The Roman Coins From The Province of Zeeland / Joh. S. Boersma

Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor
het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek

Jaargang 17,1967
Unless otherwise stated, the pottery is drawn to a scale of

1 : 4 ; the profile of hand-made pottery is represented in
white, of wheel-made pottery in black.
Het aardewerk is op schaal i : 4 afgebeeld, tenzij anders
aangegeven; de profielen van het handgevormde aardewerk zijn wit, die van gedraaid aardewerk zijn zwart getekend.
Cover drawing: Late-Roman hairpins from Xanten/Dodewaard, Asselt and Ommeren.
Omslagtekening: Laat-Romeinse haarpennen van Xanten/
Dodewaard, Asselt en Ommeren.
BERICHTEN VAN DE RIJKSDIENST VOOR HET

OUDHEIDKUNDIG BODEMONDERZOEK
Staatsuitgeverij 's-Gravenhage 1968
Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor

het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek
Proceedings of the state service
for archaeological investigations
in the Netherlands
Jaargang17,1967
REDACTIE
W.A. van Es, H. Halbertsma, J.F. van Regteren Altena
enW.C.Mank
Adres: Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort, Nederland
Grafische verzorging: Aart Verhoeven, 's-Gravenhage, en

H.J. Bloklander, ROB, Amersfoort
INHOUD
KORTE BERICHTEN
A.V. Munaut, Etude paleo-ecologique d'un gisement

tourbeux situe a Terneuzen (Pays-Bas)
L.Th. Lehmann, Unusual beaker pottery from the

Veluwe
159
L.Th. Lehmann, New pot beakers from the Veluwe
162
R.S. Hulst. Two pottery groups from the Pre-roman

iron age
167
J.H.F. Bloemers, Ein romisches Vorratgefass aus

's-Hertogenbosch
173
J.A. Brongers, Protohistoric worked human skull bone

in the Netherlands
J.A. Trimpe Burger, Opgravingen inde oude stad van
Axel (Steentijd, Romeinse tijd, Middeleeuwen)
29
35
W. van Zeist, Palynologisch onderzoek van een ringwalheuvel bij Eersel
53
P.J.R. Modderman, The Kattenberg and the 'De Paal'

urnfield near Bergeyk (North Brabant)
59
Joh.S. Boersma, The romans coins from the province

ofZeeland
65
J.E. Bogaers, Enige opmerkingen over het Nederlandse gedeelte van de limes van Germania Inferior
(Germania Secunda)
99
Maria H.P. den Boesterd, Roman bronze vessels from

rivers
115
W.A. van Es, Late-roman pins from Xanten/Dodewaard and Asselt
121
A. Bruijn 8c W.A. van Es, Early medieval settlement

near Sleen (Drenthe)
129
J.W. Boersma, Oudheidkundig bodemonderzoek in de

Ned.-Herv. kerk te Helium (Groningen)
141
AUTEURS
J.H.F. Bloemers, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort
J.S. Boersma, Archaeologisch-Historisch Instituut der Universiteit van Amsterdam, Weesperzijde 33, Amsterdam
J.W. Boersma, Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, Poststraat 6, Groningen
Maria H.P. den Boesterd, Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam, Museum Kamstraat 4 5, Nijmegen
J.E. Bogaers, Instituut voor Oude Geschiedenis en Archeologie, Begijnenstraat 29, Nijmegen
J.A. Brongers, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort
A. Bruijn, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort
W.A. van Es, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort
R.S. Hulst, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort
L. Th. Lehmann, Amstel 9, Amsterdam.
P.J.R. Modderman, Instituut voor Prehistoric, Breestraat
87, Leiden
A.V. Munaut, Laboratoire de Palynologie, Universite de
Louvain, 42, avenue G. de Croy, Heverle-Louvain, Belgique
J.A. Trimpe Burger, Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig
Bodemonderzoek, Kleine Haag 2, Amersfoort
W. van Zeist, Biologisch-Archaeologisch
straat 6, Groningen
Instituut., Post-
JOH.S. B O E R S M A
The roman coins

from the province of Zeeland
(with plate xxi)
and Valkenburg on the Old Rhine, from the castellum of

Arentsburg on the Corbulo Canal near The Hague, and
from the late Roman castellum of Ciiijk on the river Maas1.
This article is a survey of all Roman coins from the province of Zeeland known up to the end of 1966.
Zeeland lies in the south-west of the Netherlands (see
fig. i). Except for the part of it to the south the province
today consists of a number of islands separated by rivers, of
which the East and West Scheldt are the most important.
It is not easy to visualize the geographical situation of the
country in Roman times. After a pre-Roman period (also
known as Dunkirk i period) during which the sea invaded
the interior, Roman pottery finds show that habitation had
become possible at the end of the ist and during the 2nd
century A. D. At that time the interior consisted of peat
moors protected by a coastal barrier. The latter was also
inhabited2. The map (fig. 2) representing the pre-Roman
period shows the Scheldt still following the eastern course,
which at that time was navigable but which was later abandoned3. Four of the seven stray coins from the interior of
the province have been found along the eastern branch of
the Scheldt, thus confirming that this must really have been
the more important course during the Roman period also
(fig. 3).The existence of the western course of the Scheldt
in Roman times has not yet been confirmed 4 . The East
Scheldt gave access to Gaul via the Scheldt and Maas and
Fig. i The position of Zeeland in relation to the rest of the
Netherlands
Of all Ronjan coins that have been found, and that are still
continually being found in the Netherlands, surveys have
so far only been published of those found in the three northern provinces, Groningen, Friesland, and Drenthe, and in
the province of North Brabant within the limes. These surveys cover hoards as well as stray coins. Studies have also
been made of the coin series from the castella of Vechten
1 The coins from the three northern provinces have been studied
by W.A. van Es (Van Es 1960); those from North Brabant by the
present writer (Boersma 1963); those from the castella of Vechten and Arentsburg by J.H. Jongkees (Jongkees 1950); those from
the castellum of Valkenburg by J. Gerritsen (Gerritsen 1948-53);
for those from the castellum of Cuijk see Bogaers 1966 and Boersma 1963, 33-8.
2 Van der Sluijs a.o. 1965, 6 and 56; Bennema & Van der Meer
1952, 30-2.
3 Pons a.o. 1963, pi. 8 and 205.
4 Steur & Ovaa 1960,671 ff.
jo H.s. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
Fig. 2 Zeeland in Early Subatlantic times 2300-2000 B.C. After

Pons a.o. 1963, pi. 8
Contour on the top of the Pleistocene, depth in
metres below mean sea level
Contour on the top of the Pleistocene, simplified for
presumed
Tidal and fluvial deposits, clayey
Tidal and fluvial deposits, sandy
Fen peat, landward bounded by the i metre contour
Coastal barrier
Coastal barrier, presumed
Stray coins (large numbers)
Hoards
Stray coins (small numbers)
to Germany via the Rhine. Architectural and numismatic

evidence show that the region to the south of the East
Scheldt, afterwards to become the coast of the island of
Walcheren, and the part of the interior to the north of the
river, which afterwards became the coast of the island of
Schouwen-Duiveland, were accessible in Roman times.
About 300 A.D. a new transgression period set in that made
habitation of the interior of Zeeland impossible for the next
few centuries 3 .
66
Fig. 3 Location of coin finds

Stray coins (large numbers)
1 Aardenburg
2 Domburg
3 Westerschouwen
8 Stray coins (small numbers)
1 Breskens
2 Haamstede
3 Koudekerke
4 Lighthouse
5 Nehalennia Sanctuary
6 Farmhouse 'De Oranjezon'
7 Drowned land of Reimerswaal
8 Renesse
9 Westerschouwen
10 Westkapelle
11 Yersekendam
Tholen (find-spot unknown)
A Hoards
i Aardenburg
The first comprehensive survey of Roman coins found in

Zeeland was published in 1947 in the third volume of Excerpta Romana by A.W. Byvanck. In addition toother nonnumismatic material, Byvanck deals with the Roman coins
5 Van der Sluijs o.a. 1965, 6; Bennema & Van der Meer 1952,
32-4.
jo U.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
circulation before they got lost. Consequently the curve of

the relative coin numbers may often not agree with the
actual coin circulation in a given place at a given time.
This is particularly important when considering the date
at which activity on a site began, for graphs and activity
rarely begin at the same time. Moreover, the size of single
issues varied greatly over the years, although how much
we can only guess. This may account for the presence of
large peaks in the graphs, which, of course, need not necessarily be considered as an indication of increased activity
on the site. Lastly, in view of the small coin numbers present, no distinction could be made between silver and copper
coins. Yet if the graphs are read properly they convey a
relatively reliable picture of the coin circulation on the site
or within the settlement, the more so when they are compared with similar graphs made of the coin series from
other sites.
found in the Netherlands known from literary sources and

also cites several specimens of which he has personal knowledge 6 . Although in a work of this kind the description
of the coins could hardly be other than superficial, his publication has proved extremely useful because it includes all
earlier literary references to Roman coin-finds.
Until then the only coins subjected to a more intensive
study were those from Domburg on the island of Walcheren
in the collection of the Zeeuws Museum at Middelburg.
These were described by A.H.G. Fokker in the first museum
catalogue of i869 7 and later by Miss M.G.A. de Man in the
second edition published in i907 8 . Apart from the coins
from Walcheren, the Zeeuws Museum Coin Cabinet also
contains coins found on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland,
north of Walcheren. These coins have not yet been published, although Byvanck referred briefly to some of them when
they were still in a private collection. Beside these coins
from Walcheren and Schouwen-Duiveland in the Zeeuws
Museum, a coin complex has now become available consisting of the Roman coins recently excavated in Aardenburg in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, the part of the province on
the mainland adjoining Flanders. Excavations have been
going on there since 1961 and have revealed a romanized
settlement. Up to the end of 1966 several hundreds of stray
coins and two hoards have come to light. These coins can
now be added to the total of Roman coins found in the
province. Finally, a small number of stray coins from various places throughout the province have been included,
most of which are only known from literary sources (fig. 3).
All the coins have been included in a coin list as appendix
to the text. Graphs have also been made of the three important coin series in order to illustrate their composition
and to help in reconstructing the history of the sites. These
graphs show the relation between the length of a particular
period and the numbers of coins then issued. At the time of
the Roman Republic these periods comprise twenty years
each, during the Empire they coincide with the length of
the reign of the Roman emperors 9 . It must be stressed that
these graphs only give an estimate of the monetary situation. They do not show the length of time the coins were in
The best-known Roman coins from Zeeland were found on

the west coast of the island of Walcheren. The first coins
were found near Domburg in 1647, when the famous altars
dedicated to the goddess Nehalennia were discovered together with remains of her temple 10 . Since then Roman coins
have regularly come to light on the coast, not only from the
site of the temple but also from a wider area. This area
stretches from the so-called 'Breezand' near the farm-house
'De Oranjezon' and the fortress 'Den Haak' in the former
municipality of Vrouwenpolder in the north to the beach
beyond the village of Westkapelle in the south11. Since the
site of Domburg has always remained by far the most important find-spot, all coins from the coast acquired by the
Zeeuws Museum were catalogued as coming from Domburg. Because it is now quite impossible to identify the
original find-spots of the single specimens, the museum tradition in this respect has been followed in this paper.
6 Byvanck 1931-47, in, 153-4.

7 Fokker 1869, 58-60.
8 De Man 1907, 213-8.
9 The length of the reign of the various emperors has been calculated as follows: Augustus 40 years, Tiberius 24, Caligula 5,
Claudius 14, Nero 15. Galba i,Vitellius i, Vespasianus 10, Domitianus 16, Nerva i'/., Traianus 20, Hadrianus 21, Antoninus
Pius 23, Marcus Aurelius 19, Commodus 13, Septimius Severus
18, Caracalla 6^2, Macrinus i, Elagabalus 4, Severus Alexander 13, Gordianus m 6, Maximinus I 3,Traianus Decius 2,Trebonianus Gallus 2, Volusianus 2, Valerianus-Gallienus (joint
reign) 7, Gallienus (joint and sole reign) 16, Postumus 9, Claudius n 2, Victorinus 2. Tetricus I and n 3, Diocletianus 20/2, Constantius Chlorus 14, Constantinus i 30, lulianus 3. Gratianus 16.
10 Hondius-Crone 1955, 7 ff.;Bogaers 1955, n ff.
11 RethaanMacare 1856, 6-7; DeMan 1936, i.
DOMBURG
Introduction
jo H.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
The earliest finds in the vicinity of the temple have already

been described by 17th-century authors 12 , and coins found up
to the year 1854 have been discussed, and partly described,
in two lectures by C.A. de Rethaan Macare13. However, if
a check is made on the coins mentioned in these lectures
and those listed in the museum catalogues it appears that
only a rather small percentage of the coins discovered in
the course of the past three centuries ever reached the
museum. Moreover, the collection has acquired additional
coins since the appearance of the second edition of the museum catalogue in 1907.
The Domburg series as presented in the list is made up as
follows:
a Coins in the Zeeuws Museum recorded in the museum
catalogues,
b Coins in the Zeeuws Museum recorded in the catalogues
but impossible to trace in the collection,
c Coins in the Zeeuws Museum which, according to notes
on their cardboard holders, have been found at Domburg but not included in the catalogues.
d Coins in the Zeeuws Museum found on the Domburg
beach by the late Mr H.J. Boogaert of Domburg.
e Coins from Domburg in the possession of Mr A. Minderhout of Middelburg, which were saved from Miss De
Man's private collection destroyed during the last war.
f Coins known only from textual sources recorded as having been found at Domburg, which were sufficiently
well described.
g Coins in the Zeeuws Museum which, in view of their
appearance and state of preservation, can be regarded
with certainty as finds. They have been included in a
separate list.
The total number of available coins is 186, including the

