500 cubic meters
per day. This is designed to circulate water for reuse. However, some water evaporates causing
water in the cooling system has a higher concentration and need to drain some of the water out
and into the offset to prevent corrosion and fouling in pipes and fitting systems . By designing,
the cycles of concentration index will not exceed 1.5.

38

Water requirement for the project

Unit: cubic meters/day

Activities(water resources)

maximum water required

1. Raw water for use in power plants (reservoir of the power plant)

3830

- Steam production process and activities inside the powerhouse

1200

- Sulfur dioxide removal system.

2630

2. Water used in cooling systems (Pa Ka Sai canal)

100,500

Note: Effluents from various activities of power plant (fresh water) after the treatment and
discharge of waste water into the reservoir 1, then will be reused in the management of heavy
coal ash system and coal dust yard control.

Water mass(weight) balancing of Krabi coal power plant project diagram is shown in Figure
5.9.

Considering the demand for water after the project was completed combined with the
needs of the existing power plant when running processes at full capacity of 340 MW and water
production data by Krabi plant, the water demands of the Krabi power plant after the project was
completed are as follows.

Unit: cubic meters per day

Activities

Existing Krabi plant

Coal power plant

Total

1. Raw water for use in the power plant

3732

3830

7562

- Activities in the powerhouse

1920 (1)

1200

3120

- Removal of sulfur dioxide system

1172 (1)

2630

3802

640 (2)

640

- Water Supply
2. Water used in the cooling system

54,000 (1)

100,500

154,500

39

Source:

(1) Water balance sheet for existing Krabi power plant.

(2) Total water used by Krabi power plant statistics, 2555, Krabi power
Plant, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

5.3

Water Treatment
Water used for activities inside power plants, water used in the production of steam, water

consumption and internal power plant consumption will be taken through a process to adjust the
water quality suitable to be used in various activities.
Water treatment process consists of fine filtering (Microfiltration, MF), the size 0.1 micron
filtration without addition of chemicals to precipitate. The water is then filtered to be water with
a Turbidity no more than 0.1 NTU

and Silt Density Index (SDI) no more than 3 to be

consumed. This is also a substrate in the demineralization system and Reverse Osmosis/
Electrodeionization (RO/EDI) to prepare to be qualified pure water without any suspensions,
preventing fouling on the walls of the pipes within the steam generator, including the elimination
of substances that may be harmful to the turbine blades and water feeding system for condensing.
The coolant will be filled with chlorine in the proper control amount in order to prevent the
adherence of fish larvae and barnacles in the cooling system only, this also control the amount of
chlorine in the water that are flowing out of the system (residual Chlorine) to comply with the
effluent standard which is no more than 1.0 milligrams per liter.

5.4

Storage and treatment of wastewater.

Effluent from the power generation process of the project will go through the process of

containment and treatment as follows.

40

5.4.1

Effluent from power plants.

1) Water from the water production system at the rate of 87 cubic meters per day is a

chemical-free water. However, there are more water-soluble salts (TDS) in this water than fresh
water.
2) The effluents from demineralized water supply system in the Brine rejection are at the
rate of 273 cubic meters per day. A chemical-free water, but with TDS higher than fresh water.
3) Wastewater from steam generation system from Condensate Polisher a rate of 40
cubic meters per day is chemical-free water but has higher TDS than fresh water.
4) Chemicals -contaminated effluent with the rate of 28 cubic meters per day is effluent
from mineral-free water production system. Effluent from Condensate Polisher system when
chemicals are applied and effluent from chemical lab will be treated in Neutralization basin to
adjust base-acid using hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide to have pH in the
range of 5.5-9.0 as the benchmark of effluent.
5) Effluent from general use and consumption with the rate of 35 cubic meters per day
will be treated together in Septic tank system which has been designed to handle BOD5 about
200 mg / liter. Water after this treatment will have BOD5 less than 20 mg. / liter as the standard
of effluent.
6) Effluent contaminated with oil is the effluent from washing, cleaning up tools and
equipments with oil contamination and with the rate 43 cubic meters per day. This effluent will
go through the process of extracting the oil using oil/water separator which end up with the oil
contamination not exceed 5 mg./liter as the benchmark of effluent.

Effluent from activities inside power plants for 506 cubic meters per day after gone
through the treatment and meet the standard quality level will be brought together
in the effluent clarifier 1 (Holding Pond -1) with the capacity of about 1,000 cubic meters, the
depth of about 3 meters of concrete paving to prevent leakage of water into the groundwater
layer. The construction area is about one hectare of water in the reservoir which will be used in
the management of coal ash and coal dust clarifier for treatments using wastewater treatment
system

then recirculated for new applications. The sludge formed will be dumped in sludge

landfill.

41

5.4.2

Waste water from the cooling tower.

The coolant in the cooling system after passed through the condenser will be discharged

to the cooling tower to reduce the temperature and then circulated back into the cooling system
again. The fans in the cooling tower remove heat in the water. Some cooling water lost to
evaporation and spray. The water remaining in the system then are highly concentrated with
solutions (TDS) and suspended solids (TSS) requiring to drain some water out (Blowdown) and
add some water to replace (Make up) to prevent corrosion and fouling in pipes and fittings.
The water drained from the cooling tower has high concentration of solutions than
normal and the temperature is controlled not to exceed environmental standard then will be taken
to the pond effluent -2 (Holding Pond-2) to adjust the temperature to be as close as possible to
environment temperature before released back into the Pa Ka Sai canal. This is done by the
construction of a new water reservoir on a blank area of 30 acres, East of the existing Krabi
power plant. Pond bottom is compacted and compressed soil lined with concrete sides. The depth
of the pond is about 4 m., with the capacity of approximately 70,000 cubic meters and can
accommodate wastewater from the cooling tower for about one day before draining into Pa Ka
Sai canal using gravity through 1200 mm. diameter and 500 m. length pipes.

In summary, the amount of effluent from the project from power plant's activities are as
follows.
Activities(water resources)
1. Effluent from the plant's activities
* Water production system
* Demineralization Plant

maximum amount of effluent.

506
87
273

* Steam cycle

40

* Amphibious pond

28

* Wastewater treatment tank

35

* Oil - Water separation

43

2. Cooling Tower Blowdown

66,960

Note: No water from sulfur dioxide removal process due to completely evaporate

42

5.5

The use of Dock.

5.5.1

Water demand and water resources of the Dock.

At harbor areas, a demand for fresh water for consumption of berth staff (including

existing oil dock staffs) and staffs on the coal barges is about five cubic meters per day. Also,
spraying water used in reserved coal storage building is about 90 cubic meters per day, results in
the total of 95 cubic meters per day, or 2,850 cubic meters per month.
The project will construct a pond to store water in the dock with the capacity of 10,000
cubic meters for the storage of rainwater, including water and wastewater treatment pond to
circulate water used. Considering rainfall statistics from Table 5.1, the lowest rainfall was 25.9
mm. on January. When consider runoff water flowing into the pond, and provision for losses,
3,263 cubic meters of water can be seen that in the month with the lowest rainfall, runoff water
flowing into the pond is enough for all of the dock.
Table 5.1 The average monthly rainfall statistics in Krabi, 2555
Code catchment area, the average monthly rainfall - mm annual precipitation: mm.
Province km2 Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Source: Irrigation water monitoring stations.

5.5.2

Storage and Wastewater Treatment of the Dock.

Waste water from coal transportations and coal unloading around the dock area will be

treated and stored as follows

1) Water from the general use and consumption all will be treated in the septic tank
which is designed to handle BOD5 about 200 mg/liter. Treated water will have BOD5

not

exceed 20 mg. / liter which met the effluent criteria.

43

2) Waste water from coal dust removal system, coal wasted contaminated rainwater, and
fire suppression systems all will be directed to the drain rail systems that are around the project
and machine installation areas then flows into the reservoir sedimentation coal to prevent this
flowing to public water supplies.
3) Wastewater contaminated with oil is the waste water from washing and cleaning
equipment and tools with oil contamination. This wastewater will be separated from oil using oil
/water separator, results in contaminated with oil, no more than 5 mg/liter to meet effluent
criteria.
All waste water after treatment to meet the standard and quality will be included in a
holding pond of the dock with the capacity of 9000 cubic meters of all concrete paving. To
prevent leakage of water into the groundwater layer after treating this effluent, all will be
recycled back in control coal dust or for watering trees around the dock. The sludge will be
dumped in landfill sludge further.

44

Figure 5.1 Water resources around Krabi power plant

Figure 5.2 Raw water delivery guidelines for Krabi power plant

Figure 5.3 Water resources of Krabi power plant

45

Figure 5.4 Reservoir 1 (Inner)

Figure 5.5 Reservoir 2 (Outer)

46

Figure 56 Bang Yang canal

Figure 5.7 Bang Poo Dum reservoir

47

Figure 5.8 Pa Ka Sai canal

48

Figure 5.9 Water mass(weight) balancing of Krabi coal power plant project diagram

49

6.

