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Introduction
This chapter provides an elementary introduction to time-dependent problems.
We will introduce the basic concepts using the single-degree-of-freedom springmass system. We will include discussion of the stress analysis of the onedimensional bar, beam, truss, and plane frame.
We will provide the basic equations necessary for structural dynamic analysis
and develop both the lumped- and the consistent-mass matrices involved in the
analyses of the bar, beam, truss, and plane frame. We will describe the assembly
of the global mass matrix for truss and plane frame analysis and then present
numerical integration methods for handling the time derivative.
We will provide longhand solutions for the determination of the natural frequencies for bars and beams, and then illustrate the time-step integration process involved with the stress analysis of a bar subjected to a time dependent forcing function.
The free-body diagram of the mass is shown below. The spring force T = kx and
the applied force F(t) act on the mass, and the mass-times-acceleration term is
CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics
Page 353
shown separately.
Applying Newtons second law of motion, f = ma, to the mass, we obtain the
equation of motion in the x direction:
F (t ) kx = mx
where a dot over a variable indicates differentiation with respect to time;
() = d () / dt . The standard form of the equation is:
mx + kx = F (t )
The above equation is a second-order linear differential equation whose solution
for the displacement consists of a homogeneous solution and a particular solution. The homogeneous solution is the solution obtained when the right-handside is set equal to zero. A number of useful concepts regarding vibrations are
available when considering the free vibration of a mass; that is when F(t) = 0.
Lets define the following term:
k
m
The equation of motion becomes:
2 =
x + 2 x = 0
where is called the natural circular frequency of the free vibration of the
mass (radians per second). Note that the natural frequency depends on the
spring stiffness k and the mass m of the body.
The motion describe by the homogeneous equation of motion is called simple
harmonic motion. A typical displacement/time curve is shown below.
Page 354
where the bar is of length L, cross-sectional area A, and mass density (with
typical units of lb-s2/in4), with nodes 1 and 2 subjected to external timedependent loads, fx e (t ) .
Page 355
The number of coefficients in the displacement function, ai, is equal to the total
number of degrees of freedom associated with the element.
We can express the displacement function in terms of the shape functions:
d1x
u = [N1 N2 ] =
d 2 x
x
L
N2 =
x
L
{ x } =
{}
du
= [B ] d
dx
where
d
d = 1x
d2 x
The stress-strain relationship is given as:
1
[B ] =
L
1
L
{}
{ x } = [D]{ x } = [D][B]{d}
Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
Page 356
2
2
f e = f + m d1x
f e = f + m d 2 x
1x
1x
1
2x
2x
2
t 2
t 2
where m1 and m2 are obtained by lumping the total mass of the bar equally at the
two nodes such that:
m1 =
AL
2
m2 =
AL
2
f1x e f1x m1
e = +
f2 x f2 x 0
2d1x
0 t 2
m2 2d2 x
t 2
{f (t )} = k {d} + m {d}
e
{}
2 d
1
1
AE
k =
d =
L 1 1
t 2
and the lumped-mass matrix is:
{}
=
m
AL 1 0
2 0 1
Lets derive the consistent-mass matrix for a bar element. The typical
method for deriving the consistent-mass matrix is the principle of virtual work;
however, an even simpler approach is to use DAlemberts principle. The effective body force is:
{ X } = {u}
e
The nodal forces associated with {Xe} are found by using the following:
Page 357
{fb } = [N ]T { X } dV
V
{fb } = [N ]T {u} dV
V
{u} = [N ]{d}
{u} = [N ]{d}
where u and u are the nodal velocities and accelerations, respectively.
{fb } = [N ] [N ]
T
{d} dV = m {d}
where
= [N ] [N ] dV
m
T
The mass matrix is called the consistent mass matrix because it is derived using
the same shape functions use to obtain the stiffness matrix. Substituting the
shape functions in the above mass matrix equations gives:
x
1 L x
=
m
1
x
V
L
L
x
dV
L
or
x
1 L x
= A
m
1
x
0
L
L
L
x
dx
L
or
Page 358
x
1
L
L
= A
m
0
1 x x
L L
x x
L L
dx
2
x
L
Evaluating the above integral gives:
=
m
AL 2 1
6 1 2
The global stiffness matrix and the global force vector are assembled using the
nodal force equilibrium equations, and force/deformation and compatibility equations.