86 coins that have been attributed to Domburg on the
grounds of their appearance and state of preservation. Discounting the presence of a few 4th-century coins, the period
covered is from 125 B.C. to 273 A.D. When this series is considered as a whole the first thing to note is the low incidence of ist- and 2nd-century copper coins. For the period up
to 193, the end of the reign of Commodus, only eleven copper coins are present as against forty-nine silver ones. A
similar, but less dramatic, situation can be seen at Westerschouwen, where five copper and sixteen silver coins are
present for the same period. This remarkable composition of
the numismatic evidence from both sites is hardly what one
would have expected in view of the situation in other parts
of the Netherlands. For the neighbouring province of North
Brabant the numbers of stray copper and silver coins up to
the year 193 are AE 131 and AR 51, while the private collection of the late Mr F.H.M. de Bekker (Roman coins found
in the same province in the area between 's-Hertogenbosch
and the river Maas) yields AE 297 and AR 109 from the same
period. For the three northern provinces the coin numbers
from the same period are AE 147 and AR 95 14 . The evidence
from the various Roman castella fully agrees with these
data-copper coins far outnumber the silver ones15. On the
other hand the hoards from this period are chiefly composed of silver coins16. The picture presented by the hoards and
the stray coins together is that copper coins must have been
used primarily for domestic expenses, whereas silver coins
were reserved for more important transactions or were
hoarded as savings. Therefore an explanation of the different composition of the Domburg and Westerschouwen coin
series must be sought.
The first possibility to be considered is whether physical
circumstances could have caused the disappearance of so
many copper coins and the preservation of silver ones.This
could have been due to corrosion through the action of the
sea, since copper is affected more rapidly than silver and
consequently the copper coins might have either disappeared entirely or at least have been so severely damaged as to
be no longer attractive as collector's pieces. Miss De Man
indeed observed that many small copper coins were left
uncollected on the beach because they were too badly damaged17. However, the presence of many copper antoniniani
from the years 268-273 anc' 4th-century copper coins argues
against this supposition. If the heavier and thicker ist- and
2nd-century copper coins had been destroyed by corrosion,
one would have expected that these much smaller and more
fragile coins would have suffered the same fate. It is likely
that Miss De Man was referring to these late copper coins,
for most of the specimens preserved in the Zeeuws Museum
are indeed in a very poor state. In our opinion, therefore,
the survival of many 3rd- and 4th-century coins makes the
first possibility, disappearance by corrosion of the earlier
ones, unacceptable.
12 Hondius-Crone 1955, 92 ff.

13 Rethaan Macare 1838, 2-14; 1856, 5-10.
14 Boersma 1963, 12 and 15. AR (argentum) means silver, AE
(aes) copper coins.
15 For Vechten and Arentsburg see Jongkees 1950, 123; for

Valkenburg see Gerritsen 194853. 178.
16 Robertson 1956, 2657.
17 De Man 1936, 2.
The coins
68
JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
DOMBURG
WESTERSCHOUWEN
Fig. 4 Graphs of the coin series from Domburg and Westerschouwen; see general note on p. 97
69
The graph of the Domburg coins (fig-. 4) shows that the coin
series differs from those in others parts of the Netherlands
not only in composition but also in its curve. Two periods of
activity can be distinguished: the years 69-238 with a peak
in 180-218, after which there is a sudden decline, and the
years 260273 with an exceptional peak during 268-273. If
this graph is compared with the graphs of the North Brabant
coins18, i.e. the one of the coins in the province and the one
of the coins in the De Bekker collection, it appears that the
North Brabant graphs show the largest relative coin numbers in the years 54-180 (68-180 for the De Bekker collection). In contrast to the Domburg graph the coin numbers
fall sharply after 180, only to rise again after 235. The
graphs of the coins from the northern provinces show much
the same characteristics as those of North Brabant": they
show large coin numbers in the years 100-180, after which
the numbers drop sharply. At the same time a decline also
occurs in the coin series from the various Roman castella.
The explanation of this deviation of the Domburg coin series can perhaps be found by reconsidering the situation on
the site. To return to the graph: as said above, it reaches
its first peak between 180 and 218.This is also the period
during which altars in the Nehalennia sanctuary were being
dedicated in large numbers, evidence of a lively interest
that existed in the cult at this time 20 . These dedications were
not made by the natives of the island but by traders, who
made their sea journeys to England using Domburg as a
haven21. Our theory is that the coins of this period that have
been found along the coast ought also to be considered as
part of trading activity. Moreover, the gradual increase of
the coin numbers during the 2nd century makes it clear that
the coins issued before 180 may also be regarded as belonging primarily to the same activity, having arrived and got
lost on the coast only after that date. Were this not so, the
graph would have shown a straight curve throughout the
2nd century rather than a rising one, as in the graphs of
coins in North Brabant. The Bargercompascuum hoard from
the province of Drenthe dating from about 190 and consisting of denarii, which were found in a leather bag hidden
by a merchant, shows that denarii made up the capital of
merchants and traders. The composition of the Domburg
coin series, consisting chiefly of denarii, is in complete
agreement with the supposition that the coins were left

behind by traders.
The years 69-96 are represented in the graph by an exceptionally large peak. The same, however, also occurs in the
graphs of the coin series of North Brabant and the northern
provinces, the reason apparently being the extensive issues
of Flavian coins.
In relating the ist- and 2nd-century Domburg coins so
closely to the Nehalennia sanctuary on the one hand and to
commercial traffic on the other, the question then arises
whether any relation might exist between the numismatic
and the ceramic finds from Walcheren. The Roman potsherds that have been found along the west and north coasts
of the island at Domburg-, Westkapelle, and Vrouwenpolder cover a period from about 100 A.D. until well into the
third century. The earliest Roman sherd comes from Koudekerke on the south coast and dates from about 70 A.D., while
two tiles of the Classis Germanica found on the north coast
can be dated to after 9622. In view of this evidence the possibility must be left open that some of the coins from Domburg, especially the copper ones, had already arrived there
in the first half of the second century. On the other hand,
the coin finds from the interior of Walcheren and the other
islands, from Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, and from the western
part of North Brabant are very few in number. One should,
of course, be careful not to regard this as more than supplementary evidence, since information about this coin category is still very scanty. Yet this confirms the conclusion
reached above that the coastal coins from Walcheren should
be considered primarily as an independent complex with a
history of its own.
The second peak in the graph covering the years 260-273
occurs also at Westerschouwen and Aardenburg, and thus
was obviously caused by an increased activity in the coastal
district, which, however, subsided suddenly after 273.The
appearance of this activity all over Zeeland shows that local
circumstances were not solely responsible. This renewed
interest in the Zeeland coast will be discussed more fully
in the examination of the coin complex of Aardenburg.
There are too few 4th-century coins to allow any conclusions to be drawn about community life on the site after 273,
but activity seems to have been sporadic.
18 Boersma 1963, 62.
21 Byvanck 1943, ii, 432-3 and 561-3; Bennema & Van der
Meer 1952, 152; Trimpe Burger i966b, 73; cf. Hondius-Crone
19 Van Es 1960, fig. 2.

20 For the dating of the Nehalennia altars see Hahl 1937, 53;
cf. Bennema & Van der Meer 1952, 151; Hondius-Crone 1955,
ioi;Bogaers 1955, 12.
70
!955, 101, who believes that the altars were dedicated by romanized inhabitants of the region also.
22 Bennema & Van der Meer 1952. 149 and 151.
WESTERSCHOUWEN
Introduction
impression of the variety of Roman coins that were to be

found on the coast. This is particularly interesting in view
of the numbers of ist- and 2nd-century silver and copper
coins, thus confirming the composition of the Domburg coin
series.
The coin series of Westerschouwen consists of coins found

in the western part of the island of Schouwen-Duiveland,
north of Walcheren. To be accurate, the coins come from
the beach and dunes near the village of Westerschouwen
and from the shore stretching past the lighthouse going
towards the village of Renesse in the north 23 . From this
coastal area 100 Roman coins are known, most of them now
in the Zeeuws Museum; nearly all were collected by the late
Mr H. J. Hubregtse, who lived in the village of Burg nearby.
Just as in case of the Domburg coins, the detailed find circumstances have not survived. Accordingly they have all
been classified under the heading of Westerschouwen. In
contrast to the Domburg coins the Westerschouwen coins
have never been catalogued; they were not acquired by the
museum until after 1907.
The Westerschouwen series as presented in the list is made
up as follows:
a Coins in the Zeeuws Museum that had belonged to the
Hubregtse collection.
b Coins in the Zeeuws Museum that according to accompanying notes were found at Westerschouwen.
c Coins from Westerschouwen mentioned in the inventory
of the Zeeuws Museum but not traced in the collection,
d Coins only known from literature.
As will be seen from the appended list it is due exclusively
to the Hubregtse collection that so many coins from Westerschouwen have survived. Over the years Mr Hubregtse
built up a large collection of Roman, Merovingian, and
medieval coins, which he picked up from the beach or found
in the dunes. It is also known that he found coins near Domburg as well, and some coins from that area in the Zeeuws
Museum are attributed to him. His collection, however, also
includes some coins that obviously cannot have been found
on the beach, either because of the fine state of preservation or because circulation here of such coins must be regarded as abnormal. These coins have been omitted from
the list proper but, for completeness' sake, they have been
given as an appendix under a separate heading at the end.
The general appearance of the collection as a whole makes
it clear that Mr Hubregtse collected everything, not only
well-preserved coins but also very poor specimens. His collection, therefore, can be considered to give a fairly exact
In analysing the graph of the Westerschouwen coins (fig. 4)

the first thing to note is that its curve covers almost the same
period as that of Domburg. The majority of the coins fall
between 54-273, and only a few Republican and 4th-century coins appear. The graph shows, however, a far more
irregular and interrupted curve than that of Domburg, and
the accents fall somewhat differently. Instead of the peak
during the years 180-218 which we observed at Domburg
and which is preceded there by a gradual increase in coin
numbers during the 2nd century, Westerschouwen has a
blank for these years, except for some coins of Commodus.
At Westerschouwen also coin numbers increase after 117,
but the top is already reached with Marcus Aurelius, after
whom a decline sets in. Unlike the years 180-218, the years
268-273 show the same tendency as in the Domburg graph,
but with an even larger number of coins than in Domburg.
Any conclusions from the Westerschouwen graph must be
made with great care in view of the small coin numbers
involved. It is impossible to date the arrival of the first
coins with any accuracy. The composition of the coin series,
which up to the end of the 2nd century consists mainly of
silver instead of copper coins, suggests that the coins, just
as at Domburg, arrived there mostly via trading ships. This
hypothesis is confirmed by the evidence from a small romanized settlement at 'Brabers' near the village of Haamstede about five kilometres from the west coast24. Roman
pottery that has been found there shows that Roman influence manifested itself certainly as early as the 2nd century.
Yet no coins have been found during the excavations and,
moreover, only one 2nd-century copper coin is known from
nearby Haamstede. This suggests that the coins apparently
stayed in the coastal region and hardly ever penetrated the
hinterland, a situation that corresponds to the one on Walcheren. Although it is impossible to establish an exact date
for the arrival of the first Roman coins, it may be assumed
that traders began to frequent the coast in the course of the
2nd century, probably in increasing numbers. These were
the same people who visited Domburg, the merchants who
23 DeMan 1936, i.
24 Braat 1957, 84 ff.; Trimpe Burger 1958, 72-4.
The ,
71
started their sea voyages from this coast. Yet Westerschouwen appears to have had no share in Domburg's excessive
activity after 180. Perhaps Domburg had at this time, for
some reason or another, taken over the role of Westerschouwen with the result that ships stopped anchoring along the
coast of the northern island.
The years 260-273 show a striking resemblance on the
graphs of the series both from Domburg and Westerschouwen and make it clear that, together with Domburg and
Aardenburg, Westerschouwen was also influenced by the
same external circumstances.
Also in the case of Westerschouwen numismatic evidence
from the 4th century is too limited to warrant any definite
conclusions as to the history of the site during that period.
AARDENBURG
Inroduction
The town of Aardenburg is situated in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, only a few kilometres from the Dutch-Belgian frontier.
Since 1961, Mr J.A. Trimpe Burger of the State Archaeological Service in the Netherlands, has been directing excavations of the remains of a settlement from the Roman
period. Although excavation is still in progress, we have
been given permission to publish the coins that have been
found up to the end of 1966. Because, with very few exceptions, these come from all over the explored area, it may be
said that all of them must have circulated within the settlement, where they were finally lost or purposely buried.
Thus they may be assumed to present a fairly accurate picture of the coin circulation within the settlement.
As preface to the discussion of the coin complex a brief
summary is given of the results of the excavations up to
now; these have been published by Mr Trimpe Burger in
several preliminary reports 25 . First and foremost, vestiges
of a large building, with stones and fragments of painted
plaster belonging to it, have been found. The walls were of
stone and stood upon foundations of wooden piles 26 . Very
close to this apparently important building the remains
were discovered of a square building, identified as belong-
25 Trimpe Burger 1961, 1962, 1965, i966a, I966b, 19660, 1967.