Basic technical details of power plants

6.1

Clean coal technology for Krabi coal power plant projects

Clean coal technology is the technology that has been developed for highest benefit use of

coals in the form of fuel

as well as to control pollutions

to have minimum impacts to

communities and environments. Currently there are many options of technologies for generate
electricity using coals which can process before combustion, combustion, and after combustion.
This project utilizes modern coal technology that offering both safety and suitability as follows

1. Clean coal technology before combustion

Select good quality coal resources that have cleaned up or made coals to be free of
contaminations.

Configuration and monitoring before accepting the coals including

transportation, storage, and transport to the power plants and operated by the closed system
should be done as possible to reduce the spread of coal dust and noises that might have impacts
to communities and environments.
2. Clean coal technology during coal combustion.
Select high efficiency of combustion and steam generations technology for coal
maximize the usage and reduce pollution while burning.
- Pulverized-coal combustion: PC technology is the coal combustion method with the highest
efficiency and is widely used in producing electricity from coal. This is done by grinding the
coal to be small as the dust before spraying into the furnace with air. When flammable coal is
heating the high pressure steam generator, the steam will spin the steam turbine that connected to
the shaft of the generator.
- Low NOx Burner (LNB) and Over Fired Air (OFA) technology using the Mutistage burner and
use more air than in the combustion reaction to reduce temperature and time of the burn that
generates NOx.

50

- Supercritical boiler (Once through boiler) technology produces steam at higher pressures and
temperatures than from the Sub-critical boiler. This is done by changing

water to be super

critical steam without using a boiler drum, but required special materials that can withstand such
temperatures and pressures. It is then a highly effective technology, low fuel burn, and CO2
emissions. The efficiency of electricity production depends on the state of steam.
3. Clean coal technology after combustion
Select air quality control technology after combustion, cost controlled after burning with
up-to-date and high-efficiency technology that includes electrostatic precipitator: ESP, sulfur
dioxide removal system using limestone, elimination of oxides of nitrogen, and a selective
catalytic reduction (SCR) type.

6.2 Technical specifications of the power plant

Krabi coal power plant, a thermal power plant is producing power base using imported
coal from overseas for fuel with the net 800 MW electricity generation capacity, 42.16 %
efficiency (new and clean) and approximately 41.34 % of average electricity generation
efficiency for the lifetime of 30 years. Powerhouse consists mainly supercritical pressure steam
generator, steam turbine generator, condenser, cooling tower, ESP, FGD, SCR, etc.
There are also auxiliary systems such as water treatment plant, waste water treatment
systems, coal handling system, and ash and Gypsum handling systems.
The power plant is a thermal power plant. The thermal energy from burning coal
produces high pressure steam in order to drive a steam turbine to produce electricity. Steam, after
being used in the steam turbine for power generation will be transformed into recycled water to
be used in the production of steam again by passing steam into the condenser which uses water
from outside sources as a cooling. High temperature cooling water from the condenser is then
cooled down by a cooling tower before returning back to water resources. The exhaust from the
steam generator is vented out through the chimneys of the power plant. This gives better amount
of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and dust control than the standard limit.
6.3

Introduction to electrical technical performance data of the power plant

The project has the technical performance data of the initial electric power plants below.

51

52

53

The Typical Cycle Heat Balance diagram of the Krabi coal power plant project is shown
in Figure 6.1
6.4

The main equipments of the power plant

Coal power plant project, Krabi. consists of main equipments as follows

6.4.1

Supercritical Pressure Steam Generator

This steam generator is sliding pressure operation type to

produce steam using

Supercritical Once Through, a process which is the modern technology. This steam generator
has a steam generation capacity of 2270.90 tons per hour at a pressure of at least 260 Bar (a) and
a minimum temperature of 566 C.
6.4.2

Steam Turbine Generator

This steam generator is a Triple-Pressure type with main components., high-pressure

turbine, intermediate-pressure turbine, and low-pressure turbine that are installed in series
(Tandem Compound). The steam from the high pressure steam turbine will be heated up
again(single-reheat) at the steam generator

prior fed into the medium pressure steam

turbine. After the steam passes through a set of blades, the temperature and pressure will
drop. Finally, the water will flow out of the low-pressure turbine and then flows into the
condenser.
The steam turbine will drive a generator, 2-Pole Synchronous type , cooled down by
hydrogen or hydrogen and water through the stator coils with a capacity of electricity net about
1024 Mega Volt - Ampere at the power factor of 0.85 lagging, voltage 18-24 kV, frequency 50
Hz, 3 phases, and rotation speed of 3,000 rpm. The electrical energy produced is sent to the
main generator transformer to raise the voltage of 18-24 kV to 230 kV. and sent to high voltage
terminals.

54

6.4.3

Condenser
A tubular surface heat exchanger s condenses steam from the steam turbine and turn into

water to be circulated back into the steam generation system again.

6.4.4

Cooling Tower
A Mechanical draft, counter flow cools down high temperature coolant

from the

condenser before draining into the sewer manholes.

6.4.5

Electrical Equipment

The main equipments are

1) Transformer serves to raise the voltage from the generator to supply power to the 230 kV
transmission system.
2) Circuit Breaker and Switchgear to connect/disconnect electric circuits.
This also includes Bus bar, motors, etc.

6.4.6

Control and Instrumentation

The main components are

1) DCIS (Distributed Control and Information System) system control room, serves as a control
center for

equipment operations in the power plant such as supercritical pressure steam

generation, steam turbine generator, and balance of plant.

2) Computer room serves as a recording and calculation center.
3) Electronic and Relay room serves as a equipment center to control the main systems of the
power plant.

55

6.4.7

NOx Reduction Systems

For a power plant design, the combustion technology and Low NOx Burner (LNB) and

Over Fired Air (OFA) and the removal of nitrogen oxides using Selective Catalytic Reduction
(SCR) are considered as follows:
1) Low NOx Burner (LNB) and Over Fired Air (OFA) technology using the Mutistage burner
and use more air than in the burning reaction to reduce temperature and time of the burn that
causes NOx.
2) Install the removal of oxides of nitrogen system with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR),
which is the removal of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from the exhaust by using a chemical reaction
between ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides. A catalyst change NOx to be water and nitrogen
(N2), which is a typical element contents of air. Ammonia

used may be in the form of

Anhydrous, Aqueous Ammonia, or Urea. Ammonia will be mixed with hot air in the proper
ratio before sprayed(vaporizer) into a reactor with a layered catalyst to capture the NOx in the
exhaust, resulting a reaction as follows:
NO + NO2 + 2NH3 2N2 + 3H2O.
The removal efficiency of nitrogen oxides is at least 76.63% . NOx removal rate can be
controlled to be a specific value but will not exceed 70 ppm.
6.4.8

Electrostatic Precipitator: ESP

Exhaust that has gone through the SCR system then is sent to the

Electrstatic

Precipitator: ESP, which is a device used to trap dust and fly ash, relies primarily on the electric
potential difference for dust separation. This exhaust is then passed through a chamber packed
with flat metal plates placed in parallel, with equally vertical spaced and wires situated halfway
between these sheet metals. When these wires are supplied with high direct current, causing
these wires to have negative electric potential and
potential.

metal plates to have positive electric

When the dust and ash pass through, the dust particles are induced negative ions and

trapped on the positive electric potential metal plates. When the amount of dust settles on the

56

plates enough, they are needed to be remove down the holding cone at the bottom of the
chamber. Fly ash caught up with ESP will be transported by air pipe system to the fly ash silo
and wait for further transportation.
Dust and fly ash trap efficiency is at least 99.67 % and can control dust removal into
the atmosphere to a maximum of 30 mg. per cubic meter.
6.4.9

Flue Gas Desulfurization: FGD

The system eliminates sulfur dioxide and wet limestone, which use limestone to capture
sulfur or dioxide from the flue gas of power plants as the same as FGD system that Krabi power
plant are currently using limestone, CaCO3, an average of 240 tons per day that grounded to a
certain size and mixed with water then sprayed into a absorbed tower with the exhaust flow in
the opposite direction to be reacted with sulfur dioxide in the exhaust and turns to synthetic
gypsum, gypsum, CaSO42H2O and will be stored in a gypsum silo to

wait for

further

transportation.
Sulfur dioxide removal efficiency is not less that

94.13% and can control expendable

of sulfur dioxide according to the defined values, not more than 50 ppm.
6.4.10 Water Treatment System
To adjust the water to suitable qualify for each activity including service water system
and demineralization system for the steam production.
Water system for consumption use a fine filtering process (Microfiltration, MF), with the
filtering size of 0.1 micron filtration without addition of chemicals to precipitate. The filtered
water is then become tap water with turbidity less than 0.1 NTU and the silt density index (SDI)
less than 3 for consumption. This water is also being the first water in the demineralization
water production system with reverse osmosis/electrodeionization (RO / EDI)

for filling the

boiler in the steam production.

