GAS LAWS

A. Boyles Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, gas volume is inversely proportional to gas pressure.
v1
v2

P2
P1

Example:
A certain was occupying a volume of 10L at 720 mm Hg. At constant
resulting to a pressure of 800 mm Hg.
What was the new volume of the gas?
P1
720 mm Hg
v2
v
10 L 9 L
P2 1 800 mm Hg

temperature, the gas was compressed

Answer:
B. Charles Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure the gas volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas (i.e., in
Kelvin scale).
v1
v2

Example:
air?

T1
T2

Air inside a 5 L frictionless piston at 25C was heated up to 50C.

v2

T2
T1

v1

What was the

new volume of the

273 50C
5 L 5.42 L
273 25C

Answer:
C. Gay-Lussacs Law
For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, gas pressure is directly proportional to gas temperature.
P1
P2

T1
T2

Example:
Oxygen gas at 30C and 10 atm was further pressurized to 15 atm by
temperature of the oxygen gas?
P
15atm
T2 2 T1
30 273 K 454.5K 181.5C
P1
10atm

heating

the tank. What was the new

Answer:
D. Avogadros Law
At a fixed pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas.
v1
v2

n1
n2

At STP or standard temperature and pressure (0C and 1 atm) the volume of a mole

of gas is 22.4 L.

E. The Ideal Gas Law

At low pressure and high temperature, all gases follow the above gas laws. The combination of all the above laws is called the Ideal
Gas Law and it follows the following equation:
L atm
0.0821
mole K
PV = nRT, where R is the ideal gas constant equal to
P1V1 P2 V2

... nR
T1
T2
The equation can also be expressed as:
Example:
Carbon dioxide occupies a volume of 3L at 1.5 atm and 47C. How
many moles
of carbon dioxide
are there? If it is cooled down to 30C
and subjected to a pressure of 2 atm, what is the new volume of the gas?
Answer:

PV = nRT

PV

RT

P1V1

P2 V2

T1

(1.5 atm)(3 L)
0.17 mole
Latm
0.0821 moleK (47 273)K

T2
PT
1.5 atm (30 27)K
1 2
3 L
2.13 L
P T
2 atm (47 273)K
2 1

V2 V1

F. Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure of a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gases that make up the mixture.
The partial pressure of a component gas is simply the pressure that gas is exerting on a container as if it were alone.
Example:
Air at standard atmospheric pressure is typically 78.084% nitrogen,
20.946% oxygen, 0.934%?argon, and
0.036% carbon dioxide. What
are the partial
pressures of each gas in mm HG?
Answer:
Conversion: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
Partial pressure of:
Nitrogen:
0.78084 x 760 = 593.44 mm Hg
Oxygen:
0.20946 x 760 = 159.19 mm Hg
Argon:
0.00934 x 760 = 7.10 mm Hg
Carbon Dioxide:
0.00036 x 760 = 0.27 mm Hg
G. Grahams Law of Effusion
Effusion the escape of a gas through an orifice or hole. The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
molecular weight.
r1
r2

MW2
MW1

Expressing Solution Concentration

1. Percent solution
a. % by mass = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100%
Example:
A sample of 0.892 g of naphthalene (C10H8) is dissolved in 54.6 g of
mass of naphthalene in this
solution?
0.892g

100%
0.892g 54.6g
1.61%
Answer:

benzene (C6H6). What is the percent by

percent by mass

b. % by volume = (volume of solute/volume of solution) x 100%

c. ppm = (mass of volume of solute/mass or volume of solution) x 1,000,000
d. proof = twice the % of alcohol in solution
2. Mole Fraction (X) the no. of moles of a component divided by the total number of moles of all components in the solution.

XA
XB

nA
nA nB
nB
nA nB

Note:
A = solute

B = solvent

Example:
Determine the mole fractions of both substances in a solution
NaCl and 125.0 g of water.
Answer:

containing 26.0 of

26.0gNaCl

58.5g / moleNaCl
XA

26.0gNaCl
125.0gwater
58.5 / moleNaCl 18g / moleH O

XA 0.06

125.0gwater

18g / moleH O

XB

125.0gwater

26.0gNaCl

58.5 / moleNaCl 18g / moleH O

XB 0.94

3. Molarity (M) no. of moles of solute per liter of solution.

M=

Example:
Answer:

moles of solute
liter of solution

What is the molar concentration of a solution containing 16.0g CH3OC in 200

mL of solution?

16.0g

32.0g/mole

M=
0.2 liter
mole
M=2.5
liter

4. Molarity (m) no. of moles of solute per kg. of solvent.

m=

number of moles solute

kg solvent

Example:
The molarity of a solution of C2H5OH in water is 1.25 mol/kg. How many
dissolved in 2.5 kg of water?
Answer:
1.25mole 46g
g=2.5kg

kg mole

grams of alcohol are

g=143.75g

5. Normality (N) no. of equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution.

N=

grams of solute
(eqv wt. of solute) x (liter of soln)

The equivalent weight of solute is determined by its change in valence in the particular
eqv. wt. (g/eqv) =

molecular mass (g/mole)

change in valence (eqv/mole)

reaction used. It follows that: