SPE

SPE 17951
SXE/N2 Matrix Acidizing
by G.S. Guidry*
(Western) S.A.
*SPE

and G,A. Ruiz, * Occidental

of Oman Inc., and A. Saxon, Dowell Schlumberger

Members

Copyright 1989, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference end Exhibition held in Manama, Bahrain, 11-14 March, 1989.
This paper was selected for presentafton by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(a). Contents of the paper,

as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineera and are eubject to correction by the author(a). The material, ae presented, does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineere, its officers, or members. Papers presented at SPE meefinga are subject to publication review by Editorial Comrniffaes of the Society
of Petroleum Engineara. Permission to coPy is resVicWd to an aktract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment
of where aed by whom the paper is presented. Write Publications Manager, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 750S3.3S38. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT
.
The paper
deals
with
the development
and application
of a novel
technique
for
matrix
acidizing
of
the soft,
low permeability
oil
bearing
Shuaiba
Limestone
formation
encountered
in Northern
Oman.
It
describes
laboratory
development
and testing
of a new
acid
system
and a well
management
technique
that
have
provided
improved
stimulation
results
from
the
Shuaiba
payzone.
Results
of several
applications
are
documented.

Results
documented
in the paper
show dramatic
improve.
ments
in stimulated
production
that
have
traditioiall)
been expected
only
from
hydraulic
fracturing.
Transient
analysis
resuits
indicate
permeability
enhancement
to depths
exceeding
20 feet
from
the
wellbore.

While
the
Shuaiba
normally
responds
to matrix
acid
stimulation,a
new technique
was required
to
improve
production
from
these
wells.
Laboratory
investigation
indicated
that
adding
Nitrogen
to an
emulsified
acid
svstem
resulted
In a substantial
decrease
in the acid-rock
reaction
tate.Microscope
c

the Shuaiba
oil
Several
methods
of st mulating
bearing
limestone
had been attempted
but the appiication
of an emulsified
HC
system,
injected
at
matrix
rates,
gave
the best
field
results
in terms
of
increased
weil
productivity.
The emulsified
acid
system
consisted
of a hydrocarbon
(lease
oil)
externa
phase
with
an HCi acid
internal
component.
Matrix
treatments
using
this
system
were
part
of the
normal
weli
completion
program
for
the
Safah
fieid.

iNTRODUCTION

investigation
revealed
that
the vitrification
created
a three
phase
emulsion:
when properly
introduced,
the
nitrogen
did not dissolve
in the oil
or acid,
but
remained
as a discrete
phase.
The continuous
oil
outer
phase
surrounded
a dual
Inner
phase
comprised
This
of both
acid
droplets
and nitrogen
bubbles.
combination
internal
phase
creates
a situation
where
nitrogen
bubbles
compete
with
acid
dropiets
for
reiease
from
the emulsion
inte;-faces
to make contact
with
the
formation.
The higher
(inergy
level
of the
nitrogen
bubbles
provides
them with
an advantage
In
the competition.
The result
is an improved
barrier
to acid-rock
interaction
that
allows
live
acid
to
penetrate
much deeper
into
the
formation.

Previous
studies
had indicated
that
a microemulsion
could
yield
possible
significant
advantages
in the matrix
treatment
of limestone
formations
but,
nn economic
grounds,
such
a system
could
be prohibiA microemulsified
acid
system
wouid
tive
(1,2,3).
tend
to create
a large
amount
of pinhoie
type
channei!
through
the matrix
pore
network
thereby
enhancing
the
formation
permeability.
in a continuing
effort
toopt.imise
the Safah
stimulation
treatments
and minimise
costs,
an
energised
emulsified
acid
system
with
Nitrogen
was
tested
both
in the
laboratory
and in the
field.

In combination
with
this
improved
acid
system,
pre-stimulation
formation
drawdown
has also
been
applied
to permit
higher
than
normal
injection
rates.
The matrix
treatments
have
been pumped
at
rates
far
a}ove
the
formations
calculated
matrix
flow
capacity
with
good evidence
that
no fracturing
has occured.

