Third Year Geometry

I. Points, Lines, and Planes

Ideas cannot be seen, they exist in our mind. Numbers cannot be seen, but we use numerals to represent
them. Points cannot be seen, dots are physical representation of points.
Examples :
B
1. Fig. !.

2. Fig. 2.

Points can be named by a capital letters. We have point A,

point B, and point C.

In Geometry, a line connotes a straight line. The arrowheads

indicate that the line has no end point. A line is named by the
names of any two points of the line or by small letter near one
of the arrowheads. In the figure a line can be named as
line l , or line AB, or in symbol l or AB .

3. Fig.3.

4.

Collinear points is a set of points which are in the line.

In the figure, point A, point C, and point D are collinear,
but point B is not collinear with points A,C, and D.

The subsets of a line are line segment or segment, ray, and half-line.
a. Line Segment

= Set of points which is formed by two distinct points of a line and all the points
of the line between them.

Example.
b. Ray

B
Set of points which is formed by a line segment and all the points of the line on
only one side of the line segment.

Example.

read as ray AB or in symbol AB .

A
c. Half-line

Set of points which is formed by all the points of a line on one side of the fixed
point but excluding the fixed point.
o

Example.

A
5.

Opposite rays
Example.

read as segment AB or in symbol AB .

read as half-line AB. The tiny circle indicates that the vertex
of a ray is not included in the set of points.

are two distinct rays that have the same vertex and which lie on the same line.

ray BA and ray BC are opposite rays, they have the

same vertex which is B.

6.

Plane = A plane is a perfectly flat surface, extending infinitely far in all directions. A portion of a
plane has length and width but no thickness. A plane may be named by the name of a point
in the plane such as plane M below. If three or more points are in a plane then the points are
said to be coplanar points.

M
B
A

Exercises A. Use the figure below to answer the following.

A. In the figure name :
D

C
F
H

1.
Three distinct lines
________________________________________
2.
nine distinct line segments
________________________________________
3.
ten different rays
________________________________________
4.
six half-lines
________________________________________
5.
three set of 3 points that are collinear
________________________________________
6.
Three sets of opposite rays
________________________________________

B. Identify the term described. Write your answer on the space provided for.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Subset of a line having only one endpoint.

Subset of a line having two endpoints.
Has length only
Has length and width but no thickness
Three or more points lying on the same line.
Endpoint of a ray.
Three or more points in the plane
Subset of a line which is formed by all the points of a line on one side
of a fixed point but excluding the fixed point.
_____________________ 9. Shows location only

II. Angles
is a set of points formed by two non-collinear rays which have a common vertex. Angles can be named
by three capital letters. Protractor is the instrument used to measure an angle.
A

= Named as angle AOB or angle BOA or just simply angle O. The vertex of an

1.

angle can also be used to name angle.

2. O

= another way of naming an angle is by the use of numerals or small letters.

in this example, angle AOB, angle BOA, angle O, and angle 1 all refer
to the same angle.

B
3.

= in this figure four angles are formed namely : angle AOB, angle BOD,
O

angle DOC and angle COA. In this case we cannot use the vertex as the name
of the angle, because the vertex is the point of intersection of two lines AB
and CB, which form four distinct angles.

A. Kinds of angles

Acute angle is an angle that measures less than 900

ex.

Right angle is an angle that measures 900

ex.

Obtuse angle is an angle that measures more than 900 but less than 1800.

ex.

Straight angle Is an angle that measures exactly 1800.

ex.

Reflex angle is an angle that measures more than 1800 but less than 3600.

ex.

Complete or whole angle is an angle that measures exactly 3600.

.
Exercises. A. Use your protractor to sketch the following angle and write if it is acute, right, obtuse. straight,
reflex or whole angle.
1.

450

2.

1800

3.

900

4.

1200

5.

2240

B. Use the figure to answer the following:

A
C

1.

HID + m

DIE = ______________

2.

DEI + m

IEJ = ______________

3.

CDI - m

CDH = ______________

4.

LHD - m

LHI = ______________

5.

IJE + m

JEB = ______________

F
J

I
M

III. Transversal
A transversal line is a line that intersects two or more lines in distinct points.
l
Examples.
= line l intersects line m and line n at points O and P respectively.
O
1.
m
line l is called the transversal line, because it intersects two lines
at distinct points.
P
n

p
T
2.

= line p intersects line q , line r , and line s at points T, U and V

respectively. Line p is called the transversal line.

q
U
r
s
V

Angles Formed by Lines Cut by a Transversal

Examples.
1.

Fig. 1.a

1.

Corresponding angles are an exterior angle and a non-adjacent

interior angle on the same side of the transversal.
ex. 1. angle 1 and angle 5 are corresponding angles
2. angle 3 and angle 7 are corresponding angles
3. angle 2 and angle 6 are corresponding angles
4. angle 4 and angle 8 are corresponding angles

2.

Alternate exterior angles are two exterior angles which are

non-adjacent and which lie on opposite side of the transversal.
ex. 1. angle 1 and angle 8 are alternate exterior angles
2. angle 2 and angle 7 are alternate exterior angles

3.

Alternate interior angles are two interior angles which are

non- adjacent and lie on opposite sides of the transversal.
ex. 1. angle 3 and angle 6 are alternate interior angles
2. angle 4 and angle 5 are alternate interior angles

1 2
3 4
5 6
7

4. Same-side interior angles are non-adjacent interior angles lie on the same side of the transversal.
ex.
1. angle 3 and angle 5 are same side interior angles
2. angle 4 and angle 6 are same side interior angles
5. Same-side exterior angles are non-adjacent exterior angles lie on the same side of the transversal.
ex.
1. angle 1 and angle 7 are same-side exterior angles
2. angle 2 and angle 8 are same-side exterior angles
6. Vertical angles are pair of non-adjacent angles formed by the intersection of two straight lines.
ex.

1.
2.
3.
4.

angle 1 and angle 4 are vertical angles

angle 2 and angle 3 are vertical angles
angle 5 and angle 8 are vertical angles
angle 6 and angle 7 are vertical angles

7. Adjacent-supplementary angles also known as Linear Pair. Two angles that have a common side

and whose other sides lie on the same line.

ex.
1. angle 1 and angle 2 are adjacent-supplementary angles
2. angle 2 and angle 4 are adjacent-supplementary angles
3. angle 4 and angle 3 are adjacent-supplementary angles
4. angle 1 and angle 3 are adjacent-supplementary angles
5. angle 5 and angle 6 are adjacent-supplementary angles
6. angle 6 and angle 8 are adjacent-supplementary angles
7. angle 7 and angle 8 are adjacent-supplementary angles
8. angle 5 and angle 7 are adjacent-supplementary angles
Exercise : Use the figure to answer the following.
Name the following :
1.
4 pairs of corresponding angles

A
B

________________________________________________

2.

2 pairs of alternate exterior angles

_____________________________________________

G
3.

2 pairs of alternate interior angles

H
_________________________________________________
4.

2 pairs of same side interior angles

_________________________________________________
5.

4 pairs of vertical angles

_________________________________________________

IV. Polygons
IV.A. Polygon is formed by the union of three or more line segments lying on the same plane.
Classification of polygons.

Triangle
Quadrilateral
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Nonagon
Decagon
Undecagon
Dodecagon
n-gon

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

is a polygon with three sides.

is a polygon with four sides.
is a polygon with five sides.
is a polygon with six sides.
is a polygon with seven sides.
is a polygon with eight sides.
is a polygon with nine sides.
is a polygon with ten sides.
is a polygon with eleven sides.
is a polygon with twelve sides
is a polygon with n sides.

* Triangle is a three sided polygon, formed by connecting three points not in a straight line.
The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 1800.
The exterior angle is equal to the sum of the measures of the remote interior angles.
1. Kinds of triangle according to angles
Equiangular triangle is a triangle with three equal sides.
Acute triangle is a triangle that has all angles less than 900.
Right triangle is a triangle with a 900 angle.
Obtuse triangle is a triangle with an obtuse angle.
2. Kinds of triangle according to sides
Equilateral triangle is a triangle with three equal sides.
Scalene triangle is a triangle with no sides equal.
Isosceles triangle is a triangle with at least two sides equal.
IV.B. Measuring the angles of a Triangle.
Examples:
1. Find x

870

430

Solution : Since the sum of the three angles of the triangle is 1800.
then, x + 87 + 43 = 180
x = 180 ( 87 + 43 )
x = 180 130
x = 50

2.

