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11
VISCOSITY
MEASUREMENT
Principles of Viscosity & Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Viscosity SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Dynamic, Absolute, or Simple Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Kinematic Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Common Viscosity Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Other Viscosity Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Measuring Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Hagen-Poiseuilles Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Stokes Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Values of Viscometer Constants A and B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Viscosity Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Poise to lb-force sec/ft2 Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
lb-force sec/ft2 to Pa-sec Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
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301
A z
or
F dv
= x
A dz
v
F =m
or
dv
F
= x
A
dz
dv
F =m
dt
Viscosity SI Units
According to NISTs Guide for the International System of Units (SI), the
proper SI units for expressing values of viscosity (also called
dynamic viscosity) and values of kinematic viscosity are, respectively,
the Pascal second (Pas) and the meter squared per second (m2/s) (and
their decimal multiples and submultiples as appropriate).
The Pascal second [Pas] has no special name. And, although touted as
an international system, the International System of Units (SI) has had
very little international impact. The Pascal second is rarely used in scientific and technical publications today.
The most common unit of viscosity is the dyne second per square
centimeter (dyne s/cm2), which is given the name poise (P) after the
French physiologist Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869). Ten poise equal
one Pascal second (Pas) making the centipoise (cP) and millipascal
second (mPas) identical.
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English
Metric
Viscosity
Poise
Pa/sec
Kinematic
Viscosity
Stroke
m2/sec
There are actually two quantities called viscosity. The quantity defined
above usually is just called viscosity. However, it sometimes is also
called dynamic viscosity, absolute viscosity, or simple viscosity to distinguish it from the other quantity.
Dynamic, Absolute, or Simple Viscosity
Va = At
B
t
where
Va = dynamic, absolute, or simple viscosity
A = a viscometer constant
B = a viscometer constant
t = time for a volume of fluid to pass through an aperture
Kinematic Viscosity
The other quantity, called kinematic viscosity (represented by the symbol ), is the ratio of the viscosity of a fluid to its density.
v =
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Kv =
303
V
D
where
Kv = kinematic viscosity
V = viscosity of fluid
D = density of fluid
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is the square meter per second (m2/s),
which also has no special name. This unit is so large it is rarely used. A
more common unit of kinematic viscosity is the square centimeter per
second (cm2/s), which has been given the name stoke [St] after the English scientist George Stoke. Since this unit is also large, the more commonly used unit is the square millimeter per second (mm2/s) or centistoke (cSt).
According to NISTs Guide for the International System of Units (SI), the
CGS units commonly used to express values of these quantities, the
poise (P) and the stokes (St), respectively [and their decimal submultiples the centipoise (cP) and the centistoke (cSt)], are not to be used.
However, since CGS units are, in fact, the most widely used terms, they
are included in this ISA Handbook.
Common Viscosity Units
1 m2/s = 10,000 cm2/s (stoke) = 1,000,000 mm2/s (centistokes)
1 cm2/s = 1 stoke
1 mm2/s = 1 centistoke
1 Poise = 1 dyne sec/cm2
1 Poise = 0.1 Pa sec
1 Centipoise = 0.001 Pa/sec
1 Centipoise = 1 cm2/sec
1 cP = viscosity of water at 68C
1 lb-force sec/ft2 = 1 slug/ft sec
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where
V = viscosity of a fluid
Ss = shear stress, force per area
Sr = shear rate, velocity per layer thickness
Ratio of Shear Stress to Shear Rate, Hagen-Poiseuille Law
V =
Pd R 4
8QL
where
V = viscosity
Pd = pressure differential of liquid
R = inside radius of tube
Q = rate of liquid flow
L = length of tube
Apparent Viscosity (Consistency)
C=
Ad
Ws
where
C = consistency, percent
Ad = dry-weight of solid
Ws = weight of solid plus liquid
x 100
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Measuring Viscosity
Hagen-Poiseuilles Law
French physician and physiologist Jean Poiseuille, while developing an
improved method for measuring blood pressure, formulated a mathematical expression for the flow rate for the laminar (nonturbulent) flow
of fluids in circular tubes. Discovered independently by Gotthilf Hagen,
a German hydraulic engineer, this relation is also known as the HagenPoiseuille equation, or Hagen-Poiseuille Law.
For laminar, non-pulsatile fluid flow through a uniform straight pipe, the
flow rate (volume per unit time) is:
directly proportional to the pressure difference between the
ends of the tube,
inversely proportional to the length of the tube,
inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid, and
proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the tube.
