Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
AIM
APPARATUS
DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE
The loading unit consists of a robust base. The main hydraulic piston is fitted in the
centre of the base. The lower table and the cross head assembly move up and down with
the main piston. The up and down movements of this assembly is guided by bearings
which slide over the screwed column. The jaw inserted for tensile test specimen along
with the rack jaws slide in the lower and upper cross head. Jaw locking handle is
provided to lock the jaw of the lower cross- head after the specimen is clamped. The
space between the lower table and the lower cross head is used for performing
compression, bend, shear and hardness tests. In any test the up and down motion of the
lower table and upper cross- head assembly performs the loading action. An elongation
scale is kept sliding on the rod which is fixed between the lower table and upper cross
head. The scale can slide on the rod.
The control panel consists of hydraulic power unit, load measuring unit and control
devices. The Hydraulic Power Unit consists of an oil pump driven by an electric motor
and a sump for the hydraulic oil. The pump is of the reciprocating type, having a set of
plungers which assures a continuous non-pulsating oil flow into the main cylinder for a
smooth application of the test load on the specimen. Hydraulic lines of the unit are of a
special design to enable them to perform various functions.
Dynamometer is unit which measures and indicates force coming on the specimen. It
has a small cylinder in which a piston moves in phase with the main piston under the
same oil pressure. A simple pendulum connected with this small piston by a pivot lever
thus deflects in accordance with the load on the specimen and the pivot ratio. This
deflection is transmitted to the load pointer which indicates the test load on the dial.
The pivot lever has four fulcrum knife-edges, giving four ranges of test load, (viz. 0-40
kN; 0-100 kN; 0-200 kN and 0-400 kN). The required range can be selected by just
turning a knob provided for the purpose. The overall accuracy of the machine depends
mainly on the accuracy of the measuring unit.
The control device includes the electric control devices, the hydraulic control devices and
the load indicating devices. The Electric Control Devices are in the form of four switches
set on the left side of the panel face. The upper and lower push switches are for moving
the lower cross-head up and down respectively. The remaining two are the ON and OFF
switches for the hydraulic pump.
The Hydraulic Control Devices are a pair of control valves set on the table of the control
panel. The right control valve is the inlet valve. It is a pressure compensated flow
control valve and has a built-in overload relief valve. If this valve is in the closed
position, while the hydraulic system is on, oil flows back into the sump. Opening of the
valve now, cause the oil to flow into the main cylinder in a continuous non-pulsating
manner. The left control valve is the return valve. If this valve is in the closed position,
the oil pumped into the main cylinder causes the main piston to move up. The specimen
resists this movement, as soon as it gets loaded up. Oil pressure inside the main
cylinder (and elsewhere in the line) then starts growing up until either the specimen
breaks or the load reaches the maximum value of the range selected. A slow opening of
this valve now causes the oil to drain back into the sump and the main piston to descent.
The Load indicating Devices consist of a range indicating dial placed behind a load
indicating dial. The former moves and sets itself to the range selected when the range
adjusting knob is turned. The load on the specimen at any stage is indicated by the load
pointer which moves over the load indicating dial and carries forward with it a dummy.
AIM
To study the behaviour of a timber beam under a point load and to find
i. The maximum deflection of the beam under loading.
ii. The maximum bending stress developed in the beam and
iii. The Youngs Modulus of elasticity of the material.
APPARATUS
Universal Testing Machine, Scale, Bending device.
SPECIMEN
Wooden beam of given dimension
THEORY AND PRINCIPLE
For a simply supported beam with central point load, the deflection under the load is
given by
Where
= applied load
= Moment of inertia
PROCEDURE
Perform the range calculation and select suitable range by turning the knob
provided on the right side of the control panel.
Place the specimen centrally on the lower table. (The greater cross sectional
dimension is considered as the depth of the specimen).
Using the cross head up and down switch in the control panel; allow the bending
device to just touch the specimen.
Once the needle in the dynamometer deflects, close right control valve.
Make zero correction using the arm provided on the left side of control panel.
Adjust the position of elongation scale in the loading unit so that pointer touches
zero in the scale.
Note the deflection corresponding to the applied load. Also note maximum load
and deflection.
= 15.2N/mm2
=5
= l5.2 5 =76N/mm2
Z
= I/y = bd2/6
= f Z = 76bd2/6
=WL/4
i.e;
=WL/4 = 76bd2/6
The only unknown W can be calculated and hence the range can be determined.
Observations
Load [kN]
Deflection [mm]
Graph
A graph is plotted with deflection on X axis and load on Y axis.
Calculations
We have maximum bending moment M
= WL/4
Also
=fZ
= I/y = bd2/6
E =
RESULT
i. The maximum deflection of the beam under loading
AIM
To study the behavior of mild steel, tor steel and high tensile steel under tension and
To find out the
i.
ii.
Youngs Modulus
Yield stress
iii.
Ultimate stress.
iv.
v.
vi.
Percentage Elongation.
vii.
APPARATUS
UTM, Extensometer, scale, Venier calipers, punching tools etc.
SPECIMEN
Mild steel of given dimension
THEORY AND PRINCIPLE
The specimen is subjected to tensile load and extension is noted against the load within
the elastic limit and stress-strain graph is plotted. Loads at, Yield point, Breaking point
and Ultimate point are noted and following results are calculated.
Modulus of Elasticity
Yield stress
Ultimate stress
Percentage elongation
PROCEDURE
Measure the dimension of the given specimen.
Perform the range calculation and select suitable range by turning the knob
provided on the right side of the control panel.
Mark the gauge length (say 20mm; 10cm from the centre to either side) on the rod.
The marking are made by punching.
Fix the specimen in the upper cross head of loading unit.
Close both control valves on the control panel.
Using the cross head up and down switch in the control panel; allow the lower cross
head to come nearer to the lower end of the specimen.
Now switch on the hydraulic operation button.
Open right control valve.
Load is gradually applied to the specimen.
Once the needle in the dynamometer deflects, close right control valve.
Make zero correction using the arm provided on the left side of control panel.
Tighten the lower cross head.
Now the extensometer can be attached to the specimen.
Now the UTM is ready for testing the given specimen.
Again open the right control valve.
While loading the specimen note the load values and corresponding extension.
Also note down the yield point, ultimate point and break point.
Care should be taken to remove the extensometer before the yield point.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Range Calculation
Assuming working stress for steel
= 140/mm2
=3
= l40 3 =420N/mm2
Ultimate load
Load [kN]
Deflection
Stress
[mm]
[N/mm2]
Strain
Graph
A graph is plotted with strain on X axis and stress on Y axis.
Calculations
Modulus of Elasticity
Yield stress
Ultimate stress
Percentage elongation
RESULT
i. Youngs Modulus
ii. Yield stress
=
=
10
Using the cross head up and down switch in the control panel; allow the lower
cross head to come nearer to the lower end of the specimen.
11
When the compressive load is applied on the sliding block of the shear
attachment, it will shear the specimen in two parallel planes.
= 250N/mm2
=3
Ultimate load
Calculations
RESULT
The maximum shear stress in the rod
12