26 Trimpe Burger 1961, 94, 128.
27 Trimpe Burger 1961, 244.
28 Trimpe Burger 1961, 147; 1962, 197.
29 Trimpe Burger 1961, 94, 128.
30 Trimpe Burger I966c, 228, afb. 8.
ing to a Gallo-Roman temple 27 ; traces were also uncovered

of some rectangular structures, but it is not clear what purpose they served 28 . Parts of a cobbled street and a wooden
well were also found in this area 29 . At a distance of 100-200
metres from this area another well has been excavated3",
and yet another important building with stone walls upon
foundations of wooden piles31. During the campaign of
1966, excavations were started in an area adjoining the one
explored in 1961-1962. Although excavations have been
carried out at various points within the settlement, little has
emerged as yet to indicate its actual extent or its general
form. Trimpe Burger has, however, tentatively suggested
that the place may have had a connection with the army32.
Apart from the architectural remains, many stray finds of
pottery and coins have been made. The pottery consists
mostly of local terra nigra-like ware, but also includes many
Roman terra sigillata sherds33, which appear to range in
date chiefly between 170 and 270 A.D.34.The earliest terra
sigillata sherd hitherto found at Aardenburg is dated to the
end of the ist century A.D.33.
It is the third category of finds, the coins, that claims our
primary interest. Single coins of stratigraphical importance
will not be discussed in this paper-that is more suitably
left to the final publication, when the stratigraphy of these
few coins can be handled with the other finds. There is no
reason, however, for supposing that the evidence from these
coins will greatly affect the conclusions based on the coins
alone. For the moment it is enough to say that most coins
were found in the Roman level. Apart from these, many
were found in disturbed ground or were found afterwards
in the excavated earth. The coins, therefore, are studied as
one complex and as such will be used to reconstruct the history of the site.
In principle there is no difference between the coin complex of Aardenburg and the stray coins from Domburg and
Westerschouwen. Although the latter do not come from
closed-off settlements, they also represent the monetary
situation on the sites. This makes it possible to compare the
Aardenburg coin series with the other ones. Up to the end
of 1966 a total of 462 coins had been found. These consist
of 264 stray coins and two hoards, called respectively Hoard
A (146 coins) and Hoard B (52 coins). These two hoards
31
32
33
34
35
Trimpe Burger
Trimpe Burger
Trimpe Burger
Trimpe Burg-er
Trimpe Burger
1965.
1961, 74, 147; I966c, 227,
1962, 82.
1961, 74, 94, 147; I966b, 73.
1962, 102.
must, of course, be distinguished from the stray coins and

be studied as separate entities. Most of the coins were very
badly preserved, which often made exact identification impossible, so that we have had to be content with an approximate dating. This applies particularly to the coins struck in
the years 268-273 >' many coins of that period have been
corroded to such an extent that it is now impossible to attribute them to any specific emperor. Of the barbarous coins
as many as possible are illustrated to permit comparison
with other barbarous types elsewhere.
Stray coins
When the composition of the Aardenburg coin complex is
examined, one sees a striking difference between it and the
previously discussed coin series from Zeeland, although all
of them cover the same period. Whereas at Domburg and
Westerschouwen ist- and 2nd-century silver coins far outnumbered copper ones, the Aardenburg complex is made
up almost exclusively of copper coins. There is only one
plated denarius present dating from about 100 A.D., four
Severan denarii, and thirteen antoniniani containing a high
percentage of silver from the years 235-260. Once again
it is interesting to make a comparison with evidence from
the various Roman castella from which coin series have
been published, namely, Vechten castellum, abandoned
about 240: AE 2229 and AR i64 3 6 ; Valkenburg, chiefly active during the ist century: AE 84 and AR 2 3 7 ; Arentsburg,
also abandoned about 240: AE 146 and AR 63 38 ; Nijmegen:
AE 174 and AR 9 from several campaigns between 1951I96339. As seen from the discussion of the Domburg coin
series, this evidence agrees with that presented by the stray
coins from North Brabant and the northern provinces. The
conclusion may be drawn, therefore, that the coin complex
from Aardenburg represents normal everyday coin circulation. If the graph of the coin series (fig. 5) is now compared with those of the coins from other regions, one might
expect that, the similarities and differences existing between
them would lead to some conclusions regarding the internal
history of the settlement. It is a pity that insufficient data
are available for the area around Aardenburg and the adjacent countryside of West Flanders, with which the settlement must have been in close contact; on the other hand
we are fortunate in having evidence fairly near at hand in
North Brabant.
36 Jongkees 1950, 6, 10 and la,
37
38
Gerritsen 1948-53, 166.

Jong'kees 1950, 13.
Just as at Domburg, two peaks can also be distinguished in

the graph of Aardenburg, the years 69211 and 253273.
In the first period the bulk of the coins is concentrated in
117-180, while in the second one the really large numbers
of coins only appear after 260. The years 211-253 present a
rather irregular and interrupted picture, while those before
69 and after 273 show hardly any coins at all.The years 69211 will be discussed first. Comparison of the Aardenburg
graph with that of North Brabant shows that in the latter
the years 54-180 are clearly marked by one block of
coins which has almost the same density throughout the
entire period. Only in 161180 is a peak reached which surpasses the level of the previous years.The years before 54
are less well represented, although they still show a considerable number of Augustan and a smaller number of
Republican coins, types extremely rare at Aardenburg. An
almost identical trend is shown by the graph of the De Bekker collection, in which the years 68-180 form one block of
coins preceded by smaller numbers in the years 14-68. In
the coin graph for the northern provinces large coin numbers occur in the years ioo~i8o.The province of Friesland
particularly produces a peak in 161-180, and this is repeated in the graphs for Groningen and Drenthe. It has been
argued by Van Es that most of the coins did not, in fact,
arrive in the north before the second half of the 2nd century 40 . In North Brabant, on the other hand, Roman coins
had certainly begun to arrive at an earlier date and large
quantities can be assumed to have circulated there as early
as the end of the first century A.D.
The differences between the graphs of the coin series from
North Brabant and Aardenburg are obvious. The Aardenburg graph also shows large coin numbers at approximately
the same period as at North Brabant, but the curve, particularly after 117, indicates a continuous increase. It is evident
that the absence of large coin numbers before that date
must have been caused by local circumstances; this can
probably be explained by the fact that the settlement was
then not yet in a position to take an active part in the kind
of coin circulation that existed in North Brabant. It seems,
therefore, that the settlement was either newly established
at a certain moment or suddenly inhabited by people who
used money.
According to the standard article by Gebhardt a.o., in
which the interpretation of Roman hoards and coin complexes from settlements is discussed, it may be assumed as
39
40
According to our own count.

Van Es 1960, 49.
73
AARDENBURG
Fig. 5 Graph of the coin series from Aardenburg; see general note on p. 97
74
JOH.S, B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
a working hypothesis that the foundation of a settlement

more or less coincides with a peak in the graph of its coin
series41. This is due to the slow spread of the coins retarding- the arrival on the spot of newly issued coins in any
considerable numbers. This theory has been applied by
Christ to the coin series from the Roman castella in the
state of Baden-Wurttemberg in south-western Germany 42 .
The graphs of the coin series of two of them, the castella of
Jagsthausen and Osterburken, show in the beginning of
their curve a remarkable similarity to that of Aardenburg,
and the conclusions that Christ has drawn from them are
therefore of particular interest43.
In the graph of Jagsthausen (fig. 6) the years 68-211 form
an entity, preceded and followed only by insignificant relative coin numbers.Within this period 138-180 present a
peak with a considerable increase of coins during the foregoing years. The graph of Osterburken (fig. 7) follows a
very similar pattern. Here also the relative coin numbers
rise after 117, but the peak is confined to 161-180. Christ
is of the opinion that both castella were founded about 155
as part of the frontier defences44. They were, therefore,
occupied when their graphs had either reached a top as at
Jagsthausen or was immediately followed by a top as at
Osterburken. The presence of large numbers of Hadrianic
coins in both castella is explained by the fact that these
coins only became completely integrated into the coin
circulation during the reign of Antoninus Pius, although
Christ leaves the possibility open that these large numbers
may partly have been due also to some activity in the camps
before the coins were in full use 45 .
It is interesting to look for a moment at the Roman castella
in the Netherlands in order to compare the foundation dates
established by means of the architectural and ceramic evidence with their coin series. The graph of Vechten 46 shows
large relative coin numbers between 27 B.C.-177 A.D. with a
peak in 68-98.The years before and after that peak are far
less well represented. The coin numbers from the Augustan
and Tiberian periods show only slight differences. Jongkees47 gives the campaign of Drusus in 12 B.C. as the date at
which the castellum was founded, which means that habitation of the place coincides with the increase of the coin
numbers.
The graph of Arentsburg shows large relative coin numbers between 96-180. Another peak occurs in 69-79, however. Holwerda 48 puts the foundation about 84 and bases
this date on the presence of tiles that were made, according
to their stamps, before 89, but Jongkees proposes an earlier
date of between 69-7949. This is not quite what one would
have expected from the coin series taken alone, which suggests rather that the castellum was not founded until the
appearance of the large relative numbers at the beginning
of the 2nd century. A solution is perhaps provided by Holwerda's assumption that the castellum was founded by Batavian cohorts; this would explain the many coins of Vespasianus, but the decline in coin numbers after 79 would
indicate that the place was not fully occupied until the beginning of the next century.The Valkenburg graph50 shows
a peak in 37-68 and a foundation date in 42 has recently
been proposed by Glasbergen51. It remains to be seen, however, whether the coins indeed admit such an accurate dating52.
None of these castella can help in establishing the foundation date of Aardenburg, and the only evidence is to be
found in the two castella in Germany. A comparison shows
clearly that the Aardenburg settlement cannot have been
founded or begun to be romanized before about 155. Moreover, the difference between the coin numbers before and
after 117 is even more marked here than in the German
castella and suggests a still later date; this would be in
accordance with the ceramic evidence, which, as has been
seen, chiefly covers the period 170-270. It is tempting to
look for some historical event to which the activity at Aardenburg could be attributed. And indeed textual sources
produce one: the Historia Augusta tells how Didius Julianus, during his governorship of the provincia Belgica from
172-174, repelled the Chauci with the aid of native auxiliary troops 53 . The tribe of the Chauci lived between the rivers
Elbe and Ems in northern Germany, but it is generally assumed that it must have invaded the Scheldt district from
the sea at that time54.The various hoards from this period
that have been found along the rivers Scheldt and Lys and
the many villas that have been sacked throughout Belgium
41 Gebhardt a.o. 1956, 51 ff.
Bogaers 1960-1, 303 note 231.

49 Jongkees 1950, 25.
50 Gerritsen 1948-53, fig. 58.
51 Glasbergen 1965-6.
52 Cf. Van Es 1967, Stelling xi.
53 Historia Aiigusta,Vita Didii luliani i, 6-9 (Byvanck I93147,1, no. 365).
54 Byvanck 1943, i, 294; lately Van Es 1967, 536-7.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Christ 1960, i, 39 ff.

Christ 1960,1, 126 ff.
Christ 1960,1, 122,
Christ 1960, i, 128,
Jongkees 1950, 145.
Jongkees 1950, 16,
Holwerda 1923, 153-4.This date has also been accepted by
75
J O H . S . B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
are evidence that the Chauci penetrated far inland 55 . The

fact that the emperor afterwards recommended Didius Julianus for the consulate is another indication that the invasion
must have constituted a real danger. All this strongly suggests that the sudden activity at Aardenburg was connected
with the military operations in the area. Trimpe Burger
himself expresses the view that Aardenburg was probably
part of the coastal defence system set up at this time to cope
with the barbarian invasions56, an opinion fully confirmed
by the numismatic evidence. Even if the settlement was not
founded at that time it must at least have been an important
military station having both a protective and a preventive
function. Aardenburg's position not far from the sea, with
which it directly communicated by means of a small river,
gave it command of the sea-roads and the river traffic.
No very clear picture emerges of the history of the settlement during the next decades. Coin numbers fall sharply in
180, and again in 193.Then, apart from a complete blank
in 211-218, they remain constant until 235. The years 235253 present a very irregular picture. In the North Brabant
coin graph coin numbers fall sharply after 180 as well, after
which it remains the same until 235, and again a break
occurs between 211218.The larger number of copper coins
present in the De Bekker collection causes its graphs to expand again as early as 218. Also the coin graphs for the
northern provinces show a strong decline in 180, and again
in 193. Moreover, a number of hoards from the end of the
2nd century are known, most of them found in the north.
All this is witness of a decline in the coin circulation after
180, which may have been partly due to unrest along the
frontiers of the Empire at that time. The Aardenburg coin
series can be said to follow the conditions of the period and,
accordingly, its small relative coin numbers for 180-235
should not be explained as having been caused by purely
local circumstances. However, the low numbers in the years
2
35~ 2 53 ma y perhaps be seen as indicating less activity
there than elsewhere; the North Brabant graph shows a
peak in 235-249 (235-253 for the De Bekker collection).
Neither should one reach the hasty conclusion from the
Aardenburg graph that the coin circulation there between
193 and 253 consisted exclusively of late denarii and antoniniani. Beside these coins many 2nd-century copper coins
must have been in use, as is shown by their presence in the
two settlement hoards dated to about 273, the second hoard
especially containing a considerable number of them.
The years 253-273 represent a second peak in the coin
55 Van Gansbeke 195 5, 11, fig-456 Trimpe Burger 1960-1, 201; i966b, 73-4.
57 Van Gansbeke 1952, 7 ff.; 1955, ii ff., figs. 5-8.
graph of Aardenburg. This same peak occurs at Domburg

