Lecture

3
Xiaotong Suo

Logis1cs
HW 1 due on Wednesday before the class. No
late homework will be accepted. Note that
you have to get at least 60% on each
homework to pass this class.

Todays agenda

Matrix
Factor
List
Dataframe

Matrix con1ued
The func1on order returns the ascending
(default) or descending order of elements of a
vector. For example, order(0.5,5,-3.1) will return
3, 1, 2. Its sister func1on is sort. We always have
x[order(x)]=sort(x).
The matrix stack.x is a readily available matrix in
R. It has three names columns: Air.Flow,
Water.Temp, Acid.Conc.. The meaning of these
numbers are not very important here.
Order the rows of the matrix by increasing values
of the column AirFlow.

Factor
In R a factor is a vector that hold categorical
data. (for example, Yes-No answers).
f1=factor(Yes,levels=c(Yes,No))
f1[2]=No
f1[3]=Maybe
f1[3]=No
f1[4]=No
table(f1)

Factor
Some1mes we want to keep an ordering
between the levels of the factors
data=sample(le]ers[1:10],size=50,replace=T)
f2=factor(data,levels=le]ers[1:10],ordered=T)

Factor con1nued
Some1mes it is useful to convert a numerical
vector into factor.
The func1on cut can be useful in doing so.
data=stack.x[,Water.Temp]

f3=cut(data,breaks=3,labels=c(Low,Medium,Hi
gh))
#we can add the ordering
f3=cut(data,breaks=3,
labels=c(Low,Medium,High),ordered=T)

List
Lists are collec1ons, like vectors. But unlike
vectors, the same list can hold dierent types of
objects.
Lists also have the a]ribute names that you
can set and use to access the components.
You can also access the components using the
operator [[ ]] not [ ] as for vectors and
matrices.
Why use lists: it allows you to put together
objects of dierent types. Vectors dont.

List con1nued
V=c(A,A,C,B,B);
X=1:5;
Y=rnorm(5);
L=list(X,Y,V)
names(L)
names(L)=c(V1,V2,V3)
L$V1 L[[3]]

Data frame
Roughly a data frame is a rectangular table with
rows and columns. The columns represent
variables and can be of dierent types (numeric,
integer, factor, character); a major dierence
from matrices. The rows are records or cases.
Typically we create data frames by reading data
from les. We can also create data frames from
vectors with the func1on data.frame.
You can convert a data frame to a matrix with
data.matrix.

Data frame con1nued

V=factor(c(A,A,C,B,B));
X=1:5;
Y=rnorm(5);
dt1=data.frame(X,Y,V)
names(dt1)=c(meas1,meas2,meas3)

Data frame con1nued

We think of data frames both as a matrix (a
rectangular table with rows and columns) and
as a list (a list of sta1s1cal variables on which
we have observa1ons).
#Con1nuing with the previous example:
dt1[1,1]
dt1$meas1
dt1[[1]]

Data frame con1nued

Working with data frames:

dt2=airquality
dim(dt2);
names(dt2)
edit(dt2)
#Compare and understand the following
mean(dt2$Ozone);
mean(dt2$Ozone,na.rm=T)
#Be]er yet:complete.cases
Ind=complete.cases(dt2)
dt=dt2[Ind,]
mean(dt$Ozone) #or mean(dt[,1]) or mean(dt[[1]])
plot(dt$Ozone,type=l)

Next Lecture
Data Input/output
Graphics
More func1ons