57

6.4.11 Coal Handling Systems

Coals from distribution bunker coal shipped from the coal storage building will be
transported by the main conveyor
building steam
through

to fill

and taken down to sub conveyor to the steam production

each coal boiler bunker. Coals from the coal boiler bunker will pass

a coal feeder which serves to control the amount of coal to be suitable for crushing

coal pulverizer and turn into a fine powder for the right size for burning later.
The project uses coal as fuel for about 300 - 400 tons / hr., but for the stability of the
reactor to produce electricity, coal conveyor other equipment will be designed to transport coal
of about 600 tons / hr. There is also a standby conveyor system for one set.
Construction and installation details of coal conveyor.
- Construction of distribution bunker building with the capacity of 2,000 tons.
- Construction of two coal main conveyors from the distribution bunker building.
- Construction of two boiler bunker conveyors to steam production building to transport coal
and fed into coal boiler bunker.
6.4.12 Ash and Gypsum Handling Systems
The system transporting coal ash and gypsum which is the by products from coal
combustion and sulfur dioxide removal system are as follows.
1)

Bottom Ash Handling System. Bottom ash at the bottom of the combustion chamber with

the volume of 145 tons/day are transported by conveyor system to store in the bottom ash dump
pond that has been prepared.
2) Fly Ash Handling System. Ash trapped by dust trap equipment using ESP in the amount of
579 tons/day will be transported by pneumatic and stored in the Fly Ash Silo, which has the
storage capacity of not less than 12 hours of production or approximately 300 tons and waiting
to be transported by truck to dispose to fly ash retention pond that has been provided.
58

3) Gypsum Handling System. Gypsum generated from sulfur dioxide removal system in the
amount of 463 tons/day will be transported by conveyor belt to a gypsum storage building and
waiting to be transported by truck to a gypsum tank that has been prepared.
6.5

Map of power plants

Coal power plant at Krabi. uses area for the construction of power generation and

transmission system on the south side of the existing Krabi power plant

about 140 acres

consists of supercritical pressure steam generator, steam turbines , control, and

electrical

generator system, electrostatic dust capture system , Sulfur dioxide removal system, Nitrogen
oxide removal system and the cooling tower as well as space for the storage of coal and by
product material. Also, approximately 460 hectares consists of coal storage building, gypsum
disposal pond, fly ash disposal pond, and bottom ash disposal pond.
Chart of the coal power plant project at Krabi, chart of the coal yard and chart of Krabi
coal power plant are shown in figure 6.2 to 6.4, respectively.

59

Figure 6.1 Heat balancing chart of Krabi coal power plant

60

Figure 6.2 Chart of the coal power plant project at Krabi

Figure 6.3 Chart of the coal yard

61

Pls. get the additional figure from the company(too big)

Figure 6.4 Chart of the coal power plant project at Krabi

7.

Electrical Power Transmission System

7.1

Transmission System at Krabi.

Currently, the transmission system within the province of Krabi, includes high voltage
booster station at 230 kV linked to another high voltage stations using transmission lines
(Figure 7.1) as follows.
1) High voltage stations, 115 kV.
* Krabi (KA) - Lamphu Ra (LR), single circuit, line size 150 Sq.mm AAC for 85 km.
2) High-voltage stations, 230 kV.
* Krabi (KA) - Phang Nga 2 , dual circuit, line size (PN2) 2X1272 MCM ACSR for 98
km.
* Krabi (KA) - Thong Song 2 (TS), line size 1272 MCM ACSR for 79 km.

7.2

Electrical Power Transmission System for the project.

The project will link the electrical power generated to the main electrical system or a
high voltage power station 230 kW at Krabi (Figure 7.2). The existing power transmission
system can accommodate the generated power capacity of approximately 1,040 MW, while the
project has the net capacity of 800 MW. The existing power plant at Krabi has the net capacity
of 315 MW, hence.

62

1) If the existing power plant is for a backup power plant Cold Standby.
The standby electrical systems can accommodate standard N-1.
2) In case of the existing power plant at Krabi run along with the project.
Existing power plants can run at the net electrical capacity of no more than 240 MW.
Scope of transmission system for the project includes,
1) Construction of the 230 kV transmission line from the power yard of the project to a
high voltage, 230 kV power station at Krabi with single circuit, line size 4X1272 MCM ACSR
per phase for 300 m. as well as installation optical fiber in the overhead ground wire.
2) Extend the high voltage, 230 kV station at

Krabi to accommodate 230 kV

transmission lines from the project for one circuit.

Construction period of the power transmission system of project from preparation until
completion is approximately 35 months and is scheduled for completion in December 2561
before the plant is completed approximately 12 months in order to support equipment testing of
this power plant. Detailed plans for the construction of power transmission system is shown in
Figure 7.3.

63

Figure 7.1 Map of Electric Power system in the south

64

Figure 7.2 Chart of Electric Power system linkage of the coal power plant project at Krabi

65

Figure 7.3 Plans for the construction of power transmission system of the Krabi coal power
plant project

66

8. environmental impact study

8.1

General
Krabi coal power plant project is a project that has to prepare a concerning environments

and Health Impact Assessment: EHIA) according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment, dated August 31, 2553 entitled "Determine the type, size, and practices or
activities of the project that may cause a severe impact on the community both quality of the
environment, natural resources, and health. The official organizations or private enterprises must
do the environmental impact assessment 2553 " For the power plants that use coal as a fuel with
the capacity of more than 10 MW, these plants shall prepare a report analyzing the impact on
environment as stated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in the terms of
defined rules, procedures, policies, and regulations and guidelines on environmental impact
assessment report for projects or activities that might cause serious impact on the
community. The quality of the Environment Resources and Health, dated December 29, 2552.
The EGAT has hired Air Safe Limited to the study and provide a report analyzing the
impact to environment and health (EHIA) from the power plant in Krabi (extension 1) and
presented to the Office of Policies and Natural Resources and Environment planning to request
an opinion from the expert Committee to consider this analysis report of environmental impact
of thermal power plants and let independent organization and government agency authorizing to
add opinions before presenting to the National Environment Board to approve next.
The Klong Rua Docking project is a project or activity to study and prepare a report to
analyze the impact on the environment. (Environmental Impact Assessment: EIA) for the
Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, Government of June 20, 2555. This is for
the docks that support the ships more than 500 gross or berths length of no less than 100 m., a
dock with the total area of 1000 square meters up. The EIA report must be prepared in
accordance with the regulations and guidelines for the preparation of the Environmental Impact
Analysis of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

67

The EGAT has hired TEAM CONSULTING ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Limited to carry out the study and prepare a report on the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) projects of the Baan Klong Rua docking project . The scope of the construction of a dock
and coal conveyor system are including the transport of coal by sea through the country.
However, EGAT has realized the benefits of education and the process of public hearings then
has set up a study and prepare the EHIA report and presented in accordance with the Natural
Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning Office to request an opinion from the
Committee of experts to consider the environmental impact assessment report in the terms of
water Infrastructure Before presenting to the National Environment Board for approval next.
8.2

Environmental Standards
To carry out the project, various up-to-date environmental control systems with minimal

environmental impacts will be selected . The environmental standards involved are as

the

followings
8.2.1

Air Quality Standards

- In general, Air quality standards according to the National Environmental Board No.
10 (2538), dated April 17, 2538, No. 21 (2544), dated April 9, 2544, No. 24 (2547. ) dated
August 9, 2547, and No. 28 (2550) dated April 10, 2550.
- Air Emission Control Standard for dumping waste from new power plants that are
licensed to operate the factories or licensed for plant expansion on January 16, 2553 according
to the Ministry of natural Resources and Environment about the standard for

controlling the

Emission level from new power plants, dated December 20, 2552.
8.2.2 Sound Level Standard
- In general, sound level standards according to the National Environmental Board No. 15
(2540) Standard for volume generally dated March 12, 2540.

68

- Noise level standards are according to the Board of the National Environmental about
Noise level No. 29 (2550) dated 29 June 2550 and the Ministry of Industry on the noise level
and the noise caused by the operation of the plant (BE 2548), dated December 27, 2548.
8.2.3
- The

Vibration Level standards to Protect Building Impact

vibration level standards to protect the building are according to the National

Environmental Board No. 37 (2553) dated April 26, 2553.

8.2.4 Water Quality Standards
- Water quality standards from industrial and industrial parks according to the Ministry
of Science Technology and Environment, No. 3 (2539), dated January 3, 2539, the Ministry of
Industry No. 2 (2539), dated 14 June 2539, and the Marine Department at 419/2540 dated 22.
August 2540
- Water quality standards in surface water according to the National Environment Board
No. 8 (2537), dated 20 January 2537.
- Groundwater Quality Standards according to the National Environmental Board No. 20 (2543),
dated 31 August 2543.
- Sea water Quality Standards according to the National Environmental Board No. 27 (2549),
dated December 26, 2549.
8.2.5

Hygiene and Safety standards

- Hygiene and Safety standards management system according to ISO standards. 18001.
8.2.6

Waste Management.

