Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract: Per capita energy consumption of India is declining with increasing its population, which has direct impact on national economy.
Biogas technology seems promising to attain sustainable energy yields without damaging the environment. Waste management,
manure creation, health care and employment foundation are the benefits of biogas system. Use of biogas assures renewable energy
supply and balance of green house gases. India is traditionally using biogas since long time but there is need to improve the
technology, applications and deployment strategies. Bioenergy centralization in urban and decentralization in rural can help
government to minimize both the import of fuel derivatives and solid waste processing cost. The aim is to highlight potential of the
technology to bring social and economical sustainability to India. In this review, demand of energy sources, drivers for bioenergy
use, economical, social and environmental benefits of biogas regularization in India are described with emphasizing biogas as an
ideal sustainable energy source with its potential applications.
Keywords: Energy, environment, bioenergy, biogas, sustainable.
1. Introduction
Worldwide energy consumption and demand are growing
up since past 50 years [1]. Most of the resources used like
petroleum, natural gas, coal are not sustainable sources of energy.
Numbers of countries in the world including India are currently
passing through the critical phase of population explosion and
the growing population demands more energy inputs. In March,
2011 India had 17% of worlds population and ranked first for
high population density of 371 people per Km2 [2]. Indian per
capita energy consumption is as low as 700 kWh while the
worlds average is 2,500 kWh and for many of the developed
countries the figure is 15,000 kWh [3]. In India there is deficiency
of energy in required form to meet national developmental needs.
Biofuels are capable of minimizing the oil import and
pollution; therefore these can be the best alternatives in securing
the energy needs of India [4]. Though conventionally Indian
population is dependent on biofuels such as cow-dung cake,
wood etc but there are problem associated such as ease of use,
availability throughout the year, health problems, operating
issues, energy gain, by-products or waste generated and pollution.
For example in rural India, due to use of fuel wood adverse
health impacts on women are observed [5]. Inefficient cooking
is seen due to use of traditional cook stoves, with efficiency range
of 10-14% [6]. Therefore there is a requirement of energy in
India to satisfy the energy demand and which is environment
friendly. To fulfill energy demand of Indian population, the strategy
must focus on basic seven goals which are cost minimization,
efficiency maximization, employment generation, system reliability,
minimization of petroleum product, maximization use of local
resource, and minimization of emissions [7].
Biogas is the gas produced after anaerobic digestion of
organic matter by microorganisms. The biogas is in use since
long time in India but the technology improvement is necessary
in order to improve energy outputs. Indian energy scenario and
drivers for bioenergy regularization in India are discussed in the
review. General benefits of biogas technology and applications
are mentioned.
2. Need of sustainable energy source in India
Promising sustainable energy is needed for development
and future security of India. Nations wealth, growth, status and
populations needs are power dependent. In India, no electricity
is accessed by more than 300 million people in December-2011 [8].
121
that lose from higher prices is generally higher than that of the
exporting countries [15]. Rising crude oil prices with high rate
increasing quantity is putting burden on Indian government and
may cause inflation if government passes that burden to
consumers. The petroleum prices are growing and will continue
to grow in near future leading to the urgent need of alternate
sustainable energy sources.
3500
Crude Oil
(Thousand Barrels Per Day)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Years
Figure 1. Increasing difference between import and production of crude oil in India from year 1986 to 2010.
India's Natural Gas Production and Consumption
(1991 - 2010)
70
Production
Consumption
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Years
Figure 2. Indias increasing consumption of natural gas than production from year 1991 to 2010.
122
2012
Crude
Oil
205973
Oil
Products
-546,51.5
Natural
Gas
53,921.5
16,1092.9
31,271.4
50,640.7
22,799.9
20,577.3
21,198.6
6,517.1
1,992.3
22.3
12,528.7
26,099
111,206
Nuclear
Hydro
4856.7
9194.2
18,636
Solar-Wind
& Others
1846.7
Biofuels
& Waste
165,422
302.2
164,278
28,540
163.9
129,300
17,960
1,995
106,909
Electricity
Total
487.8
679,699
6,2735.9
20,428.4
5,206.7
13,492.9
494,085
163,282
58,003.5
167,210
33,105.9
898,259
Consumption
25
23
Quadrillion Kilojoules
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Years
123
Table 2. Electricity access in the year 2009: India and other re gional aggregates.