and Westerschouwen, while this period is also well represented in the graphs of the North Brabant coins.
Some differences, however, can be noticed. The North Brabant graphs expand more gradually after 253, whereas the
Zeeland ones suddenly show large relative coin numbers
after 260. Only at Westerschouwen does the expansion set
in as soon as 253. Moreover, the North Brabant graphs do
not produce such an enormous peak as is characteristic for
those of Zeeland. In other words, the pattern of the coin
circulation on the coast must have differed from that in the
interior; it appears that after 260 there was greater activity
in the coastal area than in North Brabant. The reason for
this can perhaps be found by examining the evidence of the
hoards of this period discovered in Belgium, which have
been studied by Van Gansbeke57.
The presence of several hoards dated to 258-262 in the area
of the rivers Scheldt and Lys shows that the coast of West
Flanders had been invaded at that time and that the invaders, probably Frankish pirates, penetrated the interior
by way of the rivers. Hoard finds stop in Flanders from 262
until Postumus' death in 269, when they begin again58. Apparently after Postumus had been acclaimed emperor in
260 he took immediate steps to build a defensive sea-line in
order to prevent the enemy from overrunning the country.
The absence of hoards after 262 supports this. The special
attention given to the expansion of the fleet is reflected by
the reverse representations of several coins issued during
the first years of his reign59. In this historical setting the
sudden increase of coins at Aardenburg after 260 can be
justifiably explained: the settlement was incorporated in
Postumus' coastal defence system and garrisoned by his
troops. With this in mind it is reasonable to assume that the
increased activity at Domburg and Westerschouwen may
also have had its origin in the measures taken by Postumus.
The presence of his fleet in those waters could well have
accounted for it. The coin series from all three sites show
that Roman activity did not end immediately on Postumus'
death but continued under his successors until 273, when
Roman contacts with Zeeland ceased abruptly.
There is a remarkable parallel between Postumus' defence
policy and the one followed by the emperors Maximianus
Herculius and Constantius Chlorus at the end of the 3rd
century - they, too, were compelled to develop a coastal
defence system. This system, known as the Litus Saxonicum, consisted of a chain of castella along the coast. One of
58 Van Gansbeke 1955,13.
59 Van Gansbeke 1952, n ff.
JAGSTHAUSEN
EXEMPLARE PRO
REGIERUNGSJAHR
3-
2-
1-
1 14 3 7 4 1 5 4 6 8 7 9 9 6
-i,,, ... ,i- i - ,-n,l, "1-1 np r .
117 138 161 180192 211 217 235 268 284 306 324 337360378 n.Ch r
Fig. 6 Graph of the coin series from the castellum of Jagsthausen. After Christ 1960, v, graph no. 8; see general note on p. 97
OSTERBURKEN
E X E M P L A R E PRO
4- R E G I E R U N G S J A H R
3-
14
54 68
1
96
117
138
161180192211217235244268
306
360n.Chr.
Fig. 7 Graph of the coin series from the castellum of Osterburken, After Christ 1960, v, graph no. ii; see general note on
p. 97
77
jo H , S . B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
them was the castellum at Oudenburg in West Flanders,

not far from Aardenburg 60 .The complete absence of any
coins from this period at Aardenburg leads to the assumption that a decision was taken at the time not to rebuild the
violently destroyed camp on the same site, but to abandon
it and withdraw the frontier somewhat further to the south.
Also the initial stages of the sea transgression may have
had something to do with this decision. Accordingly Aardenburg's role was taken over by Oudenburg.
Before discussing the events leading to the disappearance
of Roman influence in Zeeland, the two hoards that were
found at Aardenburg will be discussed; together with the
stray coins there and on the coast they give a clear picture
of the situation in Zeeland at that time.
The hoards
Hoard A was found in 1962 amid the traces of the rectangular structures near the large stone establishment and the
Gallo-Roman temple. Although the coins had been scattered and were found dispersed over a small area, they had
undoubtedly belonged together originally. No container has
been found which could have contained the coins of either
hoard. Hoard A is composed as follows:
M. Aurelius
Before 238
Gordianus ill
Before 250
Before 260
Gallienus
After 260
Before 268
Postumus
Claudius ii
Divo Claudio
Tetricus i-n
Victorinus or Tetricus
sest.
dup.
den.
dup. /as
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
sest.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
Divo Claudio
Victorinus
Tetricus in
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
i
i
i
i
i
9
8
i
2
I
8
4
19
38
3
i
26
19
49
Total
78
Hoard B was found in 1966 in terrain next to the area explored in 1961-1962. In this case also the coins were found
dispersed over a small area. The hoard is composed as follows:
97
BARBAROUS COINS
The hoard consists of 146 coins, almost exclusively antoniniani, and covers a period from Marcus Aurelius up to the
Tetrici. Four fifths of it consist of recent coins struck in the
years 268273 > only seven coins date from before 260. The
coinage of Postumus is only represented by two antoniniani
and one sestertius, but this is usual in hoards of this period
and can be explained by the fact that Postumus' antoniniani
were of a better alloy than those of Gallienus (253268) and
consequently were rapidly driven out of circulation by the
latter61. Apart from these coins only one denarius, three
2nd- and two 3rd-century copper coins are present. The
presence of 2nd-century copper coins has already been mentioned. These coins are found also in other hoards from the
latter part of the 3rd century and are evidence that they
were in current use after 26o 62 .
Almost one third of the coins has been identified as barbarous imitations made between 268-273; the imitations
were issued by some local mint and circulated along with
the official coinage.
146
Domitianus
Hadrianus
Hadrianus
or Antonine emperors
Ant. Pius
M. Aurelius
Antonine emperors
Sev. Alexander
Valerianus
259-273
Gallienus
Postumus
Claudius ii
Victorinus
Tetricus i-n
Unidentified
sest.
sest.
sest.
den.
sest.
sest.
sest.
dup.
ant.
ant.
ant.
sest.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
i
2
I
I
3
3
i
i
i
6
i
i
i
2
9
ii
2
47
60 Mertens 1962, 51 ff.

61 Giard 1961, 163-5.
62 Thirion 1960, 110 f f.
JOH.S. E O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
BARBAROUS COINS
Tetricus i
Total
ant.
ant.
52
The hoard consists of 52 coins and covers a period from

Domitianus up to the Tetrici. Three fifths of the coins were
struck in the years 268-273, while about one quarter of them
dates from before 260. Barbarous imitations form almost
one tenth of the total number of coins, far less than the
percentage present in Hoard A. Yet the composition of both
hoards is basically the same: both are composed of recent
coins, official as well as barbarous ones, mixed with earlier
copper coins. The two hoards from Aardenburg-and, if
the 4th-century coins are not counted, the coin series of
stray coins from Aardenburg, Domburg, and Westerschouwen as well-close with coins of the two Tetrici, whose reign
ended in 2738S. No coins of Aurelianus (270-275) or Probus
(276-282) are present; therefore the hoards can be classified
among those hoards that are mainly composed of coins
struck by Victorinus and the Tetrici but which contain few
or none of Postumus and Aurelianus 64 . Coins of Aurelianus, in fact, only succeeded in becoming part of the coin
circulation in Gaul after the defeat of the Tetrici in 273.
The absence of coins of Probus dates the hoards to between
the years 273 and 276. Remarkably enough no other hoard
from these years is known from the adjacent country of
West Flanders. Instead all hoards from the years 270-273
discovered so far in Belgium come from the south-eastern
part of the country, thus proving that invasions were restricted to that region. One hoard is known, however, from
Vught in the province of North Brabant; it was found in
1962 and consists of 4778 antoniniani covering a period
from Gallienus up to Aurelianus 65 . There are 68 coins of
Aurelianus present, which points to a somewhat later date
for the burial of the hoard than for those in Aardenburg.
It was probably hidden about 275 and can be put in the
context of the Prankish invasions of 275-276. It may be
assumed, therefore, that in Zeeland the coin supply stopped at an earlier date than in the interior and may have
been due primarily to local circumstances. This assumption
63 For the chronology of the period see Lafaurie 1964.
64 Thirion 1960, 2 i i .
65 Kanters 1965-6.
is, in fact, confirmed by textual sources from about 300.

These state that Prankish, Frisian, and Chamave tribes had
invaded the Scheldt district and been repelled by the emperors Constantius Chlorus and Maximianus Herculius 66 .
According to De Boone" these tribes must have invaded the
country from the sea, which completely agrees with the
numismatic evidence. It must have been they who cut short
Roman influence in Zeeland, whereas the interior was
overrun shortly afterwards by Prankish tribes crossing the
Rhine.
Just as at Domburg and Westerschouwen, some 4th-century coins have also been found at Aardenburg. There are
only very few of them in contrast to the coin series from
North Brabant, which presents considerable numbers of
4th-century coins. Although some activity may have continued at the site after 300, Roman influence evidently
never succeeded in reasserting itself.
Finally, a summary is given of all the evidence yielded by
the coin series from Zeeland together with the results obtained from it. It can be concluded that there are no traces
of any regular coin circulation along the coast of Zeeland
during the Roman period. The coin series from Domburg
and Westerschouwen differ (not only in composition but
also in graphic representation) from those of other areas and
settlements. The presence of these coins must be attributed
to the ships plying for trade, departing or arriving at this
coast for their cross-channel journeys. The majority of coins
struck before 235 arrived and got lost at Domburg during
the years from about 180 until 235, coinciding with the
period when activity in the Nehalennia sanctuary was at its
greatest. Commercial shipping along the Westerschouwen
coast should perhaps be dated somewhat earlier.
The Aardenburg coin series has quite a different character
from those on the coast. They do represent the actual coin
circulation of the period as it is also found elsewhere. The
date the settlement was founded or occupied can be established within relatively narrow limits by comparing its coin
series with those from the Roman castella of Jagsthausen
and Osterburken in south-western Germany, which both
date from the mid-second century. From this it appears
that Aardenburg must have been occupied slightly later.
A date of about 172174 suggests itself. At that time Chauci
invasions of the Scheldt district made the Roman countermeasures effected by the governor Didius Julianus neces66 De Boone 1954, 15 and 31.
67 De Boone 1954, 44 ff.
79
j o H.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
sary.The occupation or fortification of Aardenburg as protection of the hinterland may have been part of the measures. If this were so it could follow that the increase in activity proved to have occurred in Domburg at about the
same time was not accidental. Traders began paying frequent visits there, profiting from the military protection
enjoyed by the region.
After 260 the entire Zeeland coast was included in Postumus' defence system. The coin series from the coast as well
as that from Aardenburg attest to military activity in the
province at that time. Roman influence was, however, broken off abruptly about 273 when the country was overrun
by Franks and Frisians, who invaded the country by sea,
occupied the coast, and sacked Aardenburg. When at the
end of the 3rd century the Romans took the offensive
against them, the frontier defences were transferred to the
south, and Zeeland appears to have been left to its fate. The
commencement of the transgression period, which basically
changed the physical geography of the region, must have
been an important reason for the Roman withdrawal.
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my thanks in the first place to the director
of the State Archaeological Service in the Netherlands,
Professor W.A. van Es, who granted me access to the coin
complex from Aardenburg. I am also deeply grateful to
Mr J.A,Trimpe Burger, leader of the Aardenburg excavations, for the kindness with which he complied with my
request to be allowed to publish the coins and for the continuous support he gave me during the preparation of this
article.
My thanks are further due to the director of the Zeeuws
Museum at Middelburg, Dr P.K. van Daalen, who so generously gave me the run of the museum's coin collection, and
to the assistant-curator, Miss A.A. van der Poel, who answered my many questions. I thank Messrs M. Kegel at Aardenburg and A. Minderhout at Middelburg for their permission to publish the find coins in their possession, and
my colleague Miss G. van der Meer for helping me correct
the list of coins.
It would have been impossible to have identified all the
coins but for the work already done by Professor A.N. Zadoks-Josephus Jitta and the assistance of Mr J. Evers, to
both of whom I am greatly indebted.
Finally many thanks are due to Mr H.J. Bloklander and
Mr W.A. van der Sluijs (both ROB), who made the drawings
for this article, and Mrs P.M. Daendels-Wilson, who improved the English text.
80
ABBREVIATIONS
BJ
BROB
JMP
JNG
JVT
NKNOB
NZ
OML, N.R.
RBN
RN
TMP
ZT
Bonner Jahrbiicher.
Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek.
Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde.
Jahrbuch fur Numismatik und Geldgeschichte.
Jaarverslag van de Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek.
Nieuwsbulletin van de Koninklijke Nederlandse
Oudheidkundige Bond.
Numismatische Zeitschrift.
Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden, Nieuwe Reeks.
Revue beige de numismatique.
Revue numismatique.
Tijdschrift voor Munt- en Penningkunde.
Zeeuws Tijdschrift.
REFERENCES
Bast, J. de, 1804: Recueil d'antiquites romaines et gauloises, trouvees dans la Flandre proprement dite, avec designation des lieux
oil elles ont ete decouvertes, Gand.
Bennema, J., & K. van der Meer 1952: De bodemkartering van
Wa/c/zeraz,Wageningen(De bodemkartering van Nederland, 12).
Gansbeke, P. van, 1955: Les tresors monetaires d'epoque romaine

en Belgique, RBN 101, 5-44.
Gebhardt, H., K. Kraft, H. Kuthmann, P.R. Franke & H. Christ
1956: Bemerkungen zur kritischen Neuaufname der Fundmunzen
der romischen Zeit inDeutschland, JNG 7, 971.
Gerritsen, J., 1948-53: Romeinse munten van Valkenburg Z.H.,
JVT 33-7, 166-79.
Boersma, J.S., 1963: De Romeinse muntvondsten in de provincie

