REVISION

(Basic Energy System)

1. Bioenergetics
A chemical processes involved the conversion of fuels or
foodstuffs such as fats, CHO & proteins into biologically
usable form of energy.
2. Chemical pathway of ATP breakdown during muscular
contraction.
ATPase
ATP

ADP + Pi

3. Three (3) methods that cells generate ATP.

i. ATP-PC system / Phosphagen system / Alactic system
ii. Glycolytic system / Anerobic glycolysis system / Lactic
acid system
iii. Oxidative system / Oxygen system / Oxidative
phosphorylation
4. Role of PC in the process of anaerobic metabolism
i.

PC stores in the muscle cell has high-energy

phosphate that store energy.

ii.

The release of energy from PC breakdown used to

couple P to ADP to form ATP.

iii. This couple reaction is to maintain the ATP levels.

1

iv. 1 mole of PC will yield 1 mole of ATP.

v.

Provides energy for short-term exercise that last

about 10-15 seconds.

5. Chemical pathway of PC in maintaining the levels of ATP.

creatine kinase

PC

Pi + C + energy
ADP + Pi + energy

ATP

OR
PC + ADP

ATP + C

6. Chemical pathways of the glycolytic system in energy

production.
Glucose

or

Glycogen

Glucose-6-phosphate
(Glycolytic enzymes)

ATP

Pyruvic acid
2

Lactic acid
7. Oxidative system.
i.

An aerobic process which breakdown fuels into

energy with the aid of O2.

ii.

Production of ATP occurs into the mitochondria.

iii. Has the highest energy yield.

iv. Main energy production during endurance activities.
8. Three (3) processes that involve the oxidative of carbohydrate
in production of ATP.
i.

Aerobic glycolysis

ii.

Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle

iii. Electron transport chain

9.

Three (3) processes that involve the oxidative of fat in

production of ATP.
i. Beta oxidation
ii. Krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
iii. Electron transport chain

10. Two (2) roles of oxygen in the process of aerobic metabolism.

i. O2 combines with C to form CO2(carbon dioxide) in the

Krebs cycle.
ii. O2 combines with H to form H2O (water) in the electron
transport chain.
11. Main energy system that contribute during the following the
following activities:
i. 100m dash

ATP-PC system

ii. 1000m cycling

Glycolytic system

iii. 400m swim

Oxidative system

iv. 400m sprint

Glycolytic system

v. 100m swim

Glycolytic system

13. Aerobic metabolism.

The total of all cellular reactions that occur in the body
with the use of O2.
14. Anaerobic metabolism.
The total of all cellular reactions that occur in the body
without the use of O2.
15. Function of glycolysis in bioenergetics.
i.

Glycolysis is an anaerobic metabolic pathway in the

cytoplasm of the cell that is capable of producing
ATP without the involvement of O2.

ii.

Glycolysis involves the breakdown (degradation) of

glucose or glycogen to form pyruvate/pyruvic acid
or lactate/lactic acid.
4

iii. 1 mole of glucose produces 2 moles of ATP or 1

mole of glycogen produces 3 moles of ATP.
16. The operation of the Krebs cycle.
i. Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reaction in the
mitochondria that involve the complete oxidation of
acetyl CoA and produce 2 moles of ATP, carbon and
hydrogen.
ii. Remaining carbon combines with O2 to form CO2.
iii. Hydrogen released combines with NAD & FAD to
form NADH and FADH.
17. The role of NAD and FAD in the Krebs cycle?
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and FAD
(Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) are coenzymes that serve
as electron carrier which combine with hydrogen and
transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain.
18. Electron transport chain?
ETC is a series of chemical reactions in the
mitochondria that converts the hydrogen ion generated
by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into water (H2O) and
are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic
production of ATP).
19. The possible causes of fatigue during exercise.

i. Depletion of PC or glycogen. The depletion of PC or

glycogen will impairs ATP production, thus fatigue is
caused by inadequate energy supply.
ii. Accumulation of metabolic by-products.
Accumulation of hydrogen (H+) decreases muscle
pH, causes muscle acidification (acidosis), which
impairs the cellular processes that produce energy
(inhibits the action of glycolytic enzyme, slowing the
rate of glycolysis & ATP production) & muscle
contraction.
iii.Failure of neural transmission in the muscle fiber.
Fatigue may occur at the motor end plate,
preventing nerves impulse transmission to the
muscle fiber membrane, thus cause the
neuromuscular bloc and leads to neuromuscular
fatigue.
iv.CNS may cause fatigue. Perceived fatigue usually
leads to psychologically exhausted/fatigue and the
exhausted feeling can often be psychologically
inhibiting the athletes willingness to continue
exercise or to tolerate further pain.