Announcements

TA Office Hours in ECAC:

EOS Main Rm. 109
Tuesday 1-2pm; Wednesday 11:00-1:00pm

Minerals

LearningGoals
#Definewhatamineralis
#Describetheatomicstructureandbondingofcommonminerals
#Recognizetherelationshipsbetween
physicalpropertiesofminerals
internalcrystalstructure
identification
#Compareandcontrastthechemicalcompositionandmineralogyofeachof
Earthslayers

Definitions
Mineral:
inorganic
naturallyoccurring
crystallinesolid
fixedinternalarrangementofatoms
fixedchemicalcomposition
E.g.,quartz,pyrite

Definitions
Mineraloid:
Similartoamineralbut hasnoordered
arrangementofatoms
(isamorphous,notcrystalline)
E.g.,opal, obsidian

Activity
(1) Lookaroundyourpersonandthe
classroom.Listanymineralsthatyousee

Activity
(1) Lookaroundyourpersonandthe
classroom.Listanymineralsthatyousee
(2) Turntoyourneighbouranddiscuss
whetherthemineralsyouhavelistedare
actuallymineralsinlightofthedefinitionon
theearlierslide.

13

13

14

14

15

15

Figure 2.3

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTXSwnkieZc

MineralProperties
Crystal:amineral
boundedbyplanar
surfacesthatbeara
definiterelationshipto
theinternalstructure
ofatoms
galenachalcopyrite
(PbS)(CuFeS2)

OrderlyInternalStructure

Figure 2.2

RefresheronAtomicStructuresandBonding
MineralsElementsAtoms
Protons,Electrons,andNeutrons
Element:aformofmatterthat
cannotbebrokendownbyheat,
cold,orchemicalreactionintoa
simplerform

Atom:smallestsubdivisionof
matterthatretainsthechemical
propertiesofanelement
(consistsofprotons,neutrons,and
electrons)
p=6

http://universe-review.ca/I13-01-periodictable2.jpg

RefresheronAtomicStructuresandBonding
Bonds attachmentsbetweenatomsina
crystalstructure

TypesofBondinginMinerals
Ion
anatomthathasanetpositiveornet
negativecharge
duetolossorgainofelectrons;
(+)=cations
()=anions
e.g.,halite(NaCl)formsionicbonds
fromNa+1 andCl1 attractingeachother

TypesofBondinginMinerals
Inionicbonds,oneion
donatesoneormoreelectrons
toanionofoppositecharge

TypesofBondinginMinerals
Covalentbonds
adjacentionsshare
oneormore
electrons
(makesstrong
bonds)
e.g.,diamond

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I

OtherTypesofBondinginMinerals
Metallic aweakcovalentbond;
occursinmetallicelements,where
outerelectronstravelfreelybetween
adjacentatoms
VanderWaals weakbondsbetween
slighlypolarizedatoms
Whyisbondingimportant?Different
typesofbondsleadtodifferent
physicalproperties usedtoidentify
minerals,andtheirpropertiesmake
mineralsusefultosociety

MineralGroups
Mineralsdivideintogroupswithlikephysical
properties,basedontheiranionicgroups
Silicates
Carbonates
Sulfates
Sulfides
Oxides
Others

SiO44
CO32
SO44
S2
O2

Notenet
negative()
charge

HomeworkAssignment
Myfavouritemineralsis?
GotothePacificMuseumofEarth(inEOSMain,
nextdoor)
Lookatthelargeselectionofmineralsandfindyour
favouriteone!
Takeaphotoandwriteafewsentencesaboutwhy
itsyourfavouritemineral,whatmineralgroupitisin
andwhatinteresting
propertiesithas

Myfavouritemineralsis?
PostitonthePacificMuseumofEarthsFacebookpage
IamastudentinEOSC110andmyfavouritemineralis..
PostbeforethestartofnextFridayslecture youhave1week
https://www.facebook.com/PacificMuseumoftheEarth?fref=ts
http://pme.ubc.ca/