{F (t )} = [K ] {d } + [M ]{d}
where
N
[K ] = k (e )
e =1
[M ] = m(e )
e =1
{ }
{F } = f (e )
e =1
Page 359
The central difference method is based on finite difference expressions for the
derivatives in the equation of motion. For example, consider the velocity and the
acceleration at time t:
d d i 1
di = i +1
2( t )
d di 1
di = i +1
2( t )
where the subscripts indicate the time step for a given time increment of t. The
acceleration can be expressed in terms of the displacements (using a Taylor series expansion) as:
d 2d i + d i 1
di = i +1
( t )2
d i +1 = 2d i d i 1 + di ( t )2
The acceleration can be expressed as:
di = M1 (Fi Kd i )
To develop an expression of di+1, first multiply the nodal displacement equation
by M and substitute the above equation for di into this equation.
CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics
Page 360
Md i +1 = 2Md i Md i 1 + (Fi Kd i )( t )
Md i +1 = ( t ) Fi + 2M ( t ) K d i Md i 1
To start the computation to determine d i +1, di +1, and di +1 we need the displacement
2
at time step i-1. Using the central difference equations for the velocity and acceleration and solving for di-1
( t )2
d i 1 = d i ( t )d i + d i
2
d1 = M1 ( t ) F0 + 2M ( t ) K d0 Md 1
2
2
d 2 = M1 ( t ) F1 + 2M ( t ) K d1 Md0
Page 361
Page 362
Example Problem
Determine the displacement, acceleration, and velocity at 0.05 second time intervals for up to 0.2 seconds for the one-dimensional spring-mass system shown
in the figure below.
d0 = 0
d0 = 0
Page 363
(0.05)2
d 1 = 0 (0.05)0 +
(62.83) = 0.0785 in
2
4. Solve for d1 at t = t (0.05 seconds) using the value of d-1 from Step 3:
2
2
d1 = M1 ( t ) F0 + 2M ( t ) K d0 Md 1
d1 =
1
2
2
( 0.05 ) 2,000 + 2 ( 31.83 ) ( 0.05 ) (100 ) 0 ( 31.83 )( 0.0785 )
31.82
= 0.0785 in
5. Solve for d2 at t = 0.10 seconds:
2
2
d 2 = M1 ( t ) F1 + 2M ( t ) K d1 Md0
d2 =
1
2
2
( 0.05 ) 1,500 + 2 ( 31.83 ) ( 0.05 ) (100 ) ( 0.0785 ) ( 31.83 )( 0 )
31.82
= 0.274 in
6. Solve for the acceleration d1 at time t = 0.05:
d1 = M1 (F1 Kd1 ) =
1
1,500 100 ( 0.0785 ) = 46.88 in 2
s
31.83
Page 364
2
2
d3 = M1 ( t ) F2 + 2M ( t ) K d 2 Md1
d3 =
1
2
2
( 0.05 ) 1,000 + 2 ( 31.83 ) ( 0.05 ) (100 ) ( 0.274 ) ( 31.83 )( 0.0785 )
31.82
= 0.546 in
Repeating Step 6:
d2 = M1 (F2 Kd 2 ) =
1
1,000 100 ( 0.274 ) = 30.56 in 2
s
31.83
Repeating Step 7:
d d1 0.546 0.0785
d2 = 3
=
= 4.68 in
s
2( t )
2 ( 0.05 )
The following table summarizes the results for the remaining time steps as compared with the exact solution.