- Eliminate the waste or unused materials

according to the Ministry of Industry 2548

dated December 27, 2548.

69

8.2.7

Listening to public opinion.

- According to the Prime Minister ministry policies by listening to public opinion, 2548
dated 30 JUNE 2548.
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

"To establish rules, policies,

procedures and guidelines for the preparation of the environmental impact assessment for
projects activities that might cause serious impact on the community both quality of the
environment, natural resources, and health 2552 dated December 29, 2552.
Details related to the standards of environment are shown in Appendix C.
8.3

Environmental Impact and Control

8.3.1

Air Pollutions

The controled level of air pollutions emitted from the Krabi coal power plant at full
capacity (100% doad) by assessing the concentration of pollutants in the air around the project
area are summarized as follows:
Type
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

unit
ppmVd *

Oxides of nitrogen in the form of

concentration (@ O2 = 7%, 25 C, dry).

50 (180)

ppmVd *

70 (200)

mg / Nm3

30 (80)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Dust

Note: * part per millions by volume, dry basis.

No. ( ) is the standard control Emission level from new power plants.

70

Air pollution during the implementation of the project is caused by burning coal. The
main pollutant contaminants releasing along with exhaust are particulates ,sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and nitrogen oxides (NOx), in which the project has designed to install equipment to control air
quality with the details below.
1)

Dust from the Burning.

In the process of burning coal will generate coal ash, fly ash, which are of fine powder

and bottom ash that could drift along with exhaust and will be integrated conglomerate then fall
to the bottom of the burner.
Control
- Install a device to trap dust and fly ash, an electrostatic precipitator: ESP
2)

Dust from coal transportation.

The project is the source of coal dust both from

unloading coal from a ship and

transporting for coal storage in the coal storage building.

Control
- Using the closed system coal conveyor system along the conveyor and spray water at
the end of the coal belt before getting into sprinkler filters and installing sprinkler systems in
areas where dust exists at various key points to reduce the spread of coal dust.
- Building coal yard covering as well as equipped with spraying water around the coal
yard area.
3)

Sulfur dioxide: SO2

Formed in the combustion process since the coal contains sulfur.
Control

71

- Sulfur dioxide removal system using a wet-limestone flue gas desulphurization: FGD.
4)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Formed in the Nitrogen (N2) combustion, which is the main content of air with the two

main factors, high-temperature combustion, and the long duration of air and fuel combustion in
the area of combustion.
Control
- Installation oxides of nitrogen removal system, a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).
- Use a steam generator, Supercritical Pressure Steam Generator, high efficiency of fuel
combustion that can control of Nitrogen Oxides resulting from combustion to lower
environmental standard level by using a Low NOx Burner and nozzle system Flue Gas
Recirculation and circulating hot gas leaving the steam generator back into the combustion
chamber again. This will control the temperature within the furnace to be not too high to reduce
nitrogen oxides.
After such the process

to control pollution, emissions will be released into the

atmosphere at the stack height approximately 200 m from the ground, so the exhaust can be
dispersed in the atmosphere to reduce the accumulation of emissions around the power plant. In
addition, EGAT also take into account air quality during the implementation of the project with
the steps bellows,
Tracking Policies
1) Installed equipment to monitor the drainage pollutant air continuous (continuous
emission monitoring system; CEMs) which is a measuring tool and displaying the concentration
of sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxygen (O2),. flow rate, and temperature of
the hot gases emitted through the chimney (flue gas temperature) by CEMs equipment which
will be installed in the hot gas chimney as well as arrangements for making the Manual
Sampling.

72

2) Measurements of air quality in atmosphere, Continuous Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring Station: AAQMS) for air quality monitoring at all times to get information on the
environment and public health.
8.3.2

Noise pollutions

In the duration of construction, the project will have noise pollution from the use of
construction equipments which produce sound at the sound source is in the range 75-101 dB
(A). The project will provide hearing protections for construction workers and

let noise

pollution generated at lunch time only.

In the duration of operation, the sound sources of the project are from the operation of
steam generators, steam turbines, cooling tower, water pumps and coal conveyors, etc. The
noise level is estimated less than 85 dB (A) In addition there will be noise during the test.(PreCommissioning) before running and maintenance systems, however, there will be noise for a
short period of about 3-5 minutes/time only.
Control
- Install a silencer at the blowout valve and release valve.
- Noise hood around noisy machinery or equipment.
- Noise damper in the ducts of the fans.
- Acoustic insulation around ducts / piles.
- The specification of machinery and gear noise is not more that 85 dB (A) at a distance
from the sound source 1 m. and not more than 54 dB (A) at a distance from the sound source 122
m. (Ref. according to the standard noise levels from machinery used in the power plants of the
American national Standards B. 133.8-1977).

73

- During running power plants if a device which is a source of noise over is 85 dB (A)
this requires mapping the noise level (Noise Contour Map) to define load noise area loudly as to
inform workers who are getting into the noisy areas.
- Building a machine control around combustion areas.
- Provide personal protective equipment such as ear plugs for workers or who are in a
noisy area.
- Plant trees in the project area, close to the community as a sound barrier (Buffer Zone).
In addition, the project also has additional requirements that sound level that power plant
employees stand should not be more than 90 dB (A) in the eighth consecutive working hours/
shifts.
8.3.3

Pollution from waste water

Effluent from the processes of the project will be taken in isolation and treatment in
abandoned wells for quality control. The amount and processes for wastewater treatment
project are detailed in Chapter 5, Section 5.4 , about

containment and wastewater

treatment. The classified wastewaters as well as guidelines control for the control from these
activities are as following,
Category
1. Effluent from the wastewater treatment system

Management approach
Drain to combine at sedimentation pond and
reused as the new in the coal handling, ash
and dust system from the coal yard.

2. Waste water from the water oil separation

system

Drain to combine at sedimentation pond and

reused as the new in the coal handling, ash
and dust system from the coal yard.

3 Effluent from amphibious pond

Drain to combine at sedimentation pond and

74

reused as the new in the coal handling, ash

and dust system from the coal yard.
4 Waste water from the steam generator.

Drain to combine at sedimentation pond and

reused as the new in the coal handling, ash
and dust system from the coal yard.

5. Effluents from demineralized water system

Drain to combine at sedimentation pond and

reused as the new in the coal handling, ash
and dust system from the coal yard.

6. Sewage from for coal yard leachate manholes.

Reused in the process of taking the dust

from the stone yard.

7. Waste water from the cooling system

8.3.4

Vent to the Pa Ka Sai canal.

Pollution from waste

The projects waste includes gypsum, fly ash, bottom ash, by product of the sulfur
dioxide, and combustion elimination process can be overcome as follows:
1) Gypsum of sulfur dioxide removal process with the quantities of 463 tons per day are
transported by a conveyor belt to the gypsum storage building, awaiting transport to the gypsum
disposal pond by trucks. The plans provide 2 ample storage spaces throughout the life of power
plants for 30 years which are
- Gypsum disposal pond -1. By improving the existing gypsum pond at the south of the
power plant to increase the storage to 1,000,000 tons. This can store gypsum of the project
during the first period for about 5 years (as part of its existing power plants for 150,000 tons and
720,000 tons of the project).
- Gypsum disposal pond 2. By building a 3,600,000 tons storage pond in the north of
Krabi power plant that can store the rest of gypsum for the rest of power plant life.

75

2) Fly ash from the exhaust to trap the dust with the static trap for the amount of 579
tons/day will be stored in silos to await transport to a ash storage pond by a dump truck. This
provides sufficient ash retention over the life of the power plant. There are 2 storage pond that
includes.
- Fly ash disposal pond -1. By building the pond with the capacity of 900,000 tons, in the
southern area of the plant to store fly ash of about 5 years.
- Fly ash disposal pond 2.

By the construction of the pond with approximately

4,500,000 tons in the north side of the plant, near gypsum disposal pond-2, fly ash. This can
collect the remaining fly as for the lifetime of the plant.
3) Bottom ash from the combustion chamber pf 145 tons/day are transported by conveyor belt to
a storage ash dumps in the south of the power plant, with the capacity of 0.8 millions tons, which
is enough to accommodate the amount of ash throughout the lifetime of the power plant.
The bottom of bottom ash, fly ash, and gypsum bottom pond are lined with HDPE plastic
sheet to prevent the seepage of leachate into groundwater. The coal ash and gypsum disposal
pond of the project are shown in Figure 8.1

76

Figure 8.1 The coal ash and gypsum disposal pond locations

77

9.