SilicateMinerals
Silicatesareonethirdofallknownminerals,but
makeup9095%ofthecrust
SilicatetrahedronSiO44,thebasicbuildingblock
ofallsilicateminerals

Figure2.10

ArrangementofTetrahedra in
SilicateStructures
SilicateMinerals
Silicatemineralsaregrouped
accordingtohowthetetrahedra
bondtogether
Sheetstructureinmicas

Sixsidedring
structureinberyl
Figure2.12

SilicateStructures

Sheetstructureinmicas

Sixsidedring
structureinberyl
Figure2.12

SilicateStructures

Sheetstructureinmicas

Sixsidedring
structureinberyl
Figure2.12

SilicateStructures

Sheetstructureinmicas

Sixsidedring
structureinberyl
Figure2.12

SilicateMinerals
Darksilicatescalled
ferromagnesian
highMg,Fecontent
E.g.,pyroxene,
amphibole
Lightcoloredsilicatescalled
felsic
lackFe
E.g.,quartz,feldspar

amphibole,achainsilicate

Box Table 2.2_1

ChemicalCompositionofEarthsLayers
Crust
(wt.%)
O
Si
Al
Fe
Ca
Na
K
Mg
Other

46.6
27.7
8.1
5.0
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.1
1.5

94vol.%

dominatedbyfeldspar,
quartz(silicates)
(notecrustalabundances
ofelements)

ChemicalCompositionofEarthsLayers
Mantle
O,Si,Fe,Mg dominate
Mostlyolivineandpyroxene(ferromagnesian
silicates)
knownfromaccidentalfragments(xenoliths)found
inlavaflows

Core
MostlymetallicFe,Ni
Nodirectsamples
Educatedguessfromgeophysicalevidence
(magnetics,seismology)andmeteorites

Sulfides

Carbonates
CalciteCaCO3
Dolomite
(Ca,Mg)CO3

Manyoremineralsare
sulfides

Chalcopyrite
Galena
Sphalerite
Pyrite
galena

FeCuS2
PbS
ZnS
FeS2

IdentifyingMineralsUsingPhysicalProperties
Examplesofsimplediagnostic
properties/testsdoneinthelab
orinthefieldtohelpidentify
minerals:

amethyst

Amethyst
citrine

Canyounameoneormore
physicalproperties?
rosequartz

Eachmineralhasaunique setof
physicalproperties.

Mohs HardnessScale
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond

Fingernail
CopperCoin
KnifeBlade,Glass
SteelFile

Cleavage
Cleavage istheabilitytosplit
alongoneormoreplanesof
weakness

Cleavage
Because of weak bonds, mica
splits easily between
sandwiches
Positive ions, sandwiched
between two sheet silicate
layers

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.25

Fracture

Fracture isthetendencytobreakalonganirregularsurface
notcontrolledbycleavage,orinthecaseofconchoidal
fracture,alongacurvedsurface

CrystalForm
Dependsontheatomicstructure
andbonding
Garnethasisolated
tetrahedrathatform
equant(equi
dimensional)crystals

Quartzandcorundumhave
hexagonalcrystals

Calciteformsrhombic
crystals

OtherPhysicalProperties
Someminerals
haveadistinct
smellortaste

Themineral
calciteexhibits
doublerefraction

OtherphysicalProperties
Reactionwithacid
Diagnosticforcarbonate
minerals

CaCO3(s) +2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) +CO2(g) +H2O(l)

NextClass:RockCycle&Magma

Readings&Reminders
IgneousRocks/Magmatism Textbook,Chapter3
Notextbook?
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/IgnRx/Introigrx.html
Goalsfornextclass:

Describehowigneousprocessesfitintotherockcycle
Describehowandwhyrocksmelt
Correlateigneousmagmatypeswithintrusivevs.
extrusiverocknames,chemicalcompositions,and
physicaldifferences
Recognizecommonintrusiveigneousstructuresand
associatedresources

TermstoGetComfortableWith
Cleavage
Fracture
AnionicGroup
Definitionofamineral
Ferromagnesian(Mafic)vs.Felsic
SilicateMinerals
Tetrahedron