Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Energy Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol
H I G H L I G H T S
Advanced biomass gasication, as important enabling technology for biofuels and the bio-based economy, has been lacking success despite decades of
research and development.
We try to explain this by reconstructing its technological trajectory.
We focus on processes of variation and selection, and interaction between local demonstration projects and the upcoming technological eld.
The development of the technology over each period shows strong variation.
Long RD&D times in combination with major changes in the socio-economic context have resulted in discontinuities that even affected premium
technologies.
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 5 November 2013
Received in revised form
22 January 2014
Accepted 24 January 2014
Available online 11 February 2014
Recent interest in biofuels and bio-reneries has been building upon the technology of biomass
gasication. This technology developed since the 1980s in three periods, but failed to break through.
We try to explain this by studying the technological development from a quasi-evolutionary perspective,
drawing upon the concepts of technological paradigms and technological trajectories. We show that the
socio-economic context was most important, as it both offered windows of opportunity as well as
provided direction to developments. Changes in this context resulted in paradigm shifts, characterized by
a change in considered end-products and technologies, as well as a change in companies involved. Other
inuences on the technological trajectory were rm specic differences, like the focus on a specic
feedstock, scale and more recently biofuels to be produced. These were strengthened by the national
focus of supporting policies, as well as specic attention for multiple technologies in policies of the USA
and European Commission. Over each period we see strong variation that likely benetted the long term
development of the technology. Despite policy efforts that included variation and institutionalization, our
case shows that the large changes in socio-economic context and the technological challenges were hard
to overcome.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Advanced biomass gasiers
Technological trajectory
Technological paradigm
Variation
Selection
1. Introduction
Over the past few years, energy from biomass has received
ample interest, with special attention for biofuels, bio-reneries
and the concept of a bio-based economy. Crucial to these developments is the technology of biomass gasication. Biomass gasication is the thermochemical breakdown of biomass at high
temperature and frequently also at high pressure. Input can be a
diversity of biomass feedstock, although each requires a somewhat
specialized technology. In the gasier, the feedstock is converted
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.036
0301-4215 & 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2. Conceptual framework
We use an evolutionary perspective on technological change,
starting from the work by Dosi, (1982) and Nelson and Winter,
(1982). It is evolutionary in the sense that it includes processes of
variation, selection and retention. Variation comes from early
engineering efforts in RD&D, in a phase characterized by high
uncertainties, little alignment and no lock-in. Sources of variation
are rm-specic differences and bounded rationality. Selection
mainly takes place upon market introduction: picking technologies that perform best in a given socio-economical context. And
nally retention, or continued existence, is driven by processes of
success and institutionalization, e.g. setting standards, sharing
knowledge, etc.
As our interest is in both continuous technological change as
well as discontinuities, we will be drawing upon the notions of
technological paradigms and technological trajectories by Dosi,
(1982). Dosi starts from a broad notion of technology as:
a set of pieces of knowledge, both directly practical (related to
concrete problems and devices) and theoretical (but practically
applicable although not necessarily already applied), know-how,
methods, procedures, experience of success and failures and also,
of course, physical devices and equipment.1
Based on this, he dened technological paradigms (or research
programs) in analogy of Kuhns notion of scientic paradigms as:
1
171
172
Fig. 1. Technical trajectory carried by local projects [Geels and Raven, 2006].
3. Methodology
Following a quasi-evolutionary perspective, we will try to
reconstruct the technological trajectory of advanced biomass
173
Table 1
Pilot projects on advanced biomass gasiers for methanol production in the early 1980s.
Consortium/contractors
(country)
1
Reactor type
Double uidized
bed, circulating
carrier for oxygen
and heat.
Double uidized
bed, circulating heat
carrier
Lurgi (D)
3
4
Omnifuel/Biosyn (CA)
Royal Institute of
Technology/Studsvik
Energiteknik (SE)
Batelle-Columbus
Laboratories (USA)
Institute of Gas Technology
(USA)
SERI (now NREL) (USA)
8
9
10
University of Missouri-Rolla
(USA)
Method
Gasication with
Capacity
[kg wood/hr]
Pressure
[bar]
Site
440-900
Smethwick
(UK)
320-450
Frankfurt (D)
100-320
2.500
500-800
1 7-30
1
Le Creusot
(F) Clamecy (F)
Toscana (I)
10.000
4.000*
16-20
????