This
paper
wili
show that
the
resuits,
in terms
of
increased
well
productivity
and economics,
from
using
a nitrified
emulsified
acid
system
within
the
softShuaiba

References

and

ill

ustrations

at

end

of

limestone

are

substantial.

paper
207
.

.ABORATORY

RESULTS

AND

Reaction

DISCUSSION

N2 bubbles
apparatus

the

A 10 g core
plug
was placed
in 200 ml of emulsified
acid
which
was being
agitated
with
a magnetic
;tirrer
at
195 derjF
under
atmospheric
pressure.
rhe core
plug
was taken
out
after
5 minutes,
cleaned
with
distilled
water
and dried
in an oven
at 120 degF.
\fter
the core
plug
was completely
dried
it was cooled
in a dessicator
and re-weighed.
The core
plug
was
then placed
back
in the acid
for
further
reaction.
rhe core
plug
was removed
from
the emulsified
acid
>very
5 minutes
unt?l
the
reaction
time
reached
90
ninutes.
The nitrified
emulsified
acid
continuously
bubbling
nitrogen
gas
through
a porous
ceramic
which
was
:mulsion,
thus
enabling
the
gas to
in the system.

was prepared
by
into
the acid
immersed
in the
be widely
dispersed

70%
30%

composition
laboratory

Hydrochloric
Lease
Oil

of
testing

Acid

of

the

the

Emulsified
(and
during

(10%

and

Acid
field

1)

Increasing
the
internal
phase
of the emulsion
bubb;cs.

2)

N2
to

FIELD

to

act

volume
percent
increases
the
which
Impedes

bubbles
compete
the
formation.

with

acid

in

two

ways

to

reduce

occupied
apparent
migration

by the
viscosity
of the

droplets

for

exposure

TESTING

used
work)

in

thought
:

To evaluate
the potential
of the energised
emuIsIfied
acid,
matrix
treatments
were
executed
the
Shuaiba
limestone
and the
results
compared
similar
wells
in the
field
that
had been
treated
the
unenerglsed
emulsified
acid.
A summary
of
well
data
and results
may be seen on table
1.
Observations

and

in
to
with
the

Conclusions

Inspection
of Table
1 shows
that
the degree
of
stimulation
achieved
with
the energised
emulsified
s!lstem
is essentially
the
same as that
of the
regular
emulsified
system
which
requires
significantly
higher
vclumes
of acid.

strength)

inhibitor
included

The N2 was
reaction
rate

The principal
advantage
of nitrlfying
the
emulsified
acid
system
1s an increase
in spending
time
which
allows
deeper
penetration
of live
acid
and a more
uniform
etched
channel
network
with
live
ac?d.

Definition

Emulsifying
agent,
corrosion
chelating
agents
were
also
acid
recipe.
Observations

a schematic

It
Is noted
that
the above
is asinipliflcationof
a complex
acidizing
system
which
still
requires
extensfve
work
to quantify
the
relationships
Involved
but,
qualitatively,
the nitrlfied
emulsified
system
offered
marked
improvements
over
the conventional
emulsified
acid
system,

An investigation
Into
the
relationship
between
the hydrocarbon,
aqueous
and gaseous
phases
of the
nitrified
emulsified
acid
was carried
out
to establish
the mechanism
of acid
retardation.
Testing
was
conducted
by vitrifying
the emulsified
acid
under
shear
in a continuous
mix fashion
using
an Oakes
foaming apparatus
and observing
the
resultant
system
with
an optical
microscope
at atmospheric
conditions.
Gaseous
nitrogen
was added
at 25% by volume
of the
liquid.
The

depicts

The second
mechanism
was considered
as being
predominant
in retarding
reaction
rate,as
the
forces
that
allow
the
Internal
phase
bubbles
to contact
the
rock
surface
are
completely
physical,
i.e.
not
chemistry-dependent,
so the
N2 and HCl acid
compete
for
release
to contact
the
formation.
Irr this
competition
for
relocation
toward
a pressure
sink
(In
this
case
formation
porosity)
the
compressibilltycf
the N2
should
give
it an advantage
over
the HC1 acid
droplets

rhe results
shown
in Figure
1 illustrate
that
the
litrified
emulsified
acid
dissolved
less
rock
per
Jnit
time
than
the
unenergised
fluid
implying
the
rate
of acid
reaction
of the nitrified
fluid
was
slower.