Country
Population without
electricity (millions)
Electrification rate
(%)
Africa
587
41.8
North Africa
2
99.0
Sub-Saharan Africa
585
30.5
Developing Asia
675
81.0
China & East Asia
182
90.8
South Asia
493
68.5
India
288
75.0
Latin America
31
93.2
Middle East
21
89.0
Developing countries
1,314
74.7
World*
1,317
80.5
* World includes OECD and Eastern Europe / Eurasia.
Source: US Energy Information Administration, World Energy Outlook 2011 [27].
Urban
electrification rate
(%)
68.8
99.6
59.9
94.0
96.4
89.5
94.0
98.8
98.5
90.6
93.7
124
Rural
electrification rate
(%)
25.0
98.4
14.2
73.2
86.4
59.9
67.0
73.6
71.8
63.2
68.0
125
11
9.67
10
9.8
9.06
6.6
0
1 Nm3 biogas
(CH4 = 97%)
1 litre petrol
1 litre diesel
1 litre E85
Fules
126
References
[60-63]
[64-65]
[66-67]
[68]
[67,69]
[70]
[69,71-72]
[67,73-74]
[61,75-77]
[78-79]
[80-81]
127
128
5. Conclusion
Energy being one of the driving forces in the nations
growth India should produce it adequately. There is a need of
sustainable energy sources in India to fulfill the power demands of
growing population. Along with the energy solution environment
should be balanced well. To achieve social-economical stability
India should start developing energy from renewable sources
such as bioenergy. Biogas, a traditional energy generating
technology seems promising satisfying the energy needs of both
urban and rural population. There are many advantages of
biogas system such as waste to energy conversion, NPK rich
manure, ease in operation for urban as well as for rural people.
Biogas is supportive to agriculture hence can improve the status
of farmers. The technology may lack somewhere but new
adaptations in technology can solve the problems. Future
aspirations of biogas technology are in transportation fuel, fuel
cells, industrial level electricity generation and heat generation
etc. Biogas can bring progress economically, socially as well as
environmentally. Conditions Available in India such as climate,
biomass availability and hands on operation etc are encouraging
for biogas generation and utilization. Different designs, construction
strategies and government policies are developing and some are
to be developed to produce more methane yields with low
investments, higher paybacks and sturdiness of system. Biogas
market creation and scientific breakthroughs are needed to meet
biogas technology challenges which India is facing currently.
Otherwise there is a huge potential for biogas technology in the
country. There is need to utilize biogas technology and/or other
renewable energy sources in combinations for Indian as well as
global bright energy future.
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_rep/dec12/8.p
df [accessed 12 February 2013].
The Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference
(DIREC) 2010 Knowledge Center, Indias Renewable
Energy Sector Potential and Investment Opportunities
(2010) available online:
http://direc2010.gov.in/pdf/India's-RE-Sector-Potential-andInvestment-opportunites-SSM.pdf [accessed 12 February 2013].
Centre for Global Energy Studies, India's demand for oil
increases, Quarterly Oil Demand (2011).
US Energy Information Administration, Countries,
Available online:
http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?view=reserves
[accessed 25 February 2014].
Indian Chamber of Commerce, The Indian coal sector:
Challenges and future outlook (2012) Available online:
http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/powermining/icc-coal-report.pdf [accessed 21 November 2012].
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India,
Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas Statistics 2012-13 (2013)
Available online: http://petroleum.nic.in/pngstat.pdf
[Accessed 21 November 2012].
Smith KR, Household Fuels and Health, Urja Bharati 3/3
(1993) 31-32.
US Energy Information Administration, International
Energy Statistic: Petroleum: Production, Available online:
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid
=50&pid=57&aid=1&cid=IN,&syid=1994&eyid=2012&
freq=M&unit=TBPD [accessed 25 February 2014].
US Energy Information Administration, International Energy
Statistic: Natural Gas: Production, Available online:
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid
=3&pid=26&aid=1&cid=IN,&syid=2008&eyid=2012&u
nit=BCF [accessed 25 February 2014].
Kapur Mehta, A, Shah A, Chronic poverty in India:
Incidence, causes and policies. World Development 31/3
(2003) 491-511.