Project Plan
9.1

Project Plan

The Krabi coal power plant project work includes power plant work plan, dock work
plan, and conveyor systems plan. Details of planned projects are shown in Figure 9.1.
9.1.1 Power Plant Plan
- The Feasibility study and project approval.
- The study and report on the environmental impact assessment and health (EHIA) and
seek approval from the National Environment Board as well as listen to public opinion.
- Community relations and public affairs program.
- Equipment bidding for the power plant.
- Design, manufacturing and transportation equipment.
- Adjust the work area
- Construction of high voltage transmission lines and develop high voltage power station.
- Installation of steam production, steam turbines, electrical equipment and control
systems, etc.
- Testing the power plants.
After the project is approved by the government, EGAT will continue power plant project
and supply electric to systems within 44 months. After the Letter of Intent: LOI is issue by the
project, supplying electric to systems is scheduled to be completed in December 2562.

78

9.1.2

Dock building and conveyor systems plan.

- The study and report on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and seek approval
from the National Environment Board including public hearing.
- Supply and/or request permission to use the land from a state of agency and Cabinet.
- The tender for procurement of equipment for docks and conveyor systems.
- Design, manufacturing, and transportation equipment.
- Construction and installation of equipment.
- Testing the coal conveyor.
After the project was approved by the government, EGAT will construct the dock and
coal conveyor to be completed within 32 months after issuing the Letter of Intent: LOI or is
scheduled for completion in December 2561 to transport coal to the power plant to test the
operation before supplying electricity 12 months.
9.2

Public and Community Relations Plans

9.2.1 Rationale
Under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand in 2550 defines the right to

participate in the public hearings on the project of the government. Especially to the laws that
related to the implementation of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand in the comment
section 10 of Information and Complaints rights

Section 56 and Section 57 and Section 12,

Section 67 of community rights.

Therefore, the construction of the Krabi power plant must continue to ask the public to
communicate information to various target groups and provide a process to listen to public
opinion to contribute to the understanding, acceptance, and supporting prior to project
implementation.

79

9.2.2

Objective

1. To provide the public and the target groups in the area to information about the
project. The process of community involvement. This will lead to an understanding, the
acceptance and support operations of EGAT.
2. In order to participate in community development in the area of power plants.
3. To establish a good relationship between EGAT and community, official organizations
and other related target groups.
9.2.3 Target Group

7.

1.

People in the neighborhood of power plants.

2.

Head of government organizations.

3.

The community leaders both formal and informal.

4.

Teachers, Professors, pupils and students in the area.

5.

Press

6.

General public

EGAT workers.
9.2.4

Scope and methods

Operation Activities are divided into two phases as follows.

Before construction
1. Study the preliminary issues about people in the area, opinions, and attitudes of the
public towards the project and interviews with residents in the area.

80

2. Study the Krabi power plant construction project and prepare for media releases as
well as for public relations.
- The coordination and understanding with all parties to find allies and partners to
promote the project to various target groups by giving the basics of reasons, the need for project
development to prevent environmental impact and the benefits that people in the area will
receive.
- Held a meeting to provide information to the public in the area and various target
groups as well as opinion listening process in various forms.
- Take action on the part of community participation in the activities to achieve common
thinking, creating, and deciding.
- Promotion and dissemination of such news channels as the Community Relations
Board, newsletters, brochures, local media exhibition and PR activities in various forms, etc.
- Community Relations to build a good relationship and contribute to community
activities in the areas of education, religion, culture, tradition, and public works.
Duration of construction
1. Use the participation of the community in the implementation of the project in the form
of the Trilateral Commission and arrange a meeting to consider and participate in the
implementation of monitoring the impact on various aspects of the project, including the benefit
of the community, such as community development plans.
2. Promotion and dissemination of news time on the project and implementation of
environmental measures, activities to engage the community, quality of life using various media
channels
3. Community Relations to build good relationships with various target groups
invariably.

81

4. Provide community development fund. The process involved in considering the use of
funds to be cast in the public interest.
9.2.5

Strategic Plan

Strategy 1: Building a Coalition

Focus on building coalitions within and outside the organization. Networking Energy
Group with EGAT

employees,

former EGAT worker, community leaders, religious

leaders groups, youth groups, professional groups, government officials and all relevant
stakeholders. Organize project panel meeting to talk about the news and presents the facts on
issues related to energy and each group has an opportunity to comment suggestions and opinions.
1. To create alignment within the organization
- Because Krabi power plant area includes several EGAT agencies both from the central
office and locals. The working masses have to live with agencies in areas who have relations
with the public. Forming a committee or in a particular function is considered as well as allocate
of workers to the scheme that should propose to consider a policy for the relevant agencies
workers to help work on the project.
- The project to build synergy among Krabi EGAT employees

and former EGAT

workers that resident in the Krabi or close by areas. The event will establish relations to the
power of collaboration such as meetings, dialogue meetings to exchange ideas as well as doing
various volunteer projects
2. To create alignment outside the organization
- Energy Saving Understanding Project: creates the network, youth groups (creating
press, releases, writing press, and releases news) and a portion of the impacted or non-impacted
groups from the project by organizing conferences, lectures, meetings and exchange ideas as
well as hearing suggestions.

82

- Project coordination with various professional groups, including operators of power

plants, coal nationwide, the energy operators

both public and private sector by

organizing organizing conferences, lectures, meetings and exchange ideas as well as hearing
suggestions.
Strategy 2: Creating understanding.
Media production, media publishing, public relations and activities to educate energy
technology limitations and community benefits to the target groups, such as EGAT
employees,

Community Leaders. Religious Leaders Groups, youth groups, professional

groups, government officials, entrepreneurs, and all relevant stakeholders in order to

understand and being a wider social media correctly.
1. Energy Seminar: Krabi EGAT employees group (within the enterprise) for training,
seminars, conferences, meet to exchange opinions on energy.
2. Hearing - clarify any concerns and lectures on energy: Targeted area community all
levels since the provincial, district, parish, village households and public health groups. Tambon
Health Promotion Hospital and Village Health Volunteers
3. Field Trip: the empirical knowledge to targeted area community groups and all
relevant stakeholders are required.
4. Seminar : Targeted area community.
5. The media for publication.
- Development of articles on key issues or news about the project and create newsletters,
brochures, monthly book.
- Development of information and publicity through the media all fields. The daily
newspaper weekly magazines, television, radio and news websites.
- Project exhibition as an opportunity to share knowledge.

83

- Development of power plant model by institutions such as technical colleges, faculty of

Architecture, etc.
- Project web site to provide information and communication to the public.

Call for

comments based on synchronization with corporate communications or related entities.

- Activities for the district include the environmental learning camp for youth, such as
planting mangroves, etc.
- Energy project corner in educational institutions, community groups, and schools in
the targeted area.
Strategy 3: Build relationships.
Focus on the cooperation of local authorities and data centers as a coordinator and budget
seeker as appropriate to support the activities of the community.
1. A renovation project that benefits the public y focusing on the participation of the
community, such as schools, mosques, temples and so on.
2. Build relationships with community leaders, such as socializing, drinking morning
coffee, afternoon tea and an occasional invitation to dine.
3. Supporting the health care by partnering with health authorities and provincial health
district hospitals, district health promotion, and village health volunteers, such as public health
activities in the area.
4. Funding research on marine ecology, mangroves, in collaboration with institutions in
such an agreement (MOU) with the Kasetsart university, Krabi Campus and cattle, seagrass
recovery around Sri Bo Ya Island, Crab Island etc.
5. The program supports activities such as sports, religion, culture, education,
philanthropy, donated by tradition and local festivals, donates sports equipment for students.

84

6. Supporting the professional community and tourism, such as a solar oven for drying
seafood to local fishermen, Crab Island. and Sri Bo Ya island.
7. The program supports environmental conservation activities such as reforestation of
the community in the Mangrove area and waste management in community.
8. Social Responsibility (CSR) of EGAT, including the Organic Way, glass eyeglasses
project, the mobile clinic, The electric saving bulb project by EGAT.
9. Emergency funds to help disaster victims in Krabi province, such as deliver survival
kits and cooking for the public in areas around the plant in co-operation with the relevant
authorities.
Analysis and relationships of stakeholders in the region

excluding EGAT and target

communities were divided into 10 groups as following

1. Leaders in A. Nuaklong, Krabi.
2. Management Organization groups, Krabi
3. Islamic leaders
4. Officials groups in Nuae Klong and officials group in Krabi
5. The driving force groups
6. T. Sri Bo Ya , A. Nuaklong, Krabi island groups .
7. NGO groups .
8. Private and business groups
9. Institution groups
10 Other groups

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9.3

Electric Power Development Fund Krabi.