Noord-Brabant, JMP 50, 1-75.
Giard, J.B., 1961: Le tresor de Clamecy, RN, 6e ser., 3, 163-77.
Bogaers, J.E., 1955: De Gallo-Romeinse tempels te Elst in de

Over-Betnwe, 's-Gravenhage.
Glasbergen, W., 1965-6: 42 n.C.; het eerste jaartal in de geschiedenis van West-Nederland, Jaarb, Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.,
102121 (offprint, 120).
Bogaers, J.E., 1960-1: Civitas en stad van de Bataven en Canninefaten, BROB 10i, 263317.
Bogaers, J.E., 1966: Opgravingen te Cuijk, 1964-1966, NKNOB,
65-72. Cf. Nianaga 13. 113-26; Brabants Heem 18, 122-36.
Boone, W.J. de, 1954: De Franken van hun eerste optreden lot de
dood van Childerik, Amsterdam.
Braat, W.C., 1957: Brabers; een inheemse nederzetting uit de
Romeinse tijd op Schouwen, OML, N.R., 38, 84-90,
Hahl, L., 1937: Zur Stilentwicklung der provinzialromischen

Plastik in Germanien und Gallien, Darmstadt.
Hill, P.V., & J.P.C. Kent 1960: Late Roman Bronze Coinage A.D.
324-498, i: The Bronze Coinage of the House of Constantine A.D.
324-346, London.
Holwerda, J.H., 1923: Arentsburg; een Romeinsch militair vlootstation bij Voorburg, Leiden.
Brack, G., 1961: Die spdtromische Kupferprdgung, Graz,
Hondius-Crone, Ada, 1955: The Temple of Nehalennia at Domburg, Amsterdam.
Byvanck, A.W., 1931-47: Excerpta Romano; de bronnen der Romeinsche geschiedenis van Nederland, iHI, 's-Gravenhage.
Jongkees, J.H., 1950: De Romeinsche muntvondsten van Vechten

en Arentsburg, JMP 37, 1-26.
Byvanck, A.W., 1943: Nederland in den Romeinschen tijd, i-n,

Leiden.
Carson, R.A.G., & J.P.C. Kent 1960: Late Roman Bronze Coinage
A.D. 324498, n: Bronze Roman Imperial Coinage of the Later
Empire A.D. 346-498, London.
Christ, K., 1960: Antike Miinzfunde siidwestdeutschlands, iv,
Heidelberg (Vestigia 3/1-11).
Cohen, H., 1880: Description hislorique des monnaies; medailles imperiales, i- , Paris.
Elmer, G., 1941: Die Munzpragung der gallischen Kaiser in KSln,
Trier und Mailand, BJ 146, 1-106.
Kanters, H.J., 1965-6: De Romeinse muntschat van Vught (Valerianus- Aurelianus), JMP 52-3, 73 ss. (in the press).
Lafaurie, J., 1964: La chronologie des empereurs gaulois, RN, 6e
ser., 6, 91-217.
Man, M.G.A. de, 1907: Catalogus der numismatische verzameling van het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen, Middelburg.
Man, M.G.A. de, 1936: De munten, tot nu toe op en in het strand
bij Domburg gevonden, etc., Archief Zeeuwsch Genootsch. Wetensch., 115.
Es, W.A. van, 1960: De Romeinse muntvondsten uit de drie noordelijke provincies; een periodisering der relaties, Groningen.
Mattingly, H., 1923-....: Coins of the Roman Empire in The

British Museum, I , London.
Es, W.A. van, 1967: Wijster; a Native Village beyond the Imperial Frontier, Groningen. Also in: Palaeohistoria ii, 1967.
Mattingly, H., & E.A. Sydenham 1923rial Coinage, i , London.
Fokker, A.H.G., 1869: Catalogus der penningen en munten in het

kabinet van het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen, Middelburg.
Mertens, J., 1962: Oudenburg et le Litus Saxonicum en Belgique,

Helinium 2, 5162.
Gansbeke, P van, 1952: Les invasions germaniques en Gaule sous

le regne de Postume (259-268) et le temoignage des monnaies,
8, 5-30.
: The Roman Impe-
Pons, L.J., S. Jelgersma, A.J. Wiggers & J.D. de Jong 1963: Evolution of the Netherlands Coastal Area during the Holocene,
Verh. Kon, Ned. Geol.-Mijnbomvk. Genootsch., Geol. ser., 21, pt.
2, 197-208.
81
Rethaan Macare, C.A., 1838: Verhandeling over de bij Domburg

gevonden . .. munten, Middelburg.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE LIST OF COINS
aes in and iv
Rethaan Macare, C.A., 1856: Tweede verhandeling over de bij

Domburg gevonden .. . munten, Middelburg.
Robertson, A.S., 1956: The Numismatic Evidence of RomanoBritish Coin Hoards, in: R.A.G. Carson & C.H.V. Sutherland
(ed.), Essays in Roman Coinage presented to H. Mattingly, London, 26285.
Sluijs, P. van der, G.G.L. Steur & I. Ovaa 1965: De bodem van
Zeeland, Wageningen.
Smallegange, M., 1696: Chronyk van Zeeland, Middelburg.
Steur, G.G.L., & I. Ovaa 1960: Afzettingen uit de Pre-Romeinse
transgressieperiode en hun verband met de loop van de Schelde
inMidden-Zeeland, Geologis en mijnbouw 39, 671-78.
Sydenham, E.A., 1952: The Coinage of the Roman Republic,
London.
Thirion, M., 1960: Les tresors de sesterces d'Elverdinge et de
Werken, REN 106, 81-198.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., 1958: Het Oudheidkundig bodemonderzoek
in Zeeland, 778,68-78, 117-28.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., 19601: Beknopt overzicht van het Oudheidkundig bodemonderzoek in het Deltagebied, BROB 10i, 195209.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., 1961: Aardenburg, NKNOB, 74, 93-4, 128,
147-8, 207, 244.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., 1962: Aardenburg, NKNOB, 68, 82, 102,
164-5, 197-8.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., 1965: Aardenburg, NKNOB, 108, 138-9.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., ig66a: Aardenburg, NKNOB, 74, 89.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., I966b: Romeinse tijd, ZT, 16, 73-4.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., ig66c: Archeologisch nieuws uit Zeeland
over het jaar 1966, ZT 16, 2248.
Trimpe Burger, J.A., 1967: Aardenburg, NKNOB, 91.
Voetter, O., 1921: Die Miinzen von Diocletianus bis Romulus;
Katalog P. Gerin, Wien.
82
Copper coins with diameters of c. 15 and ii mm.

Fourth-century copper coins are usually indicated by their sizes, i.e. i, H, HI, iv, as no unanimity has as yet been reached about their ancient
names (cf. Bruck 1961, p. xm).
ant.
Antoninianus.
DeBast
De Bast 1804.
BMC
Mattingly 1923- .
CK
Carson & Kent 1960.
Cohen
Cohen 1880 .
den.
Denarius.
dup.
Dupondius.
Elmer
Elmer 1941.
Exc. in
Byvanck 1931-47, m.
Fokker
Fokker 1869.
HK
Hill & Kent 1960.
H.Cr.
Hondius-Crone 1955.
1.
Left.
Mac. I and H
Rethaan Macare 1838 and 1856.
De Man
De Man 1907.
NZ
Numismatische Zeitschrift.
obv.
Obverse.
quin.
Quinarius.
rev.
Reverse.
RIG
Mattingly & Sydenham 1923- .
RRC
Sydenham 1952.
sest.
Sestertius.
Smallegange
Smallegange 1696.
stg.
Standing,
TMP
Tijdschrift voor Munt- en Penningkunde.
Verslag
Jaarverslagen van het Zeeuwsch Genootschap
der Wetenschappen (Annual Reports of the
Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen).
Verslag Leiden Verslag van het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te
Leiden (Annual Reports of the Rijksmuseum
van Oudheden at Leiden).
Voetter
Voetter 1921.
Z.M.
Zeeuws Museum, Middelburg.
indicates that no data are available,

*
indicates that the coin in question has not been
included in the graph.
List of coins
AARDENBURG
Stray coins
AUGUSTUS (27 B.C.-I4 A.D/
before 14 A.D.?
as
dup. or as
obv. Augustus?, (62Q 282) l

- cut (62-g 260) (pi. xxi: i)
as or dup.
obv. Divus Augustus rev. altar, RIG p. 95, 6 (62Q 384)
as or dup.
as
obv. Divus Augustus?, - (61-0 215) *

obv. Nero or Hadrianus, (620 423)
as
- (62-0. 277)
sest.
as
as
sest.
- (61-0 139)
rev. stg. figure, - (62-Q 358)
- (62-Q 492)
obv. Domitianus?, - (6i-Q Sb 7)
as
as
sest.
den.
sest.
sest.
- (62-0 423) *
- cut (62-2 423) *
-2 pieces (65-Gf 43)
- plated (66-H 50) *
- (6i-Q 133) *
- fragment (6i-Q 215) *
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
as
rev. Pax seated?, - (61-0 152)

BMC 793 ff- (62-Q 423)
RIG 651 (62-Q 442)
- (no registration number, found 1955 near the St. Bavo Church 2 )
obv. Traianus?, (61Q 247)
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
dup.
as
dup.
dup.
- (62-Q 306)
rev. emperor with personification, (62-Q 389)
rev. stg. figure, (61o 139, 620 439, 66H 12)
- (6i-Q 13, 131, 181, 62-0 251, 259, 344, 399,404,437)
- (66-H 65)
rev. seated figure, (62o 2643)
obv. Hadrianus or Traianus rev. Fortuna seated, - (62-Q 396)
obv. idem, - (62-Q 326)
sest.
dup.
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest,
sest.
dup. or as
as
rev. Concordia stg., BMC 1232 ff. (623 384)

BMC 1330? (6i-Q 119)
obv. M. Aurelius, RIG 1231 (61Q 71)
obv. Diva Faustina i, BMC 1487 or 1585 (61Q2i8)
obv. idem, BMC 1519 ff.? (61Q 139)
obv. idem rev.stg. figure,- (6i-Q 139, 62-Q 405)
obv. idem, (66H 56)
obv. idem, (62Q 404)
obv. idem, - (no registration number)
TIBERIUS (14-37)
after 22
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
VESPASTANUS (69-79)
DOMITIANUS (81-96)
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
ist century
ist century?
end ist-beginning2nd century
2nd century
TRAIANUS (98-117)
98-104?
IO4III
II4-II7
HADRIANUS (117-138)
II7-I2I
ANTONINUS PIUS (138-161)
140-143 or 144
140144
after 141
1 The numbers within brackets are the registration numbers of

the coins.
2 In the Museum at Aardenburg.
sest.
sest.
rev. Salus stg., BMC 1651? (6i-Q 177)

BMC 1829 (62-0414)
dup.
RIG 9O9 (62-Q 264)
sest.
den.
sest.
sest.
as
sest.

- plated (66-H 129)
rev. Salus stg., (62Q 404)
rev. stg. figure, - (6i-Q 119, 62-Q 393, 397, 496, 66-H ii, no registration number,
found 1955 near the St. Bavo Church 2 )
- (62-Q 423)
obv. Antoninus Pius?, - (62-Q 387)
dup.
sest.
sest.
sest.
dup. or as
sest.
as
sest.
sest.
dup. or as
dup. or as
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
sest.
RIG 839? (no registration number, found at Aardenburg 2 )

obv. Faustina ii, BMC 914 ff. (6i-Q 71)
obv. idem, BMC 1584 ff. (62-Q 417)
obv. idem, - (62-3 394, 439, 442, 495, 66-H 32)
obv. idem, - (62-0 384)
obv. Faustina n or Lucilla rev.stg. figure, - (6i-Q 191)
obv. and rev. idem, (66H 157)
obv. Lucilla, cf. BMC 1164 (61Q 215)
obv. idem, (no registration number, found 1955 near the St. Bavo Church 2 )
obv. idem, RIG 1761 (6i-Q 150)
obv. Lucilla or Faustina n rev. Pietas stg. at altar, (62Q 2643)
BMC 1289 ff.? (6i-Q 127)
BMC 1351 or 1376 (6i-Q 92, 2i4a)
RIG 1003 ff. (62-Q 340)
cf. BMC 1483 (6i-Q 71)
cf. BMC 1416 (62-Q 436)
rev. Mars stg.?, - (62-Q 395)
obv. M. Aurelius or L. Verus rev. seated figure, - (66-H 153)
- (-found at Aardenburg 1891, Verslag Leiden, 1890-1, p. 29 andExc. in p. 155)
obv. M. Aurelius?, - (62-0 423,446, 66-H 62)
180-183
sest.
sest.
obv. Divus M. Aurelius, BMC 389 (6i-Q 91)

obv. Crispina, BMC 412 ff. (62-Q 384)
188-189
sest.
RIC 529 (62-Q 446)
den.
sest.
sest.
- plated or barbarous ant. of Tetricus (62-Q 423)

rev. stg. figure with cornucopiae and?, (62-Q 492)
- (62-Q 419)
2nd century
2nd century
dup. or as
copper
2nd century?
copper
fragments (62-Q 267) *

obv. 2nd century emperor rev. serpent, struck in Moesia, Macedonia or Thracia,
(6i-Q 139) *(pl.xxi: 2)
- (62-Q 384) *
sest.
den.
BMC 469-470? (6i-Q 104)

obv. lulia Domna, RIC 580 (62-Q 372)
sest.
RIG 451 (62-Q 320) (pi. xxi: 3)
den.
(66-H 10)
den.
sest.
obv. lulia Mamaea, RIG 343 (62-Q 438)

obv. lulia Mamaea rev. seated figure, (62-Q 493)
144?
148-149
152-153
158-159
MARCUS AURELIUS (l6l180)