10-15
300-500
30
10-30
154-1400
0.2-1
160-500
6-24
38
560-900
20-375
11
1
1
chemically bound
oxygen; air blown
Gasication with
steam, separate
combustion of char
for heat
Oxygen or oxygen/steam
blown
Oxygen or oxygen/steam
blown
Pyrolysis, combustion
part of product gas
separately for heat;
steam and oxygen blown
Pressurized, oxygen (or
air) blown
St. Juste-deBretenires
(Quebec, CA)
Degrad des
Cannes (French
Guyana)
Stockholm (SE)
Studsvik (SE)
Columbus, Ohio
(USA)
Chicago, Illinois
(USA)
Golden,
Colorado (USA)
Rolla, Missouri
(USA)
1-4 Beenackers and van Swaaij, 1983, 1986; Grassi and Pirrwitz, 1983; Kaltschmitt et al., 1998; Strub, 1984
5 Hogan, 1992, 1993; Cort, in Kaltschmitt et al., 1998
6 Beenackers and van Swaaij, 1983; Blomkvist et al., 1983; Strm et al. 1985
7-10 Klass, 1987, p50-52; Schiefelbein, 1989; Stevens, 1994, p23-43.
n
The Omnifuel plant at Degrad des Cannes was rated at 30.000 t/year of dry wood, which at 8000-8600 operating hours is equivalent with 35004000 kg per hour.
174
175
176
Table 2
Plants and plans for biomass IGCC application, late 1980s till 2003. CFB Circulating Fuidized Bed; BFB Bubbling Fluidized Bed; IGCC Integrated Gasication Combined Cycle; MWe MWelectricity; MWth MWthermal.
Sources: Beenackers and Maniatis, 1998; Bridgwater, 1993; Hellsmark, 2010; Kaltschmitt and Bridgwater, 1997; Kaltschmitt et al., 1998; Knoef, 2005; Sipil and Korhonen, 1993, 1996, 1998; Sipil and Rossi, 2002.
Consortium/
contractors
Manufacturer
Status/year
Capacity
[ton/d]
Feedstock
Vrnamo (SE)
Sydkraft/Ahlstrom
720
biomass
Brazil WBP-SIGAME
Bahia state
Mariestad (SE)
(FI)
World Bank,
Electrobas
Gullspng Kraft
435
Eucalyptus
Bors (SE)
Bors Energi AB
TPS/VBB
Imatran Voima Oy
(IVO) IVOSDIG process
TPS
Enviropower
Wood
Vattenfall
90-100
PICHTR/WEC
IGT Renugas
Arbre Energy
Limited (AEL)
TPS
Biolettrica (ENEL,
Lurgi a.o.)
Elsam/Elkraft a.o.
Enviropower/Carbona
ENW
TPS or Lurgi
Batelle/FERCO
Batelle
Tampella (Kvaerner)
Enso/Metsliitto
Weyerhaeuser
MVAPC
Foster Wheeler
Batelle/FERCO
Carbona
39 MWe
Pressurized CFB; air and steam blown; 20 bar;
75 MWe
Wood chips
40-100
bagasse
138
200-336
84
Wood residue.
180-300
1000
Site (country)
177
Site (country)
Consortium
Gssing (AU)
Repotec
TU-Vienna/Repotec/
CTU/Paul Scherrer
Institute
GoBiGas: Gothenburg Repotec technology
Energy/Repotec/Metso
Chemrec/Volvo/
Chemrec
Preem/Total/Delphi
Rya (SE)
Pite (SE) - Smurt
Kappa Kraftliner
Mill
Vrnamo (SE)
Chicago (USA)
Freiberg (DE)
Technology
Status/year
32 MWth
Wood pellets
5 MWth
Black liquor
lignocellulosic
18 MWth
Wood chips?
3-7 MWth?