during
was:

also

Rate

In order
to ascertain
the effects
of nitrlfica:ion
on the
reaction
rate
with
the hydrocarbon
:mulsified
acid,
core
plug
samples
of ShuaIba
llme;tone
were
placed
In the
test
fluid
and their
weight
loss
with
time
was noted.

System

and
used.

and
the

$,s indicated
in Table
1,
it may seen
that
wells
ff 3 and ++ 4, which
were
treated
with
nitrifled
emulsified
acid,
gave
a similar
level
of cumulative
oil
production
(o~er
SIX months)
to well
++1,
treated
with
a large
volume
of regul.~r
emulsified
acid.

Conclusions

Through
microscopy
it was seev
that
the emulsion
became
one of a continuous
external
phase
(hydrocarbon)
and a discmtinuous
internal
phase
(N2 and HCI ).
The internal
phase
components
were
observed
as discrete
bubbles
of N2 and HC1 laying
side
by side
The photowithin
the hydrocarbon
external
phase.
mlcrcigraph
in Figure
2 illustrates
the
relationship
between
the aqueous
droplets,
hydrocarbon
phase
and

---

In
observed
migrating
of the

Zlm

all
cases,
however,
the
improvement
in KH
afte,r
stimulation
[s most
likely
due to acid
along
a vertical
plane
increasing
the height
zone
directly
contributing
to flow.

SW 1?951
.---Diversion

The cost
savings
incurred
by Implementing
the
smaller
acid
volume
nltrified
treatment
resulted
in
a cost
reduction
of 40 - 50% as compared
to the
conventional
emulsified
system.

WELL

With
larger
perforated
Intervals
[t was found
essential
to achieve
adequate
diversion
of the
treating
fluid
from
the wellbore
into
the
formation
which
resulted
In the whole
interval
recelvlng
treatment.
Benzoic
acid
flakes
were
employed
as the diverting
agent
and slurried
in crude
oil
then
pumped
between
acid
stages.
Concentrations
of up to 4 ppga,
usually
in 800 gal
SIU s were
pum ed until
sufficient
diverslon
pressure
1300 ! psi)
was noted
on surface.
! 500Laboratory
tests
Indicated
that
the solubllltyof
benzoic
acid
flakesin
lease
oil
at ambient
conditions
was negligible
over
a 12 hour
period.

t4ANAGEMENT
Completion

Procedurq

After
drilllng
to TD at approximately
6900
ft KB
and cementing
the production
casing,a
cement
bond
log
Is run from
TD to 50 - 600
ft above
the
top of the
Shuaiba
formation.
If adequate
bonding
is Indicated,
the well
is perforated
with
either
a 4 casing
gun
at 4 spf
(90 deg phasing)
or a 5 casing
gun at 5 SPf
(72 deg phasing).
The

well
is
tubing
two days.

7/8

or 2
mately

subsequently
and flowed

for

completed
c;ean

up

with
for

The benznlc
acid
flakes
conslstentlv
gave
adequate
diversion
as illustrated
in Figure
twhich
is a
surface
pressure/pumprate
plot
of data
recorded
during
an actual
treatment.
The plot
shows
that
in this
case
1120
psi
diversion
pressure
was achieved
on surface
from
the
benzoic
acid
flakes;
this
level
of diversion
was quite
common on the wells
stimulated.
In general
every
12 - 15 ft of interval
was treated
with
a sepa-

2 3/8
approxi-

A perforation
wash with
coiled
tubing
is then
performed
to ensure
complete
communication
to the
formation
through
the perforations
and to remove
skin
damage
caused
by compaction
after
perforating.
Coiled
tubing
has proved
to be an effective
means
of
ensuring
vertical
fluid
distribution
across
the
interval
especially
when dealing
with
small
volumes
of fluids.

rate

stage.