Solution : 2x + 2 + 4x + 46 = 180
6x + 48 = 180
6x = 180 48

4x
2x + 2

460

6x = 132
6
6

combine similar terms

transpose constant term
at the right side of the
equation.
divide both side by
the coefficient of x.

x = 22

Exercises : A. Use the figure to identify each of the following polygons. Write your answer on the
space provided for.
__________________ 1.

__________________ 6.

__________________ 2.

__________________ 7.

___________________ 3.

__________________ 8.

___________________ 4.

__________________ 9.

___________________ 5.

__________________ 10.

B. Solve for the unknown value of each angle of the triangle.

B
a =
5a
angle B =
1. C
4a + 3
A
angle A =

x
=
angle A =
angle B =

x
2.

C x0 (x-30)0

IV.C Measuring the interior and exterior angles of a regular polygon.

Regular polygon is a polygon having all angles and all sides are equal.
The interior angles of a polygon can be measured using the formula ( n - 2 ) x 180, where n is the
total number of sides/angles.
Examples :
1. Find the measure of each angle of a regular polygon with 6 sides.
Using the formula ( n 2 ) x 180 , we have
=
=
=

( 6 2 ) x 180
( 4 ) x 180
720, since the polygon has 6 angles then
720 6 = 120 is the measure of each angle.

2. Find the measure of each angle of a regular polygon with 8 sides

Using the formula ( n 2 ) x 180, we have
=
( 8 2 ) x 180
=
( 6 ) x 180
=
1080, since the polygon has 8 angles then,
=
1080 8 = 135 is the measure of each angle.

Exercises. A. Find the measure of each interior and exterior angle of a regular polygon with:
Interior Angle
Exterior Angle
1.
24 sides.
___________
____________
2.

18 sides.

___________

____________

3.

72 sides.

___________

____________

4.

26 sides.

___________

____________

5.

29 sides.

___________

____________

B. Use the figure to solve for the value of x , and the measure of each angle below.
Write your answer on the space provided for.

B
A
680
D

C
820

E
1080
14x - 4 F

J
1.

2.

3.

15x + 18

__________________

9.

BAE

__________________

AGI

__________________

10.

DEH

__________________

GAF

__________________

11.

HEF

__________________

4.

BAC

__________________

12.

DEA

__________________

5.

EFJ

__________________

13.

CAF

__________________

6.

AFE

__________________

14.

GAE

__________________

7.

JFI

__________________

15.

GAB

__________________

8.

HEF

__________________

V. Circles
- The word circle was derived from the Latin word circus which means ring or racecourse.
- It is a set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point called the center.
ex.
F
center ; named as circle F
radius
- Circles are named by their centers.
- The distance from the center to a point on the circle is called the radius.
- The line through any two points of the circle that passes through the center is called the
diameter.
- The segment that joins any two points of the circle without passing the center is called chord.
- The chord, when extended to both direction is called a secant.
ex.
diameter

chord
Secant
- A line that lies on the exterior of the circle and intersects the circle at exactly one point
is called the tangent line.
- The point of intersection of the circle and the tangent is called the point of tangency.
A
F

AB is the tangent line , while point O is the point of

tangency.

B
- An angle whose vertex is the center of the circle is called central angle.
- A central angle separates the circle into arcs. Arcs are the broken parts of the circle.
All points of the circle interior to central angle form a minor arc.
All points of the circle exterior to the central angle is called a major arc, at least 3
letters are needed to name a major arc.
- The endpoints of a segment containing the diameter of a circle separate the circle into 2 arcs
called the semi-circle.

Exercises. A. Given the circle below, Identify what each of the following illustrates. Write
your answer on the space provided for.
B

C
O
D E

G
H
I

__________________ 1.

BOH

__________________ 6.

GD

__________________ 2.

CH

__________________ 7.

BH

__________________ 3.

JL

__________________ 8.

CHB

__________________ 4.

__________________ 9.

OH

__________________ 5.

OB

__________________ 10.

GD

B. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is false. Write your answer on the space provided
for.
____________ 1. The longest chord in a circle is its diameter.
____________ 2. The radius of a circle is twice the measure of its chord.
____________ 3. A secant was formed when the chord is extended.
____________ 4. A circle is a closed curve figure with set of all points equidistant from the
center.
____________ 5. Tangent is a line that lies on the exterior of the circle and intersect at exactly
one point of that circle.
____________ 6. The point of intersection between the circle and the line which lie in the
exterior of the circle is called the chord.
____________ 7. In the figure above the points G, K, H, D, B and C forms a minor arc.
____________ 8. In the figure, the distance between O and K is also known as the radius.
____________ 9.