161162?
161-176
l64 ff.
165-166
168170
I70-I7I
173-174
COMMODUS (180-192)
180
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS ( l 9 3 ~ 2 I l )
193
I96-2II
CARACALLA (198-211)
2IO
ELAGABALUS (218-222)
SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222-235)
c. 223
GORDIANUS III (238-244)
ant.
sest.
rev. stg. figure with cornucopiae and ?,-plated (66-H 158)

ant.
obv. Herennia Etruscilla, RIC 56 (62-Q 423)
ant.
ant.
ant.?
ant.
-(62-0358,423)3
rev, stg. figure, - (62-Q 414) (>
-(62-Q 394) s
- (6i-Q 201, 62-g 297, 423) 3
ant,
ant.
ant.
obv. Gallienus, Rome, RIC 159, NZ 74 (1951), p. 21 (6i-Q 139)

obv. Valerianus n, Rome. RIC 15, NZ 74 (1951), P- 22 (62-Q 442)
obv. Salonina, Cologne, RIC 70, Elmer 62 (62Q 423)
ant.
- (62-Q 440)
ant.
sest.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant,
ant.
sest,
dup.
dup.
dup. or as
as
as
as?
as
copper
Lyons, RIC 64, Elmer n8a (620 423)

Cologne, cf. RIC 106 ff. (6i-Q 71)
Cologne, RIG 67, Elmer 299 (62-Q 494)
Cologne, RIC 323, Elmer 337 (62-Q 423)
Cologne, RIG 329, Elmer 382-383 (62-Q 494)
-broken (62-0 394)
- fused together with another ant. probably also of Postumus (62-Q 404)
- (6i-Q 119, 66-H 104)
-nowmissing (62-Q 493)
- (no registration number, found 1955 near the St. Bavo Church 2 , 61-0 215, 62-Q 297,
315, 320, 66-H 117)
- (62-Q 392)
-pierced (66-H in)
(61Q 119, 62-Q 392)
- (6i-Q 93, 155)
-barbarous? (62-Q 276)
- (62-Q 360)
obv. Postumus?, (6i-Q 132)
obv. Postumus?, - (62-Q 139)
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Securitas seated, now missing (62Q 358)

rev, figure with cornucopiae stg. at altar, - (62-Q 440)
- (62-Q 423)
ant.
rev. altar,-barbarous? (62-0231)
ant.
RIG 57 (62-0 268)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. Tetricus I rev. Spes, - (62-Q 495)

obv. idem, rev. stg. figure, (61-0 93)
obv. idem, - (62-0 251, 359, 379, 392, 423)
obv. idem.-rev. pontifical implements,-barbarous? (6i-Q 134)
obv. Tetricus ii, RIC 270-1 (62-Q 320, 384)
obv. idem, RIG 255 ff. (6i-Q 71)
obv. idem, RIG 247 (66-H 115)
TRAIANUS DECIUS (249-251)
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
about 250
235-253
after 250
before 260
VALERIANUS-GALLIENUS (253259)
254
256
257
GALLIENUS (259268)
POSTUMUS (260-269)
260?
260-261?
26l?
263?
CLAUDIUS II (268-269)
DIVO CLAUDIO (269 f f . )
VICTORINUS (269-271)
TETRICUS I and n (271-273)
3 Indicated in the graph by a blank space.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. idem, (66H 117)

obv. Tetricus ii?, - (6i-Q 93)
obv. idem rev. Laetitia?, barbarous? (61Q 71)
obv. idem, barbarous? (620 419)
obv. Tetricus rev. Spes, - (66-H 117)
obv. Tetricus? rev. stg. figure, (61Q 215)
obv. idem, - (6i-Q 128)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Laetitia, - (62-0 392)

rev. stg. figure, broken (62Q 495)
rev. idem, (62Q 313, 394)
- (6i-Q 93), - fragments (61-0 119), - (6i-Q 134), - (62-Q 284), - 2 pieces, of which
one in fragments (62-0 297), - (62-Q 315, 320, 325, 347), - 2 pieces (62-Q 358), (62-0 359), - 6 pieces (62-0 384), - (62-0 396), - 10 pieces (62-0 423), - (62-0
440), - 2 pieces (62-0 494), - (66-H 25), - 2 pieces (66-H 117), (66-H 165), barbarous? 2 pieces (62-Q 423)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Providentia?, - (62-0 359)

- (66-H 113)
- 2 pieces (62-0 423) *
-(62-0423)*
- (6i-Q 93, 139) *, - fragment (6i-Q 215) *, -fragments (62-Q 302) *
- (6i-Q 2i4b) *, -3 pieces (62-0 495) *
- fragments (6i-Q 71) *
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS (269-273)
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
260-273
after 260
before 268
3rd century
3rd century?
copper
end 3rd4th century
CONSTANTINUS I and sons (307-341)
335341
aes in
rev. two soldiers with two standards, - (62-0 246)
MAGNENTIUS (350-353)
351-353
aes I
obv. Decentius?, Trier TRP> CK 6263 (no inventory number, found 1960 near the
river Ee 4 )
aes iv
aes iv
obv. Arcadius or Honorius, (6i-Q 139)

rev. SALVS REIPVBLICAE, 2 pieces (61Q 139)
rev. figure stg. at altar, - (62-Q 384) *
- (62-0 261) *
fragments (6i-Q 150, 66H 101) *
unidentified (62Q 404, 66-H 118) *
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
388-395
388-402
4th century
copper
copper
copper
Barbarous coins
CLAUDIUS
ant.
DIVO CLAUDIO
ant.
rev. altar, - (6i-Q 71) (pl.xxi: 5)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant,
ant.
obv. Tetricus I rev. Pax?, (620 423)

obv. idem rev. stg. figure with double cornucopiae, (620 423)
obv. idem, 2 pieces (61Q 139), (620 440)
obv. idem, - or plated den. of Commodus, - (62-Q 423)
obv. Tetricus u rev. Spes, - (620 423)
obv. Tetricus H (?) rev. stg. figure, - (66H 23)
obv. idem, (61Q 248)
obv. idem, (62Q 396, 493)
obv. Tetricus i or n, - (66-H 150)
obv. Tetricus? rev. Pax, (61Q 119)
obv. idem, (6i-Q 139)
ant.
-2 pieces (62-Q 320),- (62-0 384, 423, 66-H 28, 33, 35,101, 114, 123)
TETRICIUS I and H
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS
4 In the Kegel collection.
86
C O I N S F R O M A A R D E N B U R G : the Kegel collection5

REPUBLIC
82-81?
den.
C. Mamilius Limitanus?, RRC 741?
as
obv. Augustus or Tiberius, Lyons, RIC p. 91, 360 ff.
sest.
sest,
obv. M. Aurelius rev. stg. figure, rev. stg. figure,
den.
obv. lulia Paula?, cf. BMC pi. 92, 12
AUGUSTUS (27 B.C.-I4 A.D.)

IO B.C.-II A.D.
I54l6l
ELAGABALUS (218-222)
den.
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
after 260
ant.
VICTORINUS (269271)
ant.
rev. Aequitas stg., cf. RIC 40
aes in
obv. Constantinus ii?, cf. HK49
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. Claudius II? rev. stg. figure,

rev. Spes,
5 pieces
sest.
sest.
obv. Faustina n rev. seated figure, - (62-Q 334b)

obv. Lucilla rev. seated figure, (62-0 335)
den.
-(62-03343)
as or dup.
-(62-Q 334b)
ant.
ant.
rev. emperor stg.?, - broken (62-0 33od)

- (62-0 330)
ant.
ant.
ant,
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
Rome E, RIG 177 (62-0 334b)

Rome N, MC 245 (62-0 334b)
Rome, RIC 282 (62-0 3340)
obv. Salonina, Rome, RIC 14 (62Q 335)
RIG 230? (62-0 334b)
rev. Spes,-(62-0 334b)
rev. Victoria, - (62-0 335)
obv. Salonina rev. stg. figure,- (62-0 335)
obv. Gallienus or Claudius n rev. figure walking L, (62Q 334c)
ant.
ant.
8 pieces (62-0 3 340)

- (62-0 334b)
CONSTANTINUS I (307-337)
330-335
Barbarous coins
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
268-273
H O A R D A6
MARCUS AURELIUS (l6l-l8o)
161176
164 ff.
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
before 238
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
before 250
before 260
GALLIENUS (259-268)
267-268
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
after 260
before 268
5 According to the owner, Mr. N. Kegel of Aardenburg, these

coins were found at Aardenburg. Exact find-spots and circum-
stances are unknown. The coins have not been included in the
graph of the Aardenburg coin series.
6 No graphs have been drawn of the hoards from Aardenburg.
POSTUMUS (260-269)
260
ant.
ant.
sest.
Cologne, RIC 59, Elmer 133 (62-0 334c)

rev. stg. figure, - (62-0 335)
-(62-Q334c)
CLAUDIUS H (268-269)
DIVO CLAUDIO (269
RIC 52 (62-0 379)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Felicitas, (620 334b)

rev. stg. figure, - (62-Q 334b, 334c)
-(62-0330,3340,335)
ant.
ant.
rev. altar, 2 pieces (62Q 334c)

rev. eagle, - (62-0 334b, 335)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. Tetricus I, Cologne, RIC 100103, Elmer 771 or 775 (620 33od)
obv. idem, Trier, RIC 126127, Elmer 788 (62-0 335)
obv. idem, Trier, RIG 129, Elmer 788 but without serpent (620 334b)
obv. idem, - 4 pieces, of which one broken (62-0 334b)
obv. idem, barbarous?, 3 pieces (620 334c)
obv. Tetricus I?, (620 334c)
obv. Tetricus n, RIG 270-271, 2 pieces (62-0 334c)
obv. idem, RIG 270-271 (62-0 335)
obv. idem - (62-0 334b, 334c)
obv. idem rev. stg. figure, -barbarous? (62-0 334c)
ant.
ant.

3 pieces (62-0 330), 5 pieces (620 33od), 2 pieces (620 334a), 8 pieces (62Q 334b),-3 pieces (62-0 334c),- 13 pieces (62-0 335),-2 pieces (62-0 363)
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. altar, (62-0 334c)

rev. eagle, - (62-0 335)
- (62-0 3343)
ant.
- (62-Q
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. Tetricus I rev. Pax,- (62-0 334b)

obv. and rev. idem, 2 pieces (620 3340)
obv. idem rev. Pax, - (62-Q 334b) (pi. XXI: 6)
obv. idem rev. Sol, (62 Q 334c) (pi. xxi: 7)
obv. idem: - (62-0 330) (pi. xxi: 8), -4 pieces (62-Q 334b), - 6 pieces (62-0 334c)
(62-0 335)
obv. Tetricus n rev. Hilaritas,- (62-0 33od) (pi. xxi: 9)
obv. idem rev. Pax, broken (62-0 334c)
obv. idem rev. Spes, 2 pieces (62-0 334b)
obv. and rev. idem, (620 334c) (pi. xxi: 10)
obv. Tetricus n? rev. Spes?, (620 33od)
obv. Tetricus?, - (62-0 330)
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Salus or Laetitia, - (62-0 335) (pi. xxi: n)

rev. stg. figure,- (62-Q 33od)
- 2 pieces (62-0 3343), -9 pieces (62-0 334b), - (62-0 3340), - 6 pieces (62-0 335)
cf. RIG IO2 (62-Q
334C)
ff.)