Forest residues
wood pellets/
chips
Forest residues
Gridley Aberdeen
(USA) Hawaii (USA)
Livingston (USA)
Sherbrook (CA)
Westbury (CA)
Edmonton (CA))
Temiscaming (CA)
Warrenville (USA)
Madison (USA)
Boardman (USA)
Coskata Westinghouse
Plasma
ZeaChem
Themo Recovery
International
Iowa State University
BECON techn.
CUTEC
Startech/Future Fuels
InEnTec
Karlsruhe (DE)
KIT/Lurgi/Sdchemie/
VW (Future Energy)
Durham (USA)
Boone (USA)
Clausthal-Zellerfeld
(DE)
Wilton (USA)
a.o. Puerto Rico S4
(USA)
Petten (NL)
Zeachem/GreenWood
Resources
Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (incl former
FZK)
Range Fuels, Inc.
ECN
Capacity
0.5 MWth
12 MWth
1 MWth
45 MWth
Feedstock
Wood chips,
divers Dry wood
chips
Straw/agricultural
residues
5 MWth
1 MWth
25 MWth
2002-2004 pilot Gridley;??? facility Aberdon 2006construction validation plant Hawaii 2008 operational
pilot Livingston
2003 pilot operational 2010 gasier operational 2010
start construction Edmonton (comm.)
Divers
0.8 5 MWth
8.5 MWth
1 MWth
0.8 MWth
7.5 MWth
100.00 t/ain
13000 t/aout
?? 0.2 MWth
4500 t/aout
3500 t/aout
1 MWtht
2008 operational
0.4 MWth
1-1.5 MWth
0.8-1.5 MWth
0.8 MWth
Lignocellulosic
Electricity poles
Municipal waste
Spent sulphite
liquor
Various Wood
chips/nat. gas
Lignocellulosic,
sugar, wood, chips
black liquor
Forestry residues
Grains, oil seeds,
vegetable oil
Straw, wood,
residues
Waste
Waste
Multiple, wood
pellets
Varkaus (FI)
Manufacturer
178
Table 3
Gasication plants for biofuel (pilot and demo, operational or under construction) after 2000. FICFB Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed; CFB Circulating Fluidized Bed; BFB Bubbling Fluidized Bed; CHP Combined Heat and
Power; SNG Synthetic Natural Gas; FT Fischer-Tropsch; DME Dimethyl Ether; MWth MWthermal; t/a ton/year
Sources: Bacovsky et al., 2010; Bain, 2011; E4tech/NNFCC 2009; Kolb, 2011; Waldheim, 2012.
179
Table 4
Characterization of technological development of advanced biomass gasiers.
1980s methanol as fuel
180
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Geert Verbong and two anonymous
reviewers for providing me with constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement.
References
Babu, S. (2005, March). Observations of the current status of biomass gasication.
Opgeroepen op April 2013, van IEA Bioenergy: http://www.ieabioenergy.com/
LibItem.aspx?id=184.
Bacovsky, D., Dallos, M., Wrgetter, M., 2010. Status of 2nd generation biofuels
demonstration facilities in June 2010. IEA Bioenergy Task 39
Bain, R.L., 1993. Electricity from biomass in the United States: status and future
directions. Bioresource Technology, 8693
Bain, R., 2011. United States country report, IEA Bioenergy, task 33. NREL, Golden,
Colorado
Bain, R., Amos, W., Downing, M., Perlack, 2003. Biopower technical assessment:
state of the industry and technology. NREL, Golden, Colorado
Baker, E., Brown, M., Moore, R., Mudge, L., Elliott, D., 1986. Engineering analysis of
biomass gaser product gas cleaning technology. Pacic Northwest Laboratory,
Richland
Bakker, S., van Lente, H., Meeus, M., 2012. Dominance in the prototyping phase The case of hydrogen passenger cars. Research Policy, 871883
Beenackers, A., Maniatis, K., 1998. Biomass & Bioenergy 15 (3), 193273.
Beenackers, A., Maniatis, K., 1984. Conclusions of the workshop on evaluation of
themochemical gasication reactors for biomass. In: Bridgwater, A. (Ed.), Thermochemical processing of biomass. Buttersworths, London, pp. 319325 (Red)
Beenackers, A.,Maniatis, K. (1993/1994). Gas cleaning in electricity production via
gasication of biomass: conclusions of the workshop. In A. Bridgwater (Red.),
Advances in thermochemical biomass conversion 1992 (pp. 540-546). Glasgow:
Blackie Academic & Professional.