Power Development Fund is the fund that was established according to the Energy

Industry Act 2550 (effective on December 11, 2550) with the objective to fund the local
electricity provider to thoroughly spread prosperity to the local authorities. This supports

the

local people who have been affected by the operation of power plants. Promote the use of
renewable energy and technology in the operation of electricity with less environmental impact
by taking into account the balance of forces of Natural and fairness to consumers.
Electric Power Development Fund, Krabi was established according to the Energy
Regulatory Commission about the Power Development Fund for the development or
rehabilitation of local affected by the operation of the power plant, 2553 with details below.
1) The establishment of a development fund electric power plant in Krabi.
- Established on July 8, 2554 according to the Energy Regulatory Commission dated
July 7, 2554.
- The zone announced are T. Klong Ka Naan, A. Nua Klong and T. Pakasai , A. Nua
Klong.
- Fun management is Class B fun.
- Community Development Committee around

the power plant area consisting of total

15 representatives from 10 government representatives, 4 individuals and 1 qualified person.

2) Community development committee in the area around the power plant, plant
development funds Krabi.
- Appointed on September 30, 2557 by the order of the Energy Regulatory 106/2557.
Details of the fund to develop electrical power plant in Krabi. establishment are presented
in Appendix D.

86

The project must strictly comply with the power plant development fund objective. The
allocation of funds in the construction of the total 44 months, including assets of about 160
billion THB after the power plant enters service must pay into the fund of 2.0 cents per unit of
electricity sold into the system, totalinA 119 millions THBper year over the power plant life for
a period of 30 years.
After

Krabi coal power plant project is completed, the Krabi power plant development

fund will be classified in to Class A fun. Details are shown in Table 9.1 -9.3.
Table 9.1

Management class for power plant development Fund.

Class A

1. The volume of
electric power
2. Amount of money
year.

Class B

> 5,000
millions units/year

5000
millions units/year

Class C
5000
millions units/year.

>50 millions bth./year 1-50 millions THB/year

< 1 millions THB/

received

3. Radius of announced

5 km. 3 km. 1 km.

area (For new plants)

4. Fund management? "The agent Abt. / Municipal /.
Village Council

87

Table 9.2

Electricity Development Fund levy rate.

Fuel Type

Satang per unit

Natural Gas

1.0

Oil / Diesel

1.5

Coal / lignite

2.0

Renewable Energy, wind and solar

1.0

Hydro renewable energy

2.0

Other types of renewable energy such as biogas, biomass,

1.0

waste and residues Municipal waste and more

Table 9.3

Development of electric power plants in Krabi fund received

Krabi power plant

Existing Krabi power plant (fuel)

Krabi coal power plant

construction period
160 millions THB

term of operation.
THB 5.12 millions (2555).
about 119 millions THBper year
for 30 years.

88

Figure 9.1 Plans for Krabi coal power plant

89

10.

Estimated project
The project cost for Krabi coal power plant comprises investments in equipment and

plant building costs, construction of docks, coal conveyor, and construction of power
transmission system Details are as follows:

10.1 The estimated investment cost of the plant.

Part of the investment in equipment and construction costs of the plant include
- Supercritcal Pressure Steam Generator
- Steam Turbine Generator
- Electrical Control and Instrumentation
- Emission Control Systems
- Continuous Emission Monitoring System: CEMs.
- Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant
- Cooling Tower
- Balance Of Plant: BOP
- Coal and Ash Handling System
- The cost of the land improvement, construction, installation and testing equipment.
- The design, planning, engineering and supervision.
Capital costs for Krabi coal power plant is about 56,530.00 millions THB(equivalent to
$US 1713.00 millions), the cost to purchase

devices from abroad for 4,497.00 millions

THB(equivalent to $US 1045.40 millions) , the cost to purchase devices in the country and

90

construction including the cost of import taxes and interest during construction for 22,033.00
millions THB(equivalent to $US 667.60 millions as shown in Table 10.1.
The capital cost for such power plants, not including amounts required for

development of

electric fund(Energy Fund) during the construction with the rate of 50,000 THB per MW
installed per year, totaling approximately 160.00 millions THBand includes investment in
equipment system to maintain environmental quality in the field,

for example, Low NOx

Burner, Cooling Tower, Emission Control System, a device to monitor the discharge pollutants,
CEMs

approximately 11,535.00 millions THB, the cost for environment around 11,695.00

millions THB or 20.69 % t of the investment for the plant.

10.2

The estimated cost of the investment of dockand coal

Investment cost for transporting coal from dock to the plant, including devices and the cost of
dock construction and conveyor systems are as following,
- Port Terminal
- Tunnel
- Coal Unloader
- Coal Conveyor System
- Emergency Coal Storage Building
- Buildings and infrastructure system
- Main Coal Storage Building
- The land along the coal conveyor.
- The cost of the land improvement, construction, installation and testing equipment.
- The design, planning, engineering and supervision.

91

The cost of

construction of port and conveyor systems is about

15,240 millions

THB(equivalent to $US 461.80 millions)divided into the costs to purchase equipment from
abroad 3,794 millions THB (equivalent to $US 115.00 millions), the cost to purchase domestic
equipment and construction including the cost of import taxes and interest during construction
of THB 11,446 millions (equivalent to $US 346.80 millions), as detailed in Table 10.2.
10.3

The estimated cost of the investment for the power transmission system.
Krabi coal power plant will connect electric system at

230 kilovolts high power station

(as scope details of work in Chapter 7) including construction of power transmission system (not
including VAT) or the investment of 60.00 million THB (equivalent to 1.80 millions US dollars)
into money to buy equipment from abroad 21.20 millions THB(equivalent to 0.60 millions US
dollars), and the cost to purchase domestic equipment and construction for 38.80 millions
THB(equivalent to 1.20 millions US dollars) as shown in Table 10.3.
10.4

The estimated total investment cost of the project and Financial Sources
Total cost of Krabi coal power plants includes investments in power plants, coal

conveyor, docks and a power transmission system summarized as follows:

Category

Foreign currency THB

Total

A. Plant, millions THB 34497.00 22033.00 56530.00 Equivalent in millions $US

667.60

1713.00 1045.40
B. Port and coal conveyor system, millions THB 3794.00 11446.00 15240.00 Equivalent in
millions $US , 115.00 346.80 461.80
C. Transmission of electricity, millions THB 21.20 38.80 60.00
Equivalent in millions $US, 0.60 1.20, 1.80.
Overall, millions THB 38312.20 33517.80 71830.00
Equivalent in millions $US 1161.00 1015.60 2176.60
92

Note: The exchange rate: 33 THB per 1 $US

Total cost of the project totaled 71,830.00 millions THB(equivalent to 2176.60 millions
$US) in foreign currency 38,312.20 millions THB(equivalent to 1161.00 millions for the US)
and Thai THB 33,517.80 millions THB(equivalent to 1015.60 millions $US), with the annual
projected disbursement as follows:
Estimated annual costs 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 Total.
A. Plant 5004.000 18296.50 16782.50 11088.00 56530.00 5359.00.
B. Port and conveyor system 2546.00 5547.00 5271.00 1876.00 to 15240.00.
C. Transmission system

- 18.00 36.90 5.10 to 60.00.

Total 7,550.00 23,861.50 22,090.40 12,969.10 5,359.00 71,830.00.

The project will use the invest finance source for a foreign currency payment and for THB as
following
1. Foreign currency from one source or a combination of multiple sources
- International financial institutions
- Supplier's Credit
- Buyer's Credit
- Export-Import Bank
- Banks / financial institutions abroad, and/or other countries
- The issuance of bonds for foreign investors, and/or other countries
- EGAT Income

93

2. The THB from one source or a combination of multiple sources

- Banks / financial institutions in the country
- Issuing investment bonds in the country
- EGAT Income

94

Table 10.1

Cost Estimate and Disbursement Schedule(Power plant)

95

Table 10.2

Cost Estimate and Disbursement Schedule(Docks and Coal conveyor system)

96

Table 10.3

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

97

11.

Project economics and finance analysis

11.1

Guidelines
To examine the feasibility of Krabi coal power plant with the electric production 800

MW in the terms of economics and finance that will determined by the Levelized Electricity
Sale Price, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Return of Equity, Economic Profit and.
Payback Period.
EGAT has considered the

power selling price in which the price structures are divided into to

parts as following
- Availability Payment: AP includes the estimation loan burden. return on equity, fixed costs in
operation and maintenance , and insurance costs
- Energy Payment: EP includes fuel, variable costs of operating, maintenance, and Power
Development Fund.

11.2

Assumption of the consideration

Feasibility studies in economics and finance for the project with the assumptions are as
following,
1) The net electricity production capacity of 800 MW.
2) Average lifetime efficiency through power plants life 41.3%
or average Net Plant Heat Rate 8,709 kJ/kW - hours.
3) Average Plant Factor 85.0%.
4) The lifetime of the power plant for 30 years.
5) Project completion is schedule in December 2552.
6)

The project cost used in the analysis.

98

- Power plant cost 56,530 millions THB

- Dock and conveyor systems cost 15,240 millions THB
- Transmission system cost (excluding VAT and IDC) 60 millions THB
7.