t (s)
F(t) (lb)
di (in/s2)
di (in/s)
d i (in)
d i (exact)
0.00
2,000
62.83
0.00
0.000
0.0000
0.05
1,500
46.88
2.74
0.0785
0.0718
0.10
1,000
30.56
4.68
0.274
0.2603
0.15
500
13.99
5.79
0.546
0.5252
0.20
-2.68
6.07
0.854
0.8250
0.25
-3.63
5.91
1.154
1.132
Page 365
Newmarks Method
Newmarks equations are given as:
(M + (t ) K ) d
2
i +1
= ( t )2 Fi +1 + Md i + ( t )Mdi + ( t )2 M ( 21 ) di
K ' d i +1 = F 'i +1
where
K' = K +
1
M
( t )2
F 'i +1 = Fi +1 +
M
d + ( t )di + ( 21 ) ( t )2 di
2 i
( t )
The advantages of using Newmarks method over the central difference method
are that Newmarks method can be made unconditionally stable (if = and =
) and that larger time steps can be used with better results.
CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics
Page 366
K ' d1 = F '1
Page 367
4. Solve for d1 (original Newmark equation for d i +1 rewritten for di +1 )
d1 =
1
d d0 ( t )d0 ( t )2 ( 21 ) d0
2 1
( t )
Page 368
d0 = 0
1
1
M = 70 + 1
(1.77) = 1,132 lb / in
2
2
( t )
(0.1)
6
F '1 = F1 +
M
d + ( t )d0 + ( 21 ) ( t )2 d0
2 0
( t )
F '1 = 80 +
1.77
0 + (0.1)0 + ( 21 61 ) (0.1)2 ( 56.5 ) = 280 lb
2
1
6 (0.1)
F '1
280
=
= 0.248 in
K ' 1,132
4. Solve for d1 at time t = 0.1 seconds:
d1 =
d1 =
1
d d0 ( t )d0 ( t )2 ( 21 ) d0
2 1
( t )
1
0.248 0 (0.1)0 (0.1)2 ( 21 61 ) 56.5 = 35.4 in 2
2
1
s
6 (0.1)
5. Solve for d1
d1 =
1
2
( 35.4 ) = 4.59 in s
Page 369
Repeating Step 3:
F '2 = F2 +
F '2 = 60 +
M
d + ( t )d1 + ( 21 ) ( t )2 d1
2 1
( t )
1.77
0.248 + (0.1)4.59 + ( 21 61 ) (0.1)2 ( 35.4 ) = 934 lb
2
1
6 (0.1)
F '1 934
=
= 0.825 in
K ' 1,132
Repeating Step 4:
d1 =
d2 =
1
d d1 ( t )d1 ( t )2 ( 21 ) d1
2 2
( t )
d2 =
1
0.825 0.248 (0.1)4.59 (0.1)2 ( 21 61 ) 35.4 = 1.27 in 2
2
1
s
6 (0.1)
Repeating Step 5:
d2 = d1 + ( t ) (1 )d1 + d2
d2 = 4.59 + (0.1) (1 21 )35.4 +
1
2
(1.27 ) = 6.42 in s
The following table summarizes the results for the time steps through t = 0.5 seconds.
t (s)
F(t) lb
di (in)
d (in/s2)
d (in/s)
i
100
56.6
0.1
80
35.4
4.59
0.248
0.2
60
1.27
6.42
0.825
0.3
48.6
-26.2
5.17
1.36
0.4
45.7
-42.2
1.75
1.72
0.5
42.9
-42.2
-2.45
1.68
Page 370
Before solving the structural stress dynamic analysis problem, lets consider
how to determine the natural frequencies of continuous elements. Natural frequencies are necessary in vibration analysis and important when choosing a
proper time step for a structural dynamics analysis.
Natural frequencies are obtained by solving the following equation:
Md + Kd = 0
The standard solution for d is given as d (t ) = d ' e it where d ' is the part of the
nodal displacement matrix called natural modes that is assumed to independent
of time, i is the standard imaginary number, and is a natural frequency.
Differentiating the above equation twice with respect to time gives:
d = d ' 2 e it
Substituting the above expressions for d and d into the equation of motion gives:
M 2d ' e it + Kd ' e it = 0
Combining terms gives:
e it K 2M d ' = 0
Since eit is not zero, then:
(K M ) d ' = 0
2
The above equations are a set of linear homogeneous equations in terms of displacement mode d ' . There exist a non-trivial solution if and only if the determinant of the coefficient matrix of d ' is zero.