After
treatment
the
benzolc
dissolved
and flowed
back
completely
being
produced
at 200 degF bottom
(benzoic
acid
flakes
being
slowly

acid

flakes
were
the crude
hole
temperature
soluble
in oil).
by

Vitrification
A post
perforation
wash drawdown
period
of
approximately
eight
days
ensures
that
the well
has
responded
to the wash and that
the pore
pressure
immediately
around
the wellbore
has been
reduced
by
This,
In turn,
allows
matrix
1100 - 1200 psi.
treatments
to be performed
at rates
far
above
the
formations
calculated
matrix
flow
capacity
without
fracturing.

To obtain
a 25% quality
foam under
downhole
conditions
it was calculated
that
330 scf)bbl
of
Nitrogen
would
be required
on surface
(taking
a BHP
of 4000
psi
and an effective
BHT of 150 degF during
treatment)
with
an additional
120 scf/bbl
being
necessary
to offset
the volubility
of the
gas
in the
treatment
fluid.

After
the main
matrix
acid
treatment
is performed,
a post
stimulation
drawdown
period
of approximately
eight
to ten days
provides
enough
data
to conduct
the
Production
logs
are
contransient
test
analysis.
ducted
on selected
wells
to evaluate
the efficiency
of the stimulation
and diversion.

DESIGN

to

Consequently
450 scf/bbl
of Nitrogen
create
25% quaiity
foam under
downhole
Job

The treatments
separat,
..cid
stage
this
was overflushed
a slug
of slurried
fluid
diversion,

CONSIDERATIONS

was used
conditions.

Execution

were
usually
perfoimed
with
a
for
each
12 - 15 ft of interval,
with
lease
oil
and followed
by
benzoic
acid
flakes
to obtain

Penetration
A typical
When using
the
regular,
unenergised
emulsified
acid,
a 20 ft
radial
penetration
of
live
acid
was
used which
equated
to 1250
gal/ft
of emulsified
acid
plus
450 gal/ft
of lease
oil
overdisplacement.
The
actual
stimulated
radius
was derived
from
pressure
drawdown
analysis
(4)
as indicated
in Appendices
1
and 2.

with
only
was

radius
with
slgriificant
reductions
in
costs
per well.
The pressure
drawdown
and penetration
calculations
may be seen
3.

treatment
-

From drawdown
analysis
tests
on ~.ells
treated
the nitrified
emulsified
acid
it was found
that
500 gal/ft
of acid
plus
125 gal/ft
of lease
oil
necessary
to achieve
a comparable
equivalent

stimulated
treatment
analysis
Appendix

would

Cooldown
Nitrified
Lease
oil
Diverter
Lease
oil
Nitrified
Lease
oil

be:

pad of lease
oil
emulsified
acid
overflush
slug
displacement
emulsified
acid
overflush
and displacement

If a high
enough
injection
rate
(approximately
0.2
bpm per
foot
of perforated
zone)
was not established
Initially
(after
50 bbl)
with
the
lease
oil
cooldownpad
at matrix
injection
conditions,
a volume
of energised
emulsified
acid
(1000
gal)
was then
pumped
to improve
the
injection
profile
before
return-

in

ing

209

to

cooldown

lease

oil.

:,

!. j., +

1
r

The volume
of lease
oil
overflush
used
of the emulsified
acid
volume.
If sufficient
sion
was not obtained
with
the
first
diverter
another
pill
of benzolc
flakes
was pumpeci.

CASE

was 25%
dlverslug

Figure
9 depicts
the production
history
of the
well,
before
and after
stimulation,
and although
changes
In surface
choke
size
have
distorted
the
Immediate
post-stimulation
production,
It
Is still
clear
that
sustained
improvement
in the PI has been
accomplished
by the
treatment.

