1

Experiment 1: Standing Wave and VSWR

measurement of a given load
Rohit Daroch (2012EE50555), Shashank Kushwah (2012EE50556), Shubham Kumar (2012EE50558)

I. OBJECTIVE
To familiarize with the measurement techniques using slotted line.

Measurement of standing wave distribution on a slotted line, with short circuit and open circuit
termination.
Measurement of high VSWR by double minimum method.
Measurement of low VSWR by Nodal shift method.
II. LIST OF EQUIPMENTS

Microwave source with square wave modulation, Variable attenuator, Crystal detector, VSWR Meter,
Ferrite Isolator, Matched Load

III. ASSUMPTIONS
In this experiment we have assumed that the load applied is reactive and the line is lossless.

IV. BOX DIAGRAM

V. OBSERVATIONS
a) Minima positions when the short circuited (in cm)
1st location of minima
2nd location of minima
3rd location of minima
4th location of minima

9.05
10.85
12.45
13.80

b) Minima positions when open circuited (in cm)

1st location of minima
2nd location of minima
3rd location of minima
4th location of minima

8.20
10.30
11.85
13.65

c) High VSWR measurement

The location of Vmin was 12.40cm.
Points where voltage was equal to 2Vmin were 12.34cm and 12.10cm
d = 12.34-12.10= 0.24cm
d) Low VSWR measurement
Reference AA = 8.35cm
Reference BB = 0cm

X1
X2
X 1- X 2

.10cm
.6cm
.5cm

.24cm
.4cm
.16cm

.72cm
.1cm
-.62cm

By double minima method high VSWR comes out to be VSWR high = 6.42
By Nodal shift method low VSWR comes out to be VSWR low = 1.21

VI.
g = twice of difference between two minima.
o = 3.21cm, g = 4.3cm
Frequency = c / o = 9.345GHz
Matches with the applied frequency
=

g =

INFERENCE

1 + sin(0 )
1 sin(0 )

o
1 (oc)

o
1 (o2)

3
QUESTIONS
1) Why the slot is cut in the centre of the waveguide not off centre?
For the TE10 mode, the mode which we are using, it lies on the centre-line of the broad face of the waveguide.
2) What types of errors are introduced in measurement due to finite probe depth and a slot in a waveguide?
The probe and the slot disturb the electric field distribution in the wave guide.
3) Why the Gunn source is square wave modulated at end frequency range?
The VSWR equipment cannot work at high frequencies used in the waveguide therefore we used 1 KHz square
wave carrier for modulation. As a square wave gives the maximum value for a greater time as compared to a sine
wave.
4) If the excitation of the waveguide is changed to TEmn mode, can we continue with this step up? What will be the
effect of multimode in measurement?
If we shift to any other mode than TE10 its not necessary that the current will remain parallel to the slot so we
will have to change the slot position. In multimode, the presence of large number of modes leads to interference

Q1. How is low VSWR created?

Low VSWR is created due to small reflections in the Transmission line due to transitions, on our case due to the
lossless coupling network.
Q2. Field distribution for TE10 mode?

Lab report for EEP307: Engineering Electromagnetics, Semester II, 2014-15.