COB in the figure is also called the central angle.

____________ 10. The intersection of line AI and line FE is point M.

VI. Solid Geometry

Solid or space figures are geometric figures having three dimensions: the length, the width,
and the height. If a two dimensional figures are called a polygon, a three dimensional figures are
called a polyhedron.
A polyhedron has faces, edges and vertices. The flat surfaces formed by a polyhedron and their
interiors are called faces. Pairs of faces intersect at line segments are called the edges. Three or more
edges intersect at a point is called the vertex.
Illustrative example.
edge
vertex
faces
A polyhedron is regular if all its faces are shaped like congruent regular polygons. Since all
of the faces of a regular polyhedron are regular and congruent, all of the edges of a regular
polyhedron are also congruent.

A. Prisms
A polyhedron is a prism, if and only if, two of its faces are joined by a congruent polygon in
distinct parallel planes, while its other faces are joined by a parallelogram.
Illustrative examples :
cube
rectangular prism

square prism

triangular prism

B. Pyramids
If one of the base of a polyhedron is a single point, then the polyhedron is a pyramid. A
pyramid has several lateral faces and lateral edges but only one base.
Illustrative examples :
Square pyramid
Triangular pyramid

Rectangular pyramid

VI.A. Area of polygons

a. Area of a square - the area of a square is given by A = s2, where s is the side.
example.
5cm

Solution :
5cm

b.

2 cm

C.

A = 52
= 25cm2

Area of a Rectangle the area of a rectangle is given by A = l x wI, where l is the length
and w is the width.
example.
Solution :
4cm
A =4x2
= 8cm2
Area of a triangle the area of a triangle is given by A = bh, where b is the base and
h is the height.
example.
h= 5m

b = 15m

D.

Solution :
A= bh
A = ( 15) ( 5 )
A = ( 75 )
A = 75/2
A = 37.5m2

Area of a circle the area of a circle is given by A = r2 , where r is the radius and = 3.14.

example.1.
r = 8cm

example.2.

d = 6m

Solution :
A = r2
A = 3.14 ( 8 )2
A = 3.14 ( 64 )
A = 200.96cm2
Solution
Since d=2r, then d/2 = r. So we have,
r = 6/2 = 3.
A = r2
A = 3.14 ( 3 )2
A = 3.14 ( 9 )

A = 28.26m2

VI.B. Surface area of a polyhedron

= The surface area is the sum of the areas of the bases and faces of a solid figure. It is
expressed in square units.
A. Surface area of rectangular prism is given by SA = 2 [ ( l x w ) + ( l x h ) + (w x h )]
ex.
l = 12cm

h =2cm
w =10cm

Solution : SA = 2 [ ( l x w ) + ( l x h ) + (w x h )]
= 2 [ ( 12 x 10 ) + ( 12 x 2 ) + ( 10 x 2 ) ]
= 2 ( 120 + 24 + 20 )
= 2 ( 164 )
= 328cm2

B. Surface area of a cube is given by SA = 6s2

SA = 6s2
SA = 6 ( 8 )2
SA = 6 ( 64 )
SA = 384cm2

ex.
8cm

C. Surface area of a square prism is given by SA = 2 x are of square + 4 x area of lateral faces.
ex.

Solution :
4m

SA = 2 ( 4 )2 + 4 ( 8 x 4 )
SA = 2 ( 16 ) + 4 ( 32 )
SA = 32 + 128
SA = 160m2

8m

D. Surface area of triangular prism is given by SA = 2 x area of a triangle + LA, wherein LA is

the sum of the area of the lateral sides.
ex.