Operating costs, maintenance, and other administrative costs.

- Fixed cost, 0.1047 THB per kW - hour
- Variable costs, 0.0124 THB per kW - hour

8)

Maintenance of Transmission System.

- 1.0% of the construction of transmission line system
- 2.0% of high voltage station construction

9)

Demand for coal annually since 2562-2592

Year 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568

Volume 0.19 2.34 2.13 2.34 2.18 2.34 2.18
Year 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575
Volume 2.34 2.13 2.34 2.18 2.34 2.18 2.34
Year 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582
Volume 2.13 2.34 2.18 2.34 2.18 2.34 2.13
Year 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589
Volume 2.34 2.18 2.34 2.18 2.34 2.13 2.34
Year 2590 2591 2592

99

Volume 2.18 2.14 2.34

10)

The price of coal annually

Year 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568.

Ie price 3298.56 3338.46 3377.00 3416.98 3458.90 3501.29 3543.93.
Year 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575.
Ie price 3,578.28 3,608.57 3,640.62 3,61.92 3,038.43 3,091.56 3,107.68.
Year 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582.
Ie price 3168.96 3176.94 3232.55 3245.97 3299.34 3311.17 3371.01.
Year 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589.
Ie price 3377.47 3431.88 3445.42 3500.67 3515.07 3577.44 3586.47.
Year 2590 2591 2592
3643.49 3659.68 3607.51 Ie prices
11)

Ash disposal cost in 2562, 134 THB per ton

12)

Ammonia cost 28 THB per kg. in 2562.

13) Depreciation
- Power plant 1879.00 millions THB per year
- Transmission System 1.50 millions THB per year
15)

Debt-to-equity ratio 75:25

100

16)

Interest rate of 5.75% annually

17)

Repayment period of 10 years

18)

Front End Fee 1.5%

19)

Commitment Fee 0.375% per year

20)

Discount rate (the WACC) 7.29%

21)

Exchange rate 33.0 THB to 1 $USD

22)

Payment into the Energy Development Fund (Energy Fund)

- During construction 50,000 THB per MW per year
- During operation 0.02 THB per kW - hour

11.3

Base Case Analysis

Power selling price of the project consists of the availability of electric power distribution

(AP), equal to 1.0568 THB per kW - hour and Energy (EP) 1.414 THB per kW hour, the
average electricity cost of the project is 2.4709 THB per kW -. hour
The average selling price of electricity 2.4709 THB per kW - hour
- The availability of electric power (AP) 1.0568 THB per kW - hour
- Power cost (EP) 1.4141 THB per kW - hour
Economically Investment Return Rate (EIRR) 10.17%
Net present value of economic benefits 8,302 millions THB
Financial Investment Return Rate (FIRR) 10.07%
Net present value of financial benefit 8,059 millions THB.
101

Return On Equity (ROE) 11.86%

Net present value of equity benefit 6,267 millions THB
The present value of Economic Profit 4,695 millions THB
The payback period 12 years
Analysis details are shown in Table 11.1 to 11.4 and 11.1 -11.2.
From the analysis, showing that Krabi coal power plant projects is an appropriate
project in the terms of economics and finance. The project provides a return on investment at a
reasonable rate and when adjusting the assumptions in the analysis of the project based on the
sane assumption that of major Independent Power Producers (IPP), the electric cost rate will not
be higher than electricity from major IPP that use of coal as a fuel.
Positive Economic Profit value means that the Krabi project can add value to the
economy by operating or project has the net profit higher than the funds used to generate profit,
as the result, in

remaining net profit that create added value to a long-term project.

The analysis details of economic profitare shown in Table 11.5 and Figure 11.10.

11.4

The sensitivity analysis of the project.

The sensitivity analysis of the project to determine the impact on the project in the case

when factors that are important to the return of the project are decreasing and increasing to the
return of the changes in decline and rise, such factors are
1)

In case of investments decreased and increased 5% and 10 %

2)

The exchange rates are 31.5 and 34.5 THB per $US

3)

Interest rate of 5.25 and 6.25%

102

From the analysis of return on the project the average selling price of electricity is
2.4709 THB per kW hour, the project is affected by changes in the investments the most as
shown in Figure 11.3 to 11.6 and details are shown in the table following
Case

Financial

IRR ROE Project NPV

(%) (%) (Financial)

millions THB
Base case 8059 10.07 11.86
(2.4709 THB average selling price of electricity per kW hour)
Investments decreased 11.94 10 16.33 12 530
Investments decreased 5 10.97 13.97 10 295
Investments increased 5 percent 5824 9:23 10.00
Investment increased 10 percent 8.45 8.34 3,585
The exchange rate of 31.5 THB per USD 10.45 8926 12.72
The exchange rate of 34.5 THB per USD 9.69 7142 11.03
Interest rate 5.25 10.07 12.66 8059
Interest rate 6.25 percent 10.07 11.09 8059

103

Table 11.1

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

104

Table 11.2

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

105

Table 11.2(cont)

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

106

Table 11.3

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

107

Table 11.3(cont)

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

108

Table 11.4

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

109

Table 11.4 (cont) The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

110

Table 11.5

The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system

111

Table 11.5(cont) The estimated investment cost for electrical transmission system
112

Figure 11.1

Income and Payment of Krabi coal power plant

Figure 11.2

Electricity cost rate of Krabi coal power plant

113

Figure 11.3 The analysis of Finance Investment Return Rate sensitivity

Figure 11.4

The analysis of Return On Equity rate sensitivity

114

Figure 11.5

The analysis of Net Current Financial value Added sensitivity

(Project NPV(Financial))

12.

Feasibility

12.1

Policy
Krabi Coal power plants can accommodate the demand for electricity and enhance the

stability of the power system in the South, especially on the Andaman southern coast that is the
tourism economy area with the continuous growth rate . This reduces the risk of power outages
from dependence on energy from the central, with the limits on the transmission system, supply
risks, fluctuations in the price, and reduction of cost of electricity. This is also the policy of the
government for fuel distribution which is the major power production in the South that primary
depends on natural.

12.2

Technical and Environmental

The project is a thermal power plant that generates power using imported coal as fuel

with the net capacity of approximately 800 MW

using clean coal technology, the technology

developed to control and protect the environment as well as increasing electricity generation

115

efficiency resulting in

contribution of coal to drop. Coal resources can be used as cost-

effectively and maximize the benefits. Pollution control environment is performed from a
selection of imported coal quality, transportation and storage of coal using closed systems to
reduce dust. In addition, the power plant will be equipped with systems or devices with high
performance with modern pollution controls including measurement

for monitoring and

evaluating the impact. The communities are involved in the operation to have minimal impact
on the community and environment.

12.3

Economics and Finance

In determining the appropriate project in the terms of Economics and finance, it was

found that the project is worth for investment with appropriate investment return rate with the
results of the analysis when discount rate considered rate is equal to EGATs WACC of 7.29 %
as following,
The average selling price of electricity 2.4709 THB per kW - hour
-

The availability of electric power (AP) 1.0568 THB per kW - hour

Power cost (EP) 1.4141 THB per kW - hour

Economically Investment Return Rate (EIRR) 10.17%

Financially Investment Return Rate (FIRR) 10.07%
Return On Equity (ROE) 11.86%
The payback period 12 years

116

Appendix A
Thailand's Power Development Plan 2555-2573.
(PDP 2010 ,3rd Revision).

117

A 1 Thailand's power development plan 2555 - 2573 (PDP 2010 ,3rd Revision).
Thailand's Power Development Plan 2555 - 2573 (PDP 2010 ,3rd Revision) covers power
development plan during the period from 2555 to 2573 by the end of the plan in late 2573 will
have the capacity of 70 686 MW net power production, as detailed below.
-

Electricity at the end of December 2554 was 32,395 MW

Searching for new electricity generation in the years 2555-2573 55 130 MW

Capacity removed from the system during the years 2555 - 2573 -16 839 MW

Total electricity production of 70,686 megawatts at the end of 2573

New electricity production capacity during the 2555 2562 includes

Power plant project according to the plan is a project with commitment with a clear
plan. The new power capacity increased in this period included 23, 325 MW are including
- The purchase of electricity from renewable energy (in the country and buy from abroad) 8,194
MW.
- Cogeneration power plant systems 5,107 MW
- Combined heat power plants 6,551 MW
- Coal / lignite power plant 3473 MW
New power production during the year 2563 -2573 includes
Projects contained in the plan This is a new power plant project for the power system
needed each year in response the demand for electricity as well as replacement of old power
plants that have been expired. The new power generated that are increased during this period is
31, 805 megawatts including,

118

The purchase of electricity from renewable (in the country and buy from abroad) 6,387

MW
-

Cogeneration power plant systems 1,368 MW

Gas turbine power plant (3X250 MW) to 750 MW

Combined heat power plants (21X900 MW) of 18,900 megawatts

Coal power plant (3X800 MW) to 2,400 MW

Nuclear power plant (2X1000 MW) to 2,000 MW

New power production

in

2555 - 2573 is 55,130 MW, categorized by plant as

following,
-

Renewable 14,580 MW

Cogeneration power plant 6,46 MW

Combined heat power plants 25 451 MW

Thermal power plant 8,623 MW

Total 55,130 MW
List of power plants to be completed during the years 2555-2573 by the PDP 2010 ,3rd
Revision are shown in Table A-1.