HiSTCIRY

Well
Perforations,
Productive
Before

Matrix

++5

:
:
:

5 spf
interval

104

:
:
:

6588 ft
1.
Deeply
penetrating
soft
limestones
are
systems
and effective

Treatment

Kh
K
PI
s
Note

SUMMARY

655632 ft

2.
An oil
outer
phase
proved
optimum
for
matrix
limestone.

3.3 md
0.39
-3.1

The above
performance
perforation
wash with
of 10% HCI.

Treatment

md ft
STBOD/psi

is after
100 gai/ft

matrix
acid
treatments
of
achievable
with
proper
chemical
well
management.
emulsified
stimulation

4.

Design

at matrix
pressures
and rates
the
treato give
a coverage
of 500 gpf energised
acid,
overflushed
with
125 gpf of lease
emulsified
acid
was energised
with
N2 at
and the
lease
oil
at 100 scf/bbl.

Treatment

Program

Pre-t(eatment
in a significant
rate
allowed
at
acid
penetration.

drawdown
near
increase
in the
matrix
conditions,

system
has
the Shuaiba

Effective
zone
coverage
5.
high
rate
matrix
treatments
benzoic
acid
flakes.

the wellbore
results
maximum
injection
further
improving

can be acnieved
with~diverting

6.
gal
lease
oil,
cooldown
pad
gal
emulsified
acid
gal
lease
oil
overflush
gsl diverter
slug
with
4 ppga benzoic
gal
iease
oil
displacement
gal
emulsified
acid
gal
lease
oii
overflush
gal
diverter
slug
with
4 ppga benzoic
gal
lease
oil
displacement
gal
emulsified
acid
gal
lease
oil
displacement

of

Nltrification
of this
emulsified
acid
system
3.
resuits
in a two component
Internal
phase,
which
further
enhances
the
systems
effectiveness
by allowing deeper
penetration
of live
acid
away
from
the
wellbore.

Inject
ting
fiuids
emulsified
Oii.
The
h50 scf/bbl

5000
5300
1330
800
2100
5300
1330
800
2100
5300
3500

acid

A combination
of the above
through
laboratory
investigation
through
field
applications,
has
improved
the economics
of matrix
Shuaiba
limestone.

flakes

during
slugs
of

techniques,
developed
and confirmed
significantly
stimulation
in the

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
flakes
of

The authors
Occidental
of

(Western)

would
Oman

S. A.

for

like
inc.

to
and

permission

thank
the management
Dowell
Schlumberger
to publish
this

paper.
Shutdown

pumps

Matrix

Treatment

end

of

treatment
REFERENCES

After
Kh
K:
PI

:
:

s:
Cumulative

207
6.4
0,94
-4,6

production
77,110

1.

Fogler,
H.S.
and Reaction
Media,
1984

2.

Hoefner,
M.L.,
Fo ler,
H.S.,
Stenius,
P. and
(1985!:
RoleofAcid
Diffusion
Sjoblom,
J.
in Matrix
Acidizing
in Carbonates,
SPE paper
13564,
presented
Pheonix
AR.

3.

Hoefner,
ItEffective

md ft
md
STBOD/psi

four

months

after

treatment:

STBO
Comments

using
The actual
pumprates
and surface
pressures
recorded
during
the
treatment
may be seen
in Figure
8.
This
figure
illustrates
the effects
of diversion
and shows
that
the
ifijection
profile
for
lease
oil
increases
significantly
in the
latter
stages
cf the
job.

4.

M.L.
and
Matrix

Fogler,
Acidizing

Microemulsions,

Wiliiams
ItAcidizing
Monograph

210

and Hoefner,
M.L.
(1984):
Flow
of Microemulsions
in Porous
AIChE
meeting,
San Francisco.

Chem.

B.B.
Gidley
J.L.,
Fundamentals
Vol

H,S.
in

Henry

(1985):
Carbonates

Eng

Prog.

Schechter
(1979)
SpE

L Ooherty

series

R.S.

