Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
transferred to wash tanks where hot water is carefully added this flooding give rise to a strong
exothermic reaction, as a result sodium mono chromate is leached out and the liquor run off and
is treated according to special treatments. In order to obtain dichromate, the mono chromate
liquor is treated with dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in special tanks. The reaction proceeds as [4].
4. 2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + Na2Cr2O7 + H2O
The sodium sulphate is less soluble then the dichromate and much of it separates out and is
removed more sodium sulphate separates and is removed. The final mother liquor contains the
dichromate which crystallizes out on concentration. In order to obtain potassium dichromate a
concentrated solution of potassium salt (e.g potassium chloride) is added to a concentrated
solution of sodium dichromate. Potassium dichromate is precipitated immediately. Another
chromium compound is chromic acid (CrO3) is prepared by adding strong sulphuric acid to a
concentrated solution of potassium dichromate, the reaction is given as [4].
5. K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +H2O +2 CrO3
Partial drying of the principle products, namely potassium and sodium mono- and dichromates is
carried out in filter presses and the process completed in centrifugal dryers or heated baths [4].
Figure 1 represents the flowsheet of the traditional process used for producing chromic oxide
(Cr2O3) from chromite ore. The traditional process does not extract all of the chromium from the
chromite ore. The residue contains unreacted chromite ore and un extracted chromate, and
usually must be disposed of on-site. The chromium containing sodium sulfate (Na 2SO4) formed
as a byproduct has little commercial value and also must be disposed of on-site [5].
essence of the green process is that traditional oxidation roasting of chromite ore with sodium
carbonate at 1200 C is replaced by continuous liquid-phase oxidation of chromite ore in the sub
molten salt medium at 300 C in a multiphase reactor. at the source The new cleaner process is
based on the principles of cleaner production and industrial ecology [8], and aims to achieve the
3Rs (Reduce, Recycle, Reuse) objectives, according to the reactions (6,7,8,9,10).
To Reduce:
A new reaction path (reaction 6, 7, 8) was designed and no solid additives were needed in the
oxidation of chromite ore, the amount of waste residue remaining following leaching was
remarkable reduced. The reactants such as (CO2) (reaction 9) and carbon black (C) (reaction 10)
we employed to convert the semi-finished products to the final products, minimizing possible
pollution sources.
To Recycle:
An excessive amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH), in sub-molten salt state, was employed as
the reaction medium, and most was recycled after the reaction occurred. Only a small amount
was consumed during the reaction and needed to be supplemented.
11. 2 KHCO3 K2CO3 + H2O + CO2
12. K2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2 KOH
13. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
14. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
To Reuse:
The produced intermediates such as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and potassium bicarbonate
(KHCO3) were reused to manufacture potassium hydroxide (KOH) (reaction 11, 12) the calcium
hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2) can be recovered (reaction 13, 14).[9]
In the new cleaner process, illustrated in figure 2 aluminum-bearing byproducts and magnesiumbearing byproducts are manufactured, in addition to the products of potassium dichromate
(KCr2O7) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) [10]. As the final obtained ferrite-enriched residues were
used as raw materials in the cement industry.[5]
Refrences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.