119

Table A-1

Electric production development plan of Thailand from 2555 2573(PDP 2010,

3rd Revision)

120

Table A-1(cont)

Electric production development plan of Thailand from 2555 2573(PDP

2010, 3rd Revision)

121

Table A-1(cont)

Electric production development plan of Thailand from 2555 2573(PDP

2010, 3rd Revision)

122

Table A-1(cont)

Electric production development plan of Thailand from 2555 2573(PDP

2010, 3rd Revision)

123

Appendix C.
Environment projects related standards

124

Table C-1 Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutants

Average

Average

Average

Average

Average.

1 hr.

8 hrs.

24 hrs.

1mth.

1 yr.

mg / m3 ppm mg / m3 ppm mg / m3 ppm mg / m3 ppm mg / m3 ppm

Carbon monoxide (CO)
34.20

30

10.26

-.

0.057 0.03

0.30

0.12

0.10

0.04

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

0.32 0.17

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 0.78 0.30

total suspended particles (TSP)

-

0.33

0.10

-.

- -

0.12

0.05

Dust smaller than 10 microns

(PM-10)
Ozone (O3)

0.20

0.10

0.14

0.07

Lead (Pb)

1.5

Note:
1.

Average short-term standards (1, 8, and 24 hrs.) established to prevent acute health

effects (Acute Effect).

125

2.

Average long-term (1 month and 1 year) established to protect the long term or the

potential impact of chronic health (Chronic Effect).

3. (*)Arithmetic Mean
4. Calculation the concentration of each gas in the atmosphere is generally calculated against a
pressure of 1 atmosphere and the temperature of 25 C.

Table C - 2

Emission Control standards from new power plants

Fuel Type

No.

50 MW

pollutants

coal,

oil

gas

biomass

> 50 MW

1.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), (ppm)

360

180

260

20

60

2.

Xxides of nitrogen in the form

200

200

180

120

200

80

80

120

60

120

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), (ppm).

3.

Dust, (mg / m3)

Note: The measurement of contaminants in the air, calculated against the pressure of one
atmosphere or 760 mmHg at 25 C under dry and has a volume of excess air to burn 50 percent
or the amount of excess oxygen in burning 7%.

126

Table C - 3

Noise level standards of the machines in the plant.

Distance from sound source

Maximum sound level [dB (A)].

1 m.

85

122 m.

54

Source: American National Standards Institute B.133.8 - 1977.

Table C - 4
1)

General Sound Level and Noise Level Standards

General sound level standards

Threshold

Sound level [dB (A)].

Maximum volume

115

Average sound level for 24 hrs.

70

2) Noise level standards

Define the noise level at 10 dB (A) if the difference in sound level measurement or
calculation for

noise source when there is

noise and noise level

that measured in the

environment while there is no noise from the source to be the percentile 90 (Percentile Level
90, L90, fundamental noise level) is greater than the noise level limit of 10 dB (A) shall be
considered as noise.

127

Effluent quality standards from factories and industrial parks

Table C-5

Parameters
1.

Acidity and alkalinity

Standard value

Analytical methods

- 5.5 - 9.0

- pH meter

(pH) Value)
2.

TDS

- no more than 3,000 mg/l or different

- evaporated at 103 -105 C

(TDS or Total

depending on the type of receiving water

Dissolved Solids)

or type of plant

for 1 hr.

according to the Pollution Control Board

agreed, but no more than 5,000 mg / l.
- Wastewater to drain into the storage pond
with salinity (Salinity) exceeding 2,000 mg/l
or into the sea, the TDS in this water will be
higher than in brackish water
or sea was not more than 5,000 mg / l.
3.

Suspended Solids

- no more than 50 mg / l or different - filtering through glass fiber

filter disc
depending on the type of receiving water
or type of plant
or the sewage system
according to the Pollution Control Board
128

agreed, but not more than 150 mg / l.

4. Temperature

- up to 40 C

- thermometer.
measure during Water samples are collected

5. Color & Odor

- can stand

- undefined.

6. Sulfide as H2S

- no more than 1.0 mg / l

- Titrate.

7. Cyanide as HCN

- no more than 0.2 mg / l -

Distillation followed by Pyridin

Barbituric Acid

Table C-5

Wastewater Standards from Factories and Industrial Parks

Parameters

Standard

Analyze methods

8. Fat, Oil and Grease - no more than 5.0 mg / l or different - extracted with a solvent, then
separated then find
depending on receiving water

the weight of the water and fat

or type of plant
according to the Pollution Control Board
agreed, but no more than 15.0 mg / l.
9. Formaldehyde

- no more than 1.0 mg / l

- Spectrophotometry

10. Phenols not

- exceed 1.0 mg / l

- Distillation and followed by

4-Aminoantipyrine

11. Free Chlorine

- not exceed 1.0 mg/l

- lodometric method

129

12.

Pesticides

13. Biochemical Oxygen

Demand: BOD)

- it must not be detected by monitoring

- less than 20 mg / l or different

depending on receiving water

- Gas-Chromatography

- Azide Modification at
temperature of 20 C for 5 days

or type of plant
according to the Pollution Control Board
agreed, but no more than 60 mg/l.
14. Total TKN

- no more than 100 mg / l or different

- Kjeldahl.

depending on receiving water

or type of plant
according to the Pollution Control Board
agreed, but no more than 200 mg / l.
15. Chemical Oxygen

- less than 120 mg / l or different

- Potassium Dichromate

Demand: COD depending on receiving water

Digestion

or type of plant
according to the Pollution Control Board
agreed, but no more than 400 mg / l.

130

Table C-5

Wastewater Standards from Factories and Industrial Parks

Parameters

Standard value

Analytical methods

16. Heavy Metals

1) Zn

- not exceed 5 mg / l.

2) Hexavalent

- not exceed 0.25 mg / l

Chromium
3) Trivalent

Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry

- not exceed 0.75 mg / l

Chromium or Plasma

(Direct Aspiration)
Emission

4) Cu

- not exceed 2 mg / l

Spectroscopy

5) Cd

- not exceed 0.03 mg / l

(Inductively Coupled

6) Ba

- not exceed 1 mg / l

Plasma: ICP).

7) Pb

- not exceed 0.2 mg / l.

8) Ni

- not exceed 1 mg / l.

9) Mn

- not exceed 5 mg / l

Atomic Absorption

10) As

- not exceed 0.25 mg / l

Spectrophotometry

11) Se

- not exceed 0.2mg / l]

(Hydride Generation)

12) Hg

- not exceed 0.005 mg / l

Inductively

Coupled Plasma: ICP Atomic Absorption Cold Vapour Technique

131

Note: Industry Ministry And Marine Department Adjusted in accordance with the standard set
by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

132

Appendix E
The concept and calculation of economic profit.
(Economic Profit: EP)

133

The concept and calculation of economic profit(Economic Profit).

E1

The concept of economic profit

Economic Profit or EP represents net profit from operations remaining after deducting the

cost of capital, both the cost of debt (interest expense) and cost shareholders which is the
opportunity cost that is not shown explicitly in the statement of accounts, which implied
economic profit is the task of creating added value for your organization or agency itself.
E 2 The calculation of economic profit
The economic profit, or the EP can be calculated from
EP = Net income from operations after taxes (NOPAT) - Capital Charge
Capital Charge = Invested Capital x WACC.
NOPAT (Net Operating Profit after Taxes) refers to net earnings from operations after taxes,
calculated from the net income minus operating expenses in cash, depreciation, and Tax.
NOPAT is calculated by excluding others that are not related to normal operation which is
usually reflected in the statements of income as a gain or loss on sale of assets, interest expense,
and so on.
Tax is the tax rate, the company is obligated to pay, or 30 % in general calculated from net
income from operations before income taxes. But the case of EGAT will not deduct for the
income tax.
Capital Charge means the cost of the assets used in operations calculation of funds or assets
used in operations (Invested Capital) multiplied by the financial returns that investors expect to
receive from their investments. The calculation of the minimum return on equity and loan
owner. This is called cost rate (WACC or Weighted Average Cost of Capital).
WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) represents the minimum return rate to be paid to the
owner or to create to investors in the organization both the investment by lending or investment

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in such shares. In the case of the WACC this is the minimum rate of return for the project
received by the investment (Hurdle Rate) and is the discount rate used to calculate Economic
Profit from operations.

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