.,

5.

OXY-Cities
Service
Technology
Center
Safah
Matrix
Stimulation
Study
(1987)
unpublished.

Iv

Average

permeability,

K,

--.-IE914E91.Lg-Jre/~1

[(Ka)

K =

APPENDICES

17951
(bulk

-----

Ln (re/ra)j

plus

stlmulated)

--------

-..--

+ ~(Kb) Ln(ra/rw)]

Appendix
Acid
I

Penetration

Calculations

Radius
test

of

Unenergised
Calculations

Investigation,

re,

(from

Well

r=
e

where

=
=

0
Ct

=
=
=

&

II

Injected

Ct

OIJo
1{0
T

(T)

--.-----

----

Vt

r.

Ill

+r

total
acid
formation

B.

injected
(gal/ft)

into

wellbore

radius

(ft)

injected

radius

(ft)

Kb/~a=

(rw)

oil
displaced
1707
gal/ft

Injected

radius,

Average
Wellbore

porosity,
radius,

into

ri

@ = 0.21
rw = 0.411

ri

= ---------------[ ( n )(7.48)(0.21)

ri

: s
Kb
Ka
Ra

ft

(0.411)2

1/2

radius,

18.60 ft

rat

Equivalent

From

the

K
s

the

stimulated

post

2.5md

-3.77

treatment

Core
analysis
greater
than

(from

radius,

ra

transient

test:

showed
stimulated
70 Darcies.

?erri,ezibi

litlies

-3.77

post

,------ra

(0.411)

ra

17.76 ft

------

e [(25/70000)-lj

e
Appendix

where

formation

1707

------a

Penetratlrjn

1/2

Equivalent
stimulated
acid
transient
analysis)

Acid

(l/psi

w 1

[ (7.48) (0) (T )
where

r,

Vt
ri

acid
and
=Vt,

A.

permeabilityto
oil
(mr!)
production
time
(hrs)
porosity
(fraction)
total
system
comressibilty
radius
of investigation
Oil
viscosity
(cp)

radius,

System

:++6

Total

1/2

(Ko)

Emulsified

transient

analys~s)

(0.00105)
----------------

Appefidix

=
=
=
=

skin
(transient
analysis)
bulk
permeability
(transient
analysis]
stimulated
permeability
(Lab
results)
stimulated
radius
(ft)

Energised
~ulations
Well
Total

Emulsified

System

Acid

mdoil

displaced

Penetration

::+7
nitrified

acid

into

Vt = 749 gal/ft

A.

411

..

Injected

radius,

Average
Wellbore

porosity,
radius,

ri
0
rw

= 0.226
= 0.354

ft

formation,

S= 37951

<

749
ri

[
ri

B.

+ (0.354)2

-----------------( = )(7.48)(0.226)

li.88

1/2

ft

Equivalent
From

stimulated

the

post

radius,

treatment

K.

6.2md

$=

ra

transient

test

3.9

Core
analysis
greater
than

showed
stimulated
70 Darcies

permeabil

ities

-3.9
-------ra

(0.354)

ra

17.49

------

e [(642/70000) -12
ft
.
TABLE
SUllHARY

.1

OF TREATIIENT

RESULTS

Unenergised
Well

Perforations,

5 Spf

Kh

(red.

PI
s

(STBOO/psi)

Matrix

Kh

(red.

PI
s

(STBOD/psi)

It

Well

189

89

223

0.91
-5.4

1.02
-4.8

f+3

Well

6486-65o6

;;

110
0.46
-3.5

24OO
----

982
450

1013
450

136

76

596

188

1.23
-6.0

0.79
-6.5

should

be

noted
after

retarded
HCI.
in most
cases
the
wash with
drastic
values
just
prior
history

109,000

that
the
a perforation

Before
wash

Matrix
with

1.41

Treatment

50-100

123,800

data

gal/ft

s}low

of

the acid
instantaneous

of

Figures

the

above

wells

may

212

be

seen

in

97,500

well

10% non-

production
decreased
rapidly
after
drops
in P1.
These
data
were
the
to the matrix
stimulation
treatment.