Beenackers, A., van Swaaij, W., 1984. Gasication of biomass, a state of the art
review. In: Bridgwater, A. (Ed.), Thermochemical processing of biomass. Butterworths, London, pp. 91136 (Red)
Beenackers, A., van Swaaij, W. (1990). Gasication of biomass. Need for further
R&D. Biomass for energy and industry, 5th EC conference 1989 (pp. 2.524-2.533).
Brussels and Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities/Elsevier
Applied Science.
Beenackers, A., van Swaaij, W., 1986. Introduction to the biomass to synthesis gas
pilot plant programme of the C.E.C. and a rst evaluation of results. In:
Beenackeers, A., van Swaaij, W. (Eds.), Advanced gasication. Solar energy
R&D in the European Community, energy from biomass, 8. Commission of the
European Communities, Brussels and Luxembourg, pp. 227 (Red).
Beenackers, A., van Swaaij, W. (1983). Methanol from wood, a state of the art
review. Energy from biomass, 2nd EC conference 1982 (pp. 782-798). Brussels
and Luxembourg: ECSC. EEC, EA EC/Applied Science Publishers.
Blomkvist, G., Liinanki, L., Lindman, N., Sjberg, S.-O. (1983). Swedish gasication
research and process development at RIT. Energy from biomass, 2nd EC
Conference 1982 (pp. 896-900). Brussels and Luxembourg: Commission of the
European Communities/Applied Science Publishers.
Bridgwater, A., 1990. A survey of thermochemical biomass processing activities.
Biomass 22, 279292.
Bridgwater, A., 1993. A preliminary study on the technical and economic feasibility
of wood gascation for power generation. Consultants on process engineering
Ltd, Knowle
Bridgwater, A., 1995. The technical and economic feasibility of biomass gasication
for power generation. Fuel, 631653
Bridgwater, A., 1984. The thermochemical processing system. In: Bridgwater, A.
(Ed.), Thermochemical processing of biomass. University of Aston/Butterworths, Birmingham/London, pp. 3552 (Red)
Bridgwater, A., Evans, G., 1993. An assessment of thermochemical conversion
systems for processing biomass and refuse. Aston University/DK Teknik
CHESF; CIENTEC, CVRD, ELECTROBAS, Shell Brasil, Shell International Petroleum
Company. (1995). Brazilian BIG-GT demonstration project (WBP). Technology
selection - nal report..
Ciferno, J.P., Marano, J.J., 2002. Benchmarking Biomass Gasication Technologies for
Fuels, Chemicals and Hydrogen Production. US Department of Energy, NETL
Connor, M., Diebold, J., Sjstrm, K. (1997). Workshop on the fundamentals of
thermochemical biomass conversion. In A. Bridgwater, & D. Boocock (Red.),
181
Klass, D., 1987. Energy from Biomass and Wastes: 1985 Update and Review.
Resources and Conservation, 784
Klass, D., 1985. Energy from biomass and wastes: a review and 1983 update.
Resources and Conservation, 157239
Kliman, M.L., 1983. Methanol, natural gas, and the development of alternative
transportation fuels. Energy, 859870
Knoef, Harrie, 2005. Handbook Biomass Gasication. BTG biomass technology
group, Enschede
Kolb. (2011). Country report Germany for IEA task 33 Thermal gasication of biomass
(nal 3).
Koljonen, J., Kurkela, E., Wiln, C., 1993. Peat-based HTW-plant at Oulu. Bioresource
Technology, 95101
Koornneef, J., Junginger, M., Faaij, A., 2007. Development of uidized bed combustion - an overview of trends, performance and cost. Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science, 1955
Kurkela, E., Stahlberg, P., Laatikainen, J., Simell, P., 1993. Development of simplied
IGCC-processes for biofuels: supporting gasication research at VTT. Bioresource Technology, 3747
Larson, E., Svenningsson, P., Bjerle, I., 1989. Biomass gasication for gas turbine
power generation. In: Johansson, T., Bodlund, B., Williams, R. (Eds.), Electricity.