Solution : SA = 2 ( ) ( 4 ) ( 3 ) + ( 7 x 5 ) + ( 7 x 3 ) + ( 7 x 4 )
SA = 2 ( 12/2 ) + 35 + 21 + 28
SA = 24/2 + 84
SA = 12 + 84
SA = 96in2

5in
3in
7in
4in

E. Surface area of square pyramid is given by SA = area of base + 4 ( area of lateral sides )
ex.
slanted height h = 5m

3m

Solution : SA = 32 + 4 [ ( 3 x 5 ) ]
SA = 9 + 4 [ ( 15 ) ]
SA = 9 + 4 ( 15/2 )
SA = 9 + 60/2
SA = 9 + 30
SA = 39m2

F. Surface area of Triangular pyramid is given by SA = area of base + Area of lateral sides
ex.
h = 9 cm

7cm
3cm

Solution : SA = ( 3 x 5 ) + 5x9/2 + 7x9/2 + 3x9/2

SA = 1/ 2 ( 15 ) + 45/2 + 63/2 + 27/2
SA = 15/2 + 22.5 + 31.5 + 13.5
SA = 7.5 + 67.5
SA = 75cm2

5cm

G. Surface area of rectangular pyramid is given by SA = area of base + area of lateral faces
ex.

h = 5cm

Solution : SA = ( 4 x 2 ) + 2 ( 5x2/2 ) + 2 ( 5x4/2 )

SA = 8 + 2 ( 10/2 ) + 2 ( 20/2 )
SA = 8 + 2 ( 5 ) + 2 ( 10 )
SA = 8 + 10 + 20
SA = 38cm2

2cm

4cm

H. Surface area of Sphere - is given by SA = 4r2

ex.

radius = 5mm

Solution :
SA = 4 ( 3.14 ) ( 5 )2
SA = 12.56 ( 25 )
SA = 314mm2

I. Surface area of cylinder - is given by SA = 2r2 + 2rh or

base ( b )

SA = 2r ( r x h ).

example . Find the surface area of a cylinder whose

base has the radius of 4cm and whose
height is 8 cm.
altitude h

radius r
base ( a )

Solution : Given : r = 4cm

h = 8cm
2
SA = 2r + 2rh
SA = 2 ( 3.14 ) ( 4 )2 + 2 ( 3.14 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 )
SA = 6.28 ( 16 ) + 6.28 ( 32 )
SA = 100.48 + 200.96
SA = 301.44cm2

J. Surface area of a Cone - is given by SA = r2 + r h, where r is the radius of the base and
h is the slant height.

example. Find the surface area of a cone whose base has a

radius of 3 dm and whose slant height is 9 dm.
slant height

radius

Solution: Given : r = 3 dm
h = 9 dm
SA = r2 + r h
SA = 3.14 ( 3 )2 + 3.14 ( 3 ) ( 9 )
SA = 3.14 ( 9 ) + 3.14 ( 27 )
SA = 28.26 + 84.78
SA = 113.04dm2

Exercises. A. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answer on the space
provided for.
_________ 1. The three dimensional figure is also known as polyhedron.
_________ 2. A polyhedron is a representation of a plane.
_________ 3. A plane is a perfectly flat surface, just like the sheet of a paper.
_________ 4. A regular polyhedron is a figure which has no-congruent parts.
_________ 5. A polyhedron is a prism, if and only if, two of its faces are joined by a congruent
polygon in distinct parallel planes, while its other faces are joined by a parallelogram.
_________ 6. A pyramid is a solid figure with two equal bases.
_________ 7. The perimeter is the sum of all the sides of a figure.
_________ 8. The diameter of a circle is twice the measure of its circumference.
_________ 9. The circumference refers to the perimeter of a circle.
_________ 10. The surface area can also be applied in a plane figure.
B. Find the area of the following figures.
5in
1.

Area
______________

5 in

7cm
2.

_______________
4cm

3.

5m

________________
4m

4.

r = 6in

________________

C. Analyze and solve for the following problems.

1.

What is the area of a square swimming pool if the measure of each side is 7m?
Given :
Solution:

2.

Mr. Domingo is replacing the side of the triangular portion of his house having a base of 18m
and height of 7m.That portion was damaged by termites. What is the area of the section that
Mr. Domingo needs to replace?
Given :
Solution :

3.

The diameter of a circular field is 1000m. One fourth of the field will be planted with corn,
and the rest with rice. How many square meters will be planted with rice?
Given :
Solution :

D. Find the surface area of the following.

Solutions here :
1.
16cm

4cm
12cm

5mm

2.
3mm
7mm
4mm

3.
10cm
6cm

h = 8m

4.
6m

2m

4m

5.
h = 12ft

r = 4ft