273
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS (269273)
Barbarous coins
DIVO CLAUDIO
VICTORINUS
TETRICUS I ANn II
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS
88
JOH.S, B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
In view of their find-spots, the following coins probably also belong to the hoard.
MARCUS AURELIUS (161180)
TETRICUS i and H (271-273)

273
dup.
- (62-Q 328)
ant.
ant.
obv. Tetricus I, Trier, RIG 79?, Elmer 789? (62-0 367)

obv. Tetricus n, RIG 270-271 (62-0 390)
ant.
- (62-0 379)
ant.
ant.
- (62-0 328)
obv. Tetricus? - (62-0 390)
Barbarous coins
TETRICUS I
HOARD B
DOMITIANUS (81-96)
sest.
- (66-H 151)
sest.
- 2 pieces (66-H 151, 154)
HADRIANUS (117-138)
HADRIANUS Or ANTONINES (117-192)
sest.
- (66-H 151)
den.
sest.
obv. M. Aurelius, RIG 468 (66-H 151)

rev. female figure stg., 3 pieces (66H 151)
sest.
sest.
sest.
- (66-H 151)
obv. Faustina H rev. female figure stg. with sceptre,- (66-H 151)
obv. M. Aurelius?,- (66-H 151)
sest.
- (66-H 151)
dup.
RIG 485? (66-H 151)
ant,
Milan, RIC 248 (66-H 151)
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. stg. figure, - (66-H 154)

- (66-H 151)
4 pieces in fragments (66-H 151)
ant.
rev. cf. RIG 178 (66H 151)
sest.
Cologne, RIG 148, Elmer 246 (66-H 154) (pi. xxi: 4)
ant.
- (66-H 151)
ant.
ant.
v+
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. Tetricus I rev. Spes, (66H 151)

obv. idem rev. stg. figure.- (66-H 154)
obv. idem,-(66-H 151)
obv. idem, 2 pieces (66H 154)
obv, Tetricus n, 2 pieces (66H 151)
obv. idem, (66H 154)
obv. Tetricus?, - (66-H 151)

155-156
MARCUS AURELIUS (161-180)
ANTONINES (138-192)
SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222235)

228?
VALERIANUS (253-259)
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
259-273
GALLIENUS (259-268)
POSTUMUS (260-269)
260
CLAUDIUS II (268269)
269
, RIG 85, Elmer 651 (66-H 151)

rev. Virtus,- (66-H 151)
TETRICUS i and ii (271-273)
J O H . S . - B O E R S MA / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
269-273?
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Virtus, - (66-H 151)

-4 pieces (66-H 151),-(66-H 154)
barbarous? 3 pieces (66H 151)
- (66-H 154)
- fragment (66-H 151)
ant.
rev. Spes,-2 pieces (66-H 151)
ant.
- (66-H 151),-2 pieces (66-H 154)
copper
unidentified 2 pieces (66H 151)
Barbarous coins
TETRICUS i
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
DOMBURG7
CELTIC?
- 9 pieces (-found 1788, Mac. 1,8)!t

REPUBLIC
125-120
den.
IOO-97
den.
C. 84?
den.
68
den.
den.
den.
55
32-31
L. Postumius Albinus, RRC472 (found 1799, De Man, p. 213; Mac. I, pi. I no. I; H.Cr.,
p. 94 no. i)
P. Vettius Sabinus, RRC 587 (found 1799, De Man, p. 213; Mac. I, pi. i no. 2; H.Cr.
p. 94no.2)
2 pieces ( Smallegange, p. 85. One of the coins could be identified perhaps as a
den. of Mn. Fonteius, RRC 724 in Z.M.)
Manius Aquillius, RRC 798 (coll. Boogaert)
Lepidus-Libo, RRC 927-928 (- Smallegange, p. 85)
M. Antonius, RRC 1212 ff. (found 1799, De Man, p. 213; Mac. i, pi. i no. 3; H.Cr.
p. 94 no. 3)
AUGUSTUS (27 B.C.-I4 A.D.]
copper
quin.
- (-De Man, p. 214. = Augustus, as struck in Lyons, RIG 364, in Z.M.?)

cf. RIC 647 ff. Imitation in pewter from the time.
as
obv. Germanicus, RIG 46-47 (coll. Minderhout)
sest.
RIG 69 ( Verslag, 1920, p. xxxxi)
dup.
RIG 301 ff. (coll. Minderhout)
den.
RIG 143 (De Man, p. 214 with obv. Ceres; Mac. n, p. 9 no. i)
den.
den.
RIG 3 (- found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. i)

- (- Smallegange, p. 85)
den.
den.
den.
RIC 9 (found 1894)

RIG 49 (found 1799, De Man, p. 214; Mac. I, pi. i no. 5; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 5)
rev. seated figure, - (found 1799, De Man, p. 214; Mac. i, pi. i no. 4; H.Cr. p. 94
no. 4 where identified as Vitellius)
obv. Vespasianus or Titus, (found 1837, De Man, p. 214 where identified as
Vespasianus)
CALIGULA (37-41)
CLAUDIUS (4154)
NERO (5468)
GALBA (68-69)
VITELLIUS (69)
VESPASIANUS (6979)
69-71
72-73
den.
7 All coins from Domburg are in the Zeeuws Museum at Middelburg unless otherwise indicated.
90
jo H.s. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
DOMITIANUS (81-96)
90-91
93-94
95
den.
den.
den.
dup.
RIG 152 (found 1799, DeMan, p. 214)

RIC 175 (found 1799, De Man, p. 214)
RIG 186 (found 1799, De Man, p. 214; Mac. I, pi. i no. 6; H.Cr,, p. 94 no. 6)
(Verslag, 1914, p. xxm)
- (- found 1780, Mac. i, p. 9)
ELAVIANS (69-96)
den.
TRAIANUS (98117)
IO3III
den.
den.
den.
sest.
RIC 128 (found 1799, De Man, p. 215)

RIG 147 b (found 1799, De Man, p. 215)
RIC 187 ff. (found 1799, DeMan, p. 215; Mac. I, pi. i no. 7; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 7)
RIC 480 (- found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 2)
den.
den.
den.
den.
den.
RIC 94 (found 1799, De Man, p. 215; Mac. n, p. 9 no. 2)

RIC 206 (found 1799, DeMan, p. 215; Mac. i, pi. i no. 8; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 8)
RIG 233 ff. (- found 1788, Mac. I, p. 7)
RIC 241 (found 1837, De Man, p. 215; cf. Mac. i, p. 12)
RIC 345 (- Fokker, no. 367, possibly identical with the coin mentioned by De Man,
TMP 7(1899), pi. 6, i)
- (-DeMan, p. 215)
- cut (-Verslag, 1912, p. x)
HADRIANUS (117-138)
II9-I22
132-134
134-138
den.
sest.
ANTONINUS PIUS (138
139
139-141
den.
den.
140-143
after 141
den.
den.
145-161
den.
den.
RIC 40 (found 1799, De Man, p. 216)

obv. Faustina i, RIC 335 (-Mac. n, p. 9 no. 4; De Man, p. 216. The obv. VOTA SVSCEPTA
mentioned by De Man belongs to the den. of Ant. Pius, RIC 294b, Cohen 360, mentioned by De Man on the same page.)
RIC 6t (found 1837, De Man, p. 215; Mac. I, p. 35)
obv. Diva Faustina i rev. stg. figure, - (found 1837, De Man, p. 216; Mac. i, pi. i no.
10; H.Cr., p 94 no. 10 where identified as BMC 1959)
RIC 230 (De Man, p, 216, erroneously with obv. Vesta; Mac. i, pi. i no. 9; H.Cr., p.
94 no. 9, both with obv. Annona)
RIG is6b (De Man, p. 216; Mac. H, p. 9 no. 3)
obv. Antoninus Pius?, - ( Verslag, 1920, p. xxi)
161 ff.
162-163
den.
den.
den.
den.
den.
den.
sest.
obv. Divus Antoninus Pius, RIC 441 (coll. Boogaert)

RIG 70 (found 1837, DeMan, p. 216; Mac. i, pi. i no. n; H.Cr., p. 94 no. n)
obv. Faustina Augusta, - (- Smallegange, p. 85)
obv. Faustina or Lucilla rev. female figure stg., - (cf. Mac. n, p. 9, den. Faustina
without description)
- (found 1836, cf. Mac. I, p. ii)
obv. Faustina n, - (- Verslag 1920, p. xxi, = M. Aurelius sest. obv. Faustina n, - in
Z.M.?)
COMMODUS (180-192)
I8 5
188-189
I9O
I9I-I92
den.
den.
sest.
den.
den.
den.
den.
den.
RIC 139 (De Man, p. 217)

RIC 175 or 188 (found 1835, De Man, p. 217; cf. Mac. i, p. n)
RIC 561 (- Verslag 1920, p. xxi where attributed to M. Aurelius)
RIC 251 (found 1835, cf. Mac. I, p. n)
RIC 255 (found 1799, DeMan, p. 216: Mac. i, pi. i,no. 12; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 12)
cf. RIC 67 (found 1836, cf. Mac. I, p. ii)
rev. stg. figure, - (-De Man, p. 217)
rev. seated figure,- (-DeMan, p. 217)
den.
sest.
2 pieces ( De Man, p. 217, one of which is possibly identical with a den. of

Commodus, in the Z.M.)
- cut (-DeMan, p. 217)
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS (193-211) and CARACALLA (198-211)
194
194-195
196-198?
den.
den.
den.
196-211
,,
198-200
den.
den.
den.
,,
den.
den.
200
202
den.
den.
den.
den.
obv. Sept. Severus rev. BMC 73 (- found 1647, Mac. I, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 3)
obv. Sept. Severus, RIG49 (found 1799, DeMan, p. 217)
obv. Caracalla, RIC 13 (b) (found 1799, De Man, p. 218; Mac. I, pi. i no. 15; H.Cr.,
p. 94 no. 15 where identified as RIG 329)
obv. lulia Domna, RIC 548 (DeMan, p. 218; Mac. n, p. 9 no. 5)
obv. idem, RIG 580 (De Man, p. 218; Mac. I, pi. i no. 14; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 14)
obv. Sept. Severus, RIC I33a (found 1838, De Man, p. 217; Mac. I, pi. I no. 13;
H.Cr., p. 94 no. 13)
obv. idem, RIC 142 (found 1836, DeMan, p. 217; Mac. i, p. ii)
obv. Caracalla, RIC 30 (found 1799, De Man, p. 217-8 where identified as
Elagabalus; Mac. i, pi. i no. 16; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 16)
obv. Sept. Severus, RIG 176 ( found 1647, Mac, i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 4)
obv. idem rev. seated figure, - (found 1834)
obv. Caracalla rev. Caesar stg., - (coll. Boogaert)
obv. lulia Domna rev. seated Concordia?,(coll. Minderhout)
CARACALLA (211-217)
211
den.
den.
den.
213-217
den.
2 IO-213
BMC 87-89 (- De Man, p. 216 where identified as Antoninus Pius rev. Mars)
obv. Divus Sept. Severus, RIG 191? ( found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 5)
obv. idem, - (- Smallegange, p. 85 according to whom the coin is similar to the
previous one)
rev. BMC 68 ff. (found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 6)
ELAGABALUS (218222)
den.
RIG 241 (- formerly in coll. Boogaert, but now missing)
222-228
228-231
den.
den.
RIG 182 (found 1836 according to a note on the cardboard holder containing the
coin, cf. Mac. i, p. ii, but found in 1780 according to Mac. I, p. 9; De Man, p. 218
where identified as Elagabalus den., Cohen 215)
RIG 187 (found 1799, De Man, p. 218; Mac. I, pi. i no. 17; H.Cr., p. 94 no. 17)
obv. Severus Alexander?, 2 pieces
den.
den.
RIG 13 (-found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 7)

RIG 14 (De Man, p. 218)
ant.
RIC 166 (formerly in coll, Boogaert, but now missing)
ant.
rev. seated figure, -
ant.
ant.
Cologne, RIC 56, Elmer 332 ( found 1647, Mac. I, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 8)
Cologne, RIC 327, Elmer 418 ( found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 9)
tetradr.
Alexandria, - (coll. Minderhout; found at Domburg?) *
ant.
obv. Divus Postumus, (found 1647, Mac. i, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 10)
ant.
Cologne, RIC 71, Elmer 679 (-found 1647, Mac. I, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93, no. n)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
Trier, RIC 68, cf. Elmer 784 (-found 1647, Mac. I, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 12)
Cologne, RIG 100, Elmer 771 ( found 1647, Mac. I, p. 4; H.Cr., p. 93 no. 13)
- (- De Man, 218, = Tetricus n ant, rev. Spes, - barbarous in Z.M.? (pi. xxi: 12)
rev. Spes, 2 pieces
den.
MAXIMINUS I (235-238)
235-236
VOLUSIANUS (252-253)
GALLIENUS (253-268)
POSTUMUS (260269)
262?
265?
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
c. 260
MARIUS (269?)
VICTORINUS (269271)
270?
TETRICUS I (271273)
271?
273
92
ant.
ant.
rev. stg. figure, 7 pieces
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
286-311
3rd4th century
4th century
after 383
4th century?
sest.
follis
aes iv
aes HI
aes iv
aes iv
- (- Verslag, 1920, xxi) *

rev. Genius stg., Heraclea HT , - (coll. Minderhout)
- 2 p. *
rev. emperor stg., - (coll. Minderhout) :*

2 pieces *
Barbarous coins
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS
ant.
-4 pieces
end 3rd4th century
aes iv
4th century
aes iv
rev. falling horseman, *
Constantius H or Magnentius
aes iv
rev. falling horseman, Magnentius or Decentius
aes iv
rev. two Victories with shield, Lyons, - (coll. Boogaert) *
end 4th century
aes iv
In view of the appearance and state of preservation of the following coins in the Zeeuws Museum, it may be presumed that they, too,
were found on the coast. 8
VESPASIANUS (6979)
69-70
den.
BMC 35 ff.
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
ist2nd century
138-193
181-193?
den.
den.
den.
obv. Antonine emperor rev. stg. figure,

obv. Commodus?,
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS and CARACALLA (193-211)
den.
den.
den.
den.
den.
obv. Sept. Severus rev. Minerva,

obv. Sept. Severus rev. emperor on horse,
obv. Sept. Severus, obv. lulia Domna,
obv. Geta,
ant.
RIC 26ob
CARACALLA (211-217)
215
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
beginning 3rd century
den.
den.
obv. Elagabalus or Sev. Alexander,
ant.
ant.
rev. seated figure,

rev. female figure stg,, -
ant.
rev. Providentia?, -
CLAUDIUS H (268-269)
TETRICUS I (271273)
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. Salus, - barbarous?

barbarous?
MAXIMIANUS HERCULIUS (286-305)?
ant.
rev. Pax, -
8 These coins have not been included in the graph of the Domburg coin series.
93
CONSTANTINUS i and sons (307c. 320