Pr 4
8
Stokes Law
George Gabriel Stokes, an Irish-born mathematician who spent much of
his life working with fluid properties, is most famous for his work
describing the motion of a sphere through viscous fluids. This led to the
development of Stokess Law an equation that shows the force
needed to move a small sphere through a continuous, quiescent fluid at
a certain velocity. It is based primarily on the radius of the sphere
and the viscosity of the fluid. He found what has become known as
Stokes Law:
The drag force on a sphere of radius (R) moving through a fluid of viscosity at speed Vc is given by:
F (drag) = 6R Vc
Where
R = the radius of the sphere
= the viscosity
Vc = the velocity through a continuous fluid
The faster a sphere falls through a fluid, the lower the viscosity. The
measurement involves dropping a sphere through a measured
distance of fluid and measuring how long it takes to traverse the distance.
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Since you know distance and time, you also know velocity, which is distance/time. A formula for determining the viscosity in this manner is:
viscosity = =
2(p)ga2
9v
Where
p = difference in density between the sphere and the liquid
g = acceleration of gravity
a = radius of sphere
v = velocity = d/t = (Distance sphere falls/time it takes to fall)
Values of Viscometer Constants A and B
Viscometer
Constant A
Constant B
Time of Efflux
Saybolt Universal
0.226
0.220
195
135
32-100
over 100
Saybolt Furol
2.24
184
25-40
Redwood #1
0.260
0.247
179
50
34-100
over 100
Redwood #2
2.46
2.45
100
-
32-90
over 90
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To
Multiply by:
Centipoise
Pascal/sec
0.001
Centistroke
m2/sec
0.000001
cm3/sec
ft3/min
0.00211888
cm3/sec
liter/hr
3.6
ft3/hr
cm3/sec
7.865791
ft3/hr
liter/min
0.4719474
ft3/min
cm3/sec
471.9474
ft3/sec
cm3/hr
101.9406
ft3/sec
liter/min
1699.011
in3/min
cm3/sec
0.2731177
Dyne-sec/cm2
Poise
1.0
Geepound
Slug
1.0
Gram-force
Dyne
980.665
kilogram-force
Dyne
0.0000980665
liter/sec
ft3/hr
127.1328
liter/sec
ft3/min
2.11888
liter/sec
gallon/hr
951.0194
mg/kg
1.0
ml/cm3
1.0
Poise
Dyne-sec/cm2
1.0
Poise
gram/cm-sec
1.0
Poise
Pascal-sec
0.1
lb-force-sec/ft2
Pascal-sec
47.8803
lb-force-sec/in2
Pascal-sec
6894.76
Slug
kg
14.5939
307
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lb-force sec/ft2
Poise
lb-force sec/ft2
478.80
800
383,040
957.60
900
430,920
1436.40
1000
478,800
1915.20
2000
957,600
2394.00
3000
1,436,400
2872.80
4000
1,915,200
3351.60
5000
2,394,000
3830.40
6000
2,872,800
4309.20
7000
3,351,600
10
4788.00
8000
3,830,400
20
9576.00
9000
4,309,200
30
14,364.00
10,000
4,788,000
40
19,152.00
20,000
9,576,000
50
23,940.00
30,000
14,364,000
60
28,728.00
40,000
19,152,000
70
33,516.00
50,000
23,940,000
80
38,304.00
60,000
28,728,000
90
43,092.00
70,000
33,516,000
100
47,880.00
80,000
38,304,000
200
95,760.00
90,000
43,092,000
300
143,640.00
100,000
47,880,000
400
191,520.00
110,000
52,668,000
500
239,400.00
120,000
57,456,000
600
287,280.00
130,000
62,244,000
700
335,160.00
140,000
67,032,000
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Pa/sec
lb-force sec/ft2
Pa/sec
100
4788.03
600,000
28,728,180
200
9576.06
700,000
33,516,210
300
14,364.09
800,000
38,304,240
400
19,152.12
900,000
43,092,270
500
23,940.15
1,000,000
47,880,300
600
28,728.18
2,000,000
95,760,600
700
33,516.21
3,000,000
143,640,900
800
38,304.24
4,000,000
191,521,200
900
43,092.27
5,000,000
239,401,500
1000
47,880.30
6,000,000
287,281,800
2000
95,760.60
7,000,000
335,162,100
3000
143,640.90
8,000,000
383,042,400
4000
191,521.20
9,000,000
430,922,700
5000
239,401.50
10,000,000
478,803,000
6000
287,281.80
20,000,000
957,606,000
7000
335,162.10
30,000,000
1,436,409,000
8000
383,042.40
40,000,000
1,915,212,000
9000
430,922.70
50,000,000
2,394,015,000
10,000
4,788,030.00
60,000,000
2,872,818,000
20,000
9,576,060.00
70,000,000
3,351,621,000
30,000
14,364,090.00
80,000,000
3,830,424,000
40,000
19,152,120.00
90,000,000
4,309,227,000
50,000
23,940,150.00
100,000,000
4,788,030,000