US Energy Information Administration, International
Energy Statistic: Total Energy: Total Primary Energy
Production, Available online:
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid
=44&pid=44&aid=1&cid=IN,&syid=2008&eyid=2012&
unit=QBTU [accessed 25 February 2014].
Bhattacharyya SC, Energy access problem of the poor in
India: Is rural electrification a remedy? Energy Policy
34/18 (2006) 3387-3397.
The World Bank, World Bank Indicators Databank, by
topic, Available online:
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator [accessed 15 January 2013].
Rural Energy- Present status of energy use in India.
Available online: http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/ruralenergy/re-basics-whatis [accessed 02 March, 2014].
Centre for Science and Environment, Renewable Energy
(2013) Available online:
http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/04Renewable%20energ
y.pdf [accessed 02 March 2014].
Dhussa A, Biogas in India Methane to Markets
Partnership- Meeting of Agr. Sub-Committee April 22 2004,
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India (2004).
US Energy Information Administration, India (2013)
Available online:
http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=IN [accessed
25 February 2014].
WECIMC and Power Grid Corporation of India Limited,
Transmission and Distribution in India, A Report
Available online:
129
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
130
http://www.indiaworldenergy.org/pdf/T&D%20Report_P
GCIL.pdf [accessed: 19 October 2012].
US Energy Information Administration, World Energy
Outlook 2011: Access to Electricity (2012) Available online:
http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/reso
urces/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/ [accessed
26 February 2014].
Independent Statistics and Analysis, Energy Information
Administration (EIA), India (2013) Available online:
http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/India/india.p
df [accessed 18 April 2013].
Ministry of Finance, Government of India, Annual Report
2011-2012, Available online:
http://finmin.nic.in/reports/AnnualReport2011-12.pdf
[accessed: 19 October 2012].
Wise DL, Leuschner AP, Levy PF, Sharaf MA, A
practical village biogas system for wastes and agricultural
residues, Resources and Conservation 13/1 (1986) 23-36.
Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation, Government of India,
Available online:
http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/Energy_Statistics_
2012_28mar.pdf [accessed 26 February 2014].
Berndes G, Hoogwijk M, van den Broek R, The
contribution of biomass in the future global energy
supply: a review of 17 studies, Biomass and Bioenergy
25/1 (2003) 1-28.
Tu W, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Liu X, Fu Z, The development
of renewable energy in resource-rich region: A case in
China, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15/1
(2011) 856-860.
Bilgen S, Kele S, Kaygusuz A, Sar A, Kaygusuz K,
Global warming and renewable energy sources for
sustainable development: a case study in Turkey,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12/2 (2008)
372-396.
Dhillon RS, von Wuehlisch G. Mitigation of global
warming through renewable biomass, Biomass and
Bioenergy 48 (2013) 75-89.
Jagadish KS, Bioenergy for India: prospects, problems
and tasks, Energy for Sustainable Development 7/1
(2003) 28-34.
Ministry of Affairs, Government of India, India Census
2011: Chapter 5 Cooking fuel and lighting (2011) 329378, Available online:
http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/7.%20Chapter5%20%20Cooking%20fuel%20and%20lighting.pdf
[accessed 27 February 2014].
Somashekhar HI, Dasappa S, Ravindranath NH, Rural
bioenergy centres based on biomass gasifiers for
decentralized power generation: case study of two villages
in southern India, Energy for Sustainable Development
4/3 (2000) 55-63.
Coulibaly L, Ouattara JMP, Agathos S, Biogas potential
of the agro-pastoral residues and human excrement in the
Como river catchment (Cte d'Ivoire), Journal of
Sustainable Development in Africa 14/4 (2012) 18-31.
Reijnders L, Ethanol production from crop residues and
soil organic carbon, Resources, Conservation and
Recycling 52/4 (2008) 653-658.
Stelte W, Holm JK, Sanadi AR, Barsberg S, Ahrenfeldt J,
Henriksen UB, Fuel pellets from biomass: the importance
of the palletizing pressure and its dependency on the
processing conditions, Fuel 11 (2011) 3285-3290.
Kumar A, Flynn P, Sokhansanj S, Biopower generation
from mountain pine infested wood in Canada: An
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
[96]
[97]
131
[98]
[99]
[100]
[101]
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
132