330-335
330-337
330-341
aes in
aes m
aes in
aes HI
aes HI
aes in
rev. two Victories at altar, rev. two soldiers with two standards, 2 pieces
obv. Constantinus H rev. idem,
obv. Urbs Roma, 2 pieces
rev. two soldiers with one standard, obv. Constantinus n rev. two soldiers with one standard, -barbarous?
ant.
copper
ant.
copper
aes in
aes iv
aes iv
aes ii
aes m
aes iv
3 pieces
2 pieces
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
250-275
250-275?
3rd century?
3rd-4th century
first half 4th century
c. 350
350-353
369-378?
383-395
Barbarous coins
2 pieces
obv. Magnentius or Decentius, cf. CK 56 ff.

obv. Valens? rev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE, 2 pieces
rev. SALVS REIPVBLICAE, - 3 pieces
CLAUDIUS II
ant.
DIVO CLAUDIO
ant.
rev. altar,
ant.
8 pieces
aes in
aes m
rev. two soldiers with one standard,

rev. falling horseman, -
den.
as
M. Aemilius Scaurus, RRC 912 (coll. Hubregtse)

Cn. Pompeius Magnus, cf. RRC 1040 (coll. Hubregtse)
sest.
RIG 127 ff. (found 1933, coll. Hubregtse)
den.
den.
den.
obv. Domitianus, RIC 241

rev. seated figure,
rev. pontifical implements, (coll. Hubregtse)
den.
- now missing (mentioned in museum inventory. Perhaps Nerva den. 96, RIC 4, or
den. end ist-beginning 2nd century, both in Z.M.)
den.
den.
den.
RIC 116 (found 1933, coll. Hubregtse)

BMC 626 (found 1933, coll. Hubregtse)
rev. seated male figure, -
den.
RIG 183
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS
CONSTANTIUS II
WESTERSCHOUWEN9
REPUBLIC
58
46-45?
NERO (54-68)
VESPASIANUS (69-79)
77-78
NERVA (96-98)
TRAIANUS (98-117)
IO3III
116
HADRIANUS (117-138)
125-128
9 All coins from Westerschouwen are in the Zeeuws Museum at

Middelburg unless otherwise indicated.
94
after 141
den.
den.
den.
sest.
rev. Aequitas, rev. stg. figure, obv. Faustina n rev. seated figure,
obv. Diva Faustina I, RIC 1118 (found in the centre of Haamstede; coll. Hubregtse)
den.
den.
den.
as
obv. M. Aurelius or L. Verus,

obv. Faustina n rev. stg. figure,
obv. idem,
obv. Commodus, (coll. Hubregtse)
sest.
obv. Crispina, now missing (mentioned in the museum inventory, from. coll.
Hubregtse)
- (coll. Hubregtse)
before 176
COMMODUS (180-192)
sest.
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
2nd century
2nd3rd century
MACRINUS (217-218)
den.
den.
obv. Antonines?,*
den.
obv. Diadumenianus, RIC 116 (coll. Hubregtse)
den.
den.
den.
den.
BMC 638 (found 1934, coll. Hubregtse)

obv. lulia Mamaea, RIC 343 (coll. Hubregtse)
rev. stg. figure,
cf. RIG p. 88, 235, contemporary forgery (coll. Hubregtse)
ant.
- (coll. Hubregtse) *
sest.
now missing (mentioned in the museum inventory, coll. Hubregtse)
sest.
- now missing (mentioned in the museum inventory, coll. Hubregtse)
ant.
ant.
ant.
RIG 9, 86 (both coll. Hubregtse)

RIG 267, 280, cf. 585 (all three coll. Hubregtse)
ant.
ant.
- (Exc. m, p. 153, coll. Hubregtse; cannot now be traced)

- (- found during the restoration of the castle of Haamstede, Exc. m, p. 153) *
ant.
RIC 157, cf. RIC 104 (the latter coll. Hubregtse)
ant.
RIC 118 (coll. Hubregtse)
ant.
ant.
ant.
obv. Tetricus i, cf. RIG 100 (coll. Hubregtse)

obv. Tetricus I? rev. stg. figure, barbarous?
obv. Tetricus n, - (coll. Huhregtse)
ant.
ant.
ant.
ant.
rev. stg. figure, - 2 pieces (one specimen coll. Hubregtse)

8 pieces (seven pieces coll. Hubregtse)
2 pieces barbarous?
- (coll. Hubregtse)
SEVERUS ALEXANDER (222235)

230
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
after 238
TRAIANUS DECIUS (249-251)
TREBONIANUS GALLUS (251-253)
GALLIENUS (253-268)
253-259
259-268
POSTUMUS (260-269)
CLAUDIUS II (268-269)
268-273?
DIOCLETIANUS (284-305)
- (Exc. m, p. 153, coll. Hubregtse; cannot now be traced)

CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS (293306)
follis
rev. Genius stg., -
95
CONSTANTINUS I (307-337)
T F
313-315
330-335
CONSTANTINUS i and sons

335-341
aes m
aes HI
aes m
Trier - , RIC 48 (coll. Hubregtse)

PTR
obv. Urbs Roma, Trier HK 85 (coll. Hubregtse)
obv. idem, cf . HK 5 1
obv. Constantinopolis, cf. HK 52 2 pieces (of which one coll. Hubregtse)
aes m
aes iv
aes iv
obv. Constantinus H, Trier, cf. HK 88

obv. Constans rev. Securitas stg., Rome, (coll. Hubregtse)
obv. Constantines,
follis
IULIANUS (360-363)?
(Exc. in, p. 153, coll. Hubregtse; cannot now be traced)

GRATIANUS (367-383)
rev. Victory with wreath and palm,
367-378
EMPEROR UNKNOWN
3rd century
3rd4th century
end 4th5th century
ant.
aes m
aes IH-IV
aes HI-IV
aes iv
aes iv
copper
(mentioned in the museum inventory, coll, Hubregtse) *

- 3 pieces (coll. Hubregtse) *
- 5 fragments (coll. Hubregtse) *
- barbarous? (coll. Hubregtse) *
(coll. Hubregtse) *
- (coll. Hubregtse) *
- 15 pieces of which three so-called middle bronzes (- mentioned in the museum
inventory, coll. Hubregtse) *
ant.
2 pieces
Barbarous coins
VICTORINUS-TETRICUS
CONSTANTINES
rev. two soldiers with one standard, 2 pieces

aes iv
obv. Constantius n rev. falling horseman, *
aes iv
rev. falling horseman? - (coll. Hubregtse) *
aes iv
Some coins in the Zeeuws Museum acquired from the Hubregtse collection with other probable provenances
copper
10 pieces
Greece
copper
Egypt, Ptolemaeus v
BMC 77
cf. RRC 108
Republic
uncia
half uncia
- 2 pieces
Republic
ant.
RIC 56, 283
Gallienus
RIC 92 1
Probus
ant.
ant.
Cohen 12
Constantius Chlorus
Cyzicus, Voetter 21
follis
Galerius
Siscia, Voetter 17
Licinius
follis
Valentinianus
aes m
Siscia, RIG ija xxxvm
-
Single finds from the rest of Zeeland10

BRESKENS
HADRIANUS (117-138)
134-138
sest.
RIC 913 ff. (-DeBast,p. 173;DeMan TMP-/ (1899), p. 153;Exc. m,p. 155)
sest.
obv. Divus Antoninus Pius, RIC 1269 or 1271 (- De Bast, p. 173-4; Exc. HI, p. 155)
sest.
rev. Spes? (private collection, found in 1964)
MARCUS AURELIUS ( l 6 l l8o)
THOLEN
TRAIANUS (98-117)
10 No graph has been drawn of the stray coins from the rest of
Zeeland.
96
VALKENISSE
KOUDEKERKE
sest.
- (- found 1921 on the ground of the farm-house Taauwenburg' near Koudekerke,

Verslag, 1923, xn)
dup.
RIC 12 (-found in the shallows of the so-called 'drowned land' of Reimerswaal,

DeMan, p, 184-5 and DeMan, TMP 12 (1904), p. 20: Exc. m, p. 153)
YERSEKE
REIMERSWAAL
DIDIUS IULIANUS (l93)
YERSEKENDAM
VESPASIANUS (69-79)
77-78
- (-Verslag, 1932, xin. Probably Vespasianus as, RIC 758 or 763 in the Z.M)
GENERAL NOTE ON THE GRAPHS

The graphs of the coin series from Domburg, Westerschouwen,
and Aardenburg show the relative coin numbers present of each
Roman emperor and for the Republican period of twenty years
each. Time is indicated on the vertical and the early relative
individual coin numbers on the horizontal line. The graphs of the
coin series from the castella of Jagsthausen and Osterburken show
time on the horizontal and the relative coin numbers on the vertical line.
97
JOH.S. B O E R S M A
Ib
/ The roman coins from the province of Zeeland
2b
3b
5b
6a
6b
4b
7b
9a
9b
12b
lOb
Coins from Aardenburg

1 a-b. Cut dupondius or as, struck before 14 A.D.? (62Q 260)
2 Copper coin, 2nd century A.D., struck in Moesia, Macedonia or
Thracia (6i-Q 139)
a Obv. bust of Roman emperor
b Rev. coiled serpent
3 Sestertius of Caracalla, struck in 210, RIC 451 (62Q 320)
a Obv. bust of Caracalla
b Rev. Victory erecting trophy, woman standing and captive
seated on the right
4 Sestertius of Postumus, struck in 260, RIC 148 (66H 154)
a Obv. bust of Postumus
b Rev. vessel
5 Barbarous antonini3nus (61Q 71)
a Obv. head of Divus Claudius ii
b Rev. alt3r
6 Barbarous antoninisnus (62-Q 334b)
a Obv. head of Tetricus I
b Rev. Pax standing
8b
7
a
b
8
a
b
9
3
b
10
a
b
11
Bsrbsrous sntoninianus (62-Q 334c)

Obv. head of Tetricus i
Rev. Sol standing
Barbsrous 3:ntoninianus (62-Q 330)
Obv. he3d of Tetricus i
Rev. illegible
Barb3rous antoninisnus (62-0 33od)
Obv. head of Tetricus u
Rev. Hilsritas standing
Barbarous antoninianus (62-Q 334c)
Obv. head of Tetricus n
Rev. Spes walking
Barbarous sntoninianus (62Q 335)
Rev. Salus or Laetitia standing
Coin from Domburg

12 Barbarous antonini3nus
a Obv. bust of Tetricus n
b Rev. Spes walking
PLATE XXI

The Roman Coins From The Province of Zeeland / Joh. S. Boersma

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The Roman Coins From The Province of Zeeland / Joh. S. Boersma

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Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor

het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek

Unless otherwise stated, the pottery is drawn to a scale of

BERICHTEN VAN DE RIJKSDIENST VOOR HET

Staatsuitgeverij 's-Gravenhage 1968

Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor

Grafische verzorging: Aart Verhoeven, 's-Gravenhage, en

A.V. Munaut, Etude paleo-ecologique d'un gisement

L.Th. Lehmann, Unusual beaker pottery from the

L.Th. Lehmann, New pot beakers from the Veluwe

R.S. Hulst. Two pottery groups from the Pre-roman

J.H.F. Bloemers, Ein romisches Vorratgefass aus

J.A. Brongers, Protohistoric worked human skull bone

W. van Zeist, Palynologisch onderzoek van een ringwalheuvel bij Eersel

P.J.R. Modderman, The Kattenberg and the 'De Paal'

Joh.S. Boersma, The romans coins from the province

Maria H.P. den Boesterd, Roman bronze vessels from

W.A. van Es, Late-roman pins from Xanten/Dodewaard and Asselt

A. Bruijn 8c W.A. van Es, Early medieval settlement

J.W. Boersma, Oudheidkundig bodemonderzoek in de

The roman coins

and Valkenburg on the Old Rhine, from the castellum of

jo H.s. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

Fig. 2 Zeeland in Early Subatlantic times 2300-2000 B.C. After

to Germany via the Rhine. Architectural and numismatic

Fig. 3 Location of coin finds

The first comprehensive survey of Roman coins found in

jo U.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

circulation before they got lost. Consequently the curve of

found in the Netherlands known from literary sources and

The best-known Roman coins from Zeeland were found on

6 Byvanck 1931-47, in, 153-4.

jo H.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

The earliest finds in the vicinity of the temple have already

The total number of available coins is 186, including the

12 Hondius-Crone 1955, 92 ff.

15 For Vechten and Arentsburg see Jongkees 1950, 123; for

JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

agreement with the supposition that the coins were left

18 Boersma 1963, 62.

19 Van Es 1960, fig. 2.

JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

impression of the variety of Roman coins that were to be

The coin series of Westerschouwen consists of coins found

In analysing the graph of the Westerschouwen coins (fig. 4)

24 Braat 1957, 84 ff.; Trimpe Burger 1958, 72-4.

JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

25 Trimpe Burger 1961, 1962, 1965, i966a, I966b, 19660, 1967.

ing to a Gallo-Roman temple 27 ; traces were also uncovered

JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

must, of course, be distinguished from the stray coins and

Gerritsen 1948-53, 166.

Just as at Domburg, two peaks can also be distinguished in

According to our own count.

JOH.S. B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

JOH.S, B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

a working hypothesis that the foundation of a settlement

41 Gebhardt a.o. 1956, 51 ff.

Bogaers 1960-1, 303 note 231.

Christ 1960, i, 39 ff.

J O H . S . B O E R S M A / The roman coins from the province of Zeeland

are evidence that the Chauci penetrated far inland 55 . The