6.

0.67
-5.9

-3.9

60,500

++4

6498-6523

24OO
----

production
!STBO)
after
treatment

performance

production

Treatments

Treatment

ft)

Cumulative
six
mcmths

/j

48
34

0.73

(gai/ftj
(scf/bbl)

Well

Energised

6896-6916
6974-6992
42
38

-4.1

After

The

(*)

tc)

Matrix
Treatment
Vitrification

(*)

6472-6506

(ft)

(ft)
Net
Pay
Perforated
Interval
(ft)
Before
tlatrix
Treatment

t+

Treatments

3,

4,

5 and

.,

FIGURE

REACTION

TIME

(bIIN)
,,

Figure
Photomicrograph

of Nitrified

Emulsified

Acid

The photomicrograph shovs the relat Ionships

between the aqueous droplets
, hydrocarbon
phase and gas bubbles of an emulsified
ni tri f ied system. ?be ~verage droplet size
aPPear.s to te in the range of 0.02 UB
with an average bubble size cf 0.2 mm.

213

,. .,
.,..

SPE179!n

FIGURE

PRODUCTION HISTORY WELL 1

1200
1100

1100

=*

1000
.

:
.
-1
5

500
400
300
200

01234s67

8910
PRODUCING TIME (MONTHS)

FIGURE

PRODUCTION HkT6RY

WELL 2
,.
. .
0s
.
.
.
:
. .
.
,
.:
.
.
:
.

600

**** GOR
011.RATE

.. . ..
.

..

-*.

***.:

../

*
.*.
.

3500

3000

,
. ,0
**
t:
:

.. .:
::
,,

b
~ 300

0
w
CL

100

1
STIMULATION
I
1

500

I
2

78
PR;DUCIN;

TlME5(MONTtS)

214

go

tf#

FIGURE 7
EFFECT

5000

OF DIVERSION

ON TREATING

PRESSURE

5.0

4500

4.5

4000
~
n 3300

4.0

w
~ 3of30
In
# 2500
L
g 2000
~
t-

1500

1.0

1000

0.5

530
0

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

4446

48

PUMPING

*103

50

52

5456

58

60

62

64

0.0

TIME (MIN)

FIGURE 8
TREATMENT

7t

RECORD

WELL 5
1

. . . . . BPM

Psl

5.0

<

4.5

..

4.0

..
1
.;

,.
,- .

A
..

IJ
.:
... ...... :

. ...

3.5 _
z
3.0 !5

,.

2.5$
IY
2.0:
z
1.5
D = DNEm

1+

1.0

ZRAT P :RFS

3.5
i

o~
o

I
20

I
40

1
60

I
I
I
I
80
100
120
140
PUMpING
TIME (MIN)

I
180

160

I
200

2:

?O

FIGURE 9
800
1

700

lL--~

600

..

GOR
OILR~l

1111

I
1

700

600 ~
VI
\
500 &
m

II
m

40

:
($

300 g
. . . . .. .

J
200 ~
100

01
0:0

0.5

1.0

1.5

1
2,0

2.5

3.o

PRODUCING TIME (MONTHS)

216

3,5

FIGURE

PRODUCTION HISTORY -

1800

WELL 3

I
i

1600

I
..*

400

1800
..
,

GOR

OILRATE

...
.

.
..

200
~

1600

.
.

1400
1200>

,?* .
.
.

1000

1000

.
.
.

400
200

200

2
pRoDuc&

HISTORY

1100

WELL 4
I

VVVW
GOR

1000

.*

900

1200
1100

.: . -

OILRATE

:9.
..
...
.

.
*.

;:;
.*

TIME &3NTHsy

FIGURE
PRODUCTION

1200 I

**

..

.*

. . .
..

1000

900
,
800
700

600

600
500
400

300

200

300
200

100
0

100

s
b

2
34
pRoDucING
TIME

5
(MONTHS)