Efcient end-use and new generation technologies, and their planning implications. Lund University Press, Lund, pp. 697739 (Red)
Lightner, V. (2009, June). U.S. Department of Energy, Biomass Program, growing
America0 s energy future. Opgeroepen op December 2012, van Biomass Research
and Development: http://www.usbiomassboard.gov/pdfs/doe_budget_over
view_biomass_program_valri_lightnerjg.pdf.
Maniatis, K., 1998. Overview of EU Thermie gasication projects. Power production
from biomass III, gasication and pyrolysis R&D&D for industry. VTT Energy,
Espoo, pp. 934
Maniatis, K., 2001. Progress in Biomass Gasication: An Overview.. In: Bridgwater,
A. (Ed.), Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. Blackwell, Oxford,
pp. 132
Maniatis, K., Guiu, G., Riesgo, J. (2003). The European Commision perspective in
biomass and waste thermochemical conversion. In A. Bridgwater (Red.),
Pyrolysis and gasication of biomass and waste, proceedings of an expert meeting
2002 (pp. 1-18). Berks: CPL Press.
Maniatis, K., Papadoyannakis, M., Segerborg-Fick, A., 1998. Biomass and waste:
themochemical conversion activities in EC programmes. In: Kopetz, E., Weber,
T., Palz, W., Chartier, P., Ferrero, G. (Eds.), Biomass for energy and industry. C.A.
R.M.E.N, Rimpar, pp. 264267 (Red)
Maniatis, K., Rensfelt, E., Solantausta, Y. (1997). Conclusions of the workshop
0
Applications for thermochemical processes0 . Developments in thermochemical
biomass conversion (pp. 1631-1635). London: Blackie Academic & Professional/
Chapman & Hall.
Martin, J.-M., 1996. Energy technologies: systemic aspects, technological trajectories, and institutional frameworks. Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, 8195
Miles, T., Miles, T.j, 1989. Overview of Biomass Gasication in the USA. Biomass, 163168
Nelson, R., Winter, S., 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Belknap
Press, Cambridge (Mass.)
OBP Ofce of the Biomass Program, 2005. A strong energy portfolio for a strong
America. DoE, USA
Palonen, J., Lundqvist, R., Stahl, K., 1996. IGCC technology and demonstration. In:
Sipil, K., Korhonen, M. (Eds.), Power production from biomass II with special
emphasis on gasication and pyrolysis R&DD. VTT, Espoo, pp. 4154 (Red)
Piterou, A., Shackley, S., Upham, P., 2008. Project ARBRE: lessons for bio-energy
developers and policy makers. Energy Policy, 20442050
Raven, R., 2006. Towards alternative trajectories? Recongurations in the Dutch
electricity regime. Research Policy, 581595
Reed, T., 1980. A survey of biomass gasication. Volume III - Current technology and
research. Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden
Rensfelt, E., 1991. Gasication for power productions. In: Grassi, G., Bertini, I. (Eds.),
1st European forum on electricity production form biomass and solid wastes by
advanced technologies. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels and
Luxembourg, pp. 6579 (Red)
Rensfelt, E., Gobel, B., 2003. Strategies for development and implementation of
biomass gasication Pyrolysis and gasication of biomass and waste. CPL Press/
Aston University, Newbury/Burmingham, pp. 681686
Rip, A., Kemp, R., 1998. Technological change. In: Rayner, S., Malone, E. (Eds.), Human
choice and climate change, 2. Batelle Press, Columbus, pp. 327399 (Red).
Rsch, C., Kaltschmitt, M., Dinkelbach, L., 1998. Research, development and demonstration. In: Kaltschmitt, M., Rsch, C., Dinkelbach, L. (Eds.), Biomass gasication
in Europe. European Commission, Brussels/Luxembourg, pp. 159182 (Red)
Salo, K., 1998. Kotka Ecopower IGCC-project, the attempt to transfer the Biocycle
project to Finland. Biomass and bioenergy, 225228
Salo, K., Kernen, H., 1996. Biomass IGCC. In: Sipil, K., Korhonen, M. (Eds.), Power
production from biomass II with special emphasis on gasication and pyrolysis
R&DD. VTT, Espoo, pp. 2339 (Red)
Salo, K., Patel, J., 1997. Integrated gasication combined cycle based on pressurized
uidized bed gasication. In: Bridgwater, A., Boocock, D. (Eds.), Developments
in thermochemical biomass conversion. Blackie Academic & Professional/
Chapmann & Hall, London, pp. 9941005 (Red)
Schiefelbein, G., 1989. Biomass thermal gasication research: recent results from
the United States DOE's research program. Biomass, 145159
182
Shand, R., Bridgwater, A., 1984. Fuel gas from biomass: status and new modelling
approaches. In: Bridgwater, A. (Ed.), Thermochemical processing of biomass.
Butterworths & Co (Publishers) Ltd, London, pp. 229254 (Red)
Sipil, K., Korhonen, M., 1993. Bioresource Technology 46, 1188.
Sipil, K., Korhonen, M., 1996. Power production from biomass II with special
emphasis on gasication and pyrolysis R&DD. VTT, Espoo (Red)
Sipil, K., Korhonen, M., 1998. Power production from biomass III; Gasication and
pyrolysis R&D&D for industry. VTT, Espoo (Red)
Sipil, K., Rossi, M., 2002. Power production from waste and biomass IV; advanced
concepts and technologies. VTT, Espoo (Red)
Solantausta, Y., Beenackers, A. (1989). Workshop 3 - Gasication technology and
economics. In G. Ferrero, K. Maniatis, A. Buekens, & A. Bridgwater (Red.),
Pyrolysis and gasication (pp. 396-398). Brussels and Luxembourg: Elsevier
Science Publisher/Commission of the European Communities.
Solantausta, Y., Bridgwater, A., Beckman, D., 1995. Feasibility of power production
with pyrolysis and gasication systems. Biomass and Bioenergy, 257269
Sorda, G., Banse, M., Kemfert, C., 2010. An overview of biofuel policies across the
world. Energy Policy, 69776988
Stassen, H., van Swaaij, W. (1982). Application of biomass gasication in developing
countries. Energy from biomass, 2nd E.C. Conference (pp. 705-714). Brussels and
Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities/Applied Science
Publishers.
Stevens, D., 1992. Biomass conversion: an overview of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement Task VII. Biomass and Bioenergy, 213227
Stevens, J., 1994. Review and Analysis of the 1980-1989 Biomass Thermochemical
Conversion Program. NREL, Golden, Colorado
Strm, E., Liinanki, L., Sjstrm, K., Rensfelt, E., Waldheim, L., Blackadder, W., 1985.
Gasication of biomass in the MINO-process. In: Egneus, H., Ellegard, A. (Eds.),
Bioenergy, 84. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, London, pp. 5764 (Red).
Strub, A., 1984. The Commission of the European Communities R&D Programma
'Energy from Biomass'. In: Bridgwater, A. (Ed.), Thermochemical processing of
biomass. Butterworths, pp. 110 (Red)
U.S. Department of Energy (DoE). (april 1992). Electricity from biomass, a development strategy. DoE.
Waldheim, L. (May 2012). IEA Biomass Agreement Task 33, Country report Sweden
2012. Waldheim Consulting.
Watson, W. (1997). Constructing success in the electric power industry: combined
cycle gas turbines and uidised beds (PhD thesis). Sussex: SPRU, University of
Sussex.
Wiln, C., Kurkela, E., 1998. Biomass gasication in Finland. In: Kaltschmitt, M.,
Rsch, C., Dinkelbach, L. (Eds.), Biomass gasication in Europe. European
Commission, Brussels/Luxembourg, pp. 113132 (Red)
Williams, R., Larson, E., 1993. Advanced gasication based biomass power generation. In: Johansson, T., Kelly, H., Reddy, A., Williams, R. (Eds.), Renewable
energy. Sources for fuels and electricity. Island Press, pp. 729785 (Red)
Williams, R., Larson, E., 1989. Expanding roles for gas turbines in power generation.
In: Johansson, T., Bodlund, B., Williams, R. (Eds.), Electricity. Efcient end-use
and new generation technologies, and their planning implications. Lund
University Press, Lund, pp. 503553 (Red)