K 2M = 0
Page 371
Example Problem
Determine the first two natural frequencies for the bar shown in the figure below. Assume the bar has a length 2L, modulus of elasticity E, mass density ,
and cross-sectional area A.
Lets discretize the bar into two elements each of length L as shown below. We
need to develop the stiffness matrix and the mass matrix (either the lumpedmass of the consistent-mass matrix). In general, the consistent-mass matrix has
resulted in solutions that compare more closely to available analytical and experimental results than those found using the lumped-mass matrix. However,
when performing a long hand solution, the consistent-mass matrix is more difficult and tedious to compute; therefore, we will use the lumped-mass matrix.
1 1
k(1) = AE
L 1 1
k(2) = AE
L
1 1
1 1
Page 372
(1) =
m
AL 1 0
2 0 1
The global lumped-mass matrix is:
[M ] =
(2) =
m
AL 1 0
2 0 1
1 0 0
0 2 0
2
0 0 1
AL
Substituting the above stiffness and lumped-mass matrices into the natural frequency equation
(K M ) d ' = 0
2
1 1
0 1 d ' = 0
L
2
2 1
AL 2 0
1 1
0 1 = 0
2
L2
gives:
=0
2
= 2 2
or
1 = 0.60
2 = 3.41
Page 373
For comparison, the exact solution gives = 0.616, whereas the consistentmass approach yields = 0.648 . Therefore, for bar elements, the lumped-mass
approach can yield results as good as, or even better than, the results from the
consistent-mass approach. However, the consistent-mass approach can be
mathematically proven to yield an upper bound on the frequencies, whereas the
lumped-mass approach has no mathematical proof of boundedness.
The first and second natural frequencies are given as:
1 = 1 = 0.77
2 = 2 = 1.85
E
30 106
= 2 =
= 4.12 106 s 2
2
L (0.00073)(100)
Therefore, first and second natural frequencies are:
L
gives:
0 d '2 0
2 1
2 AL 2
=
1 1
2 0 1 d '3 0
Page 374
d '(2)
2 = 0.7 . The modal response for the first and second natural frequencies are
shown in the figure below.
The first mode means that the bar is completely in tension or compression, depending on the excitation direction. The second mode means that bar is in compression and tension or in tension and compression.
Assume the boundary condition d1x = 0 and the initial conditions d0 = 0 and d0 =
0. Let = 0.00073 lb-s2/in.4, A = a in.2, E = 30 x 106 psi, and L = 100 in. The bar
will be discretized into two elements as shown below.
Page 375
1 1
k(1) = AE
L 1 1
1 1
k(2) = AE
L 1 1
(1) =
m
AL 1 0
2 0 1
(2) =
m
AL 1 0
2 0 1
AL
1 1 0 d1x
1 0 0 d1x R1
AE
d + AL 0 2 0 d = 0
1
2
1
2x
2x
L
2
0 1 1 d3 x
0 0 1 d3 x F3 (t )
where R1 denotes the unknown reaction at node 1.
For this example, we will used the central difference method, because it is
easier to apply, for the numerical time integration. It has been mathematically
shown that the time step t must be less than or equal to two divided by the
highest natural frequency.
Page 376
max
3 2
4 max
An alternative guide (used only for a bar) for choosing the approximate time step
is:
t =
L
cx
Ex
t =
3 2
1.5
= 0.40 103 s
=
3
4 max 3.76 10
L
100
=
= 0.48 103 s
cx
30 106
0.00073
Guided by these estimates for time step, we will select t = 0.25 x 10-3 s.
t =
d
2 12 0 0 AE 2 1 0
d0 = 2 x =
0 1 1,000 L 1 1 0
AL
d
3 x t =0
Applying the boundary conditions d1x = 0 and d1x = 0 and simplifying gives:
CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics
Page 377
2000 0 0 in
d
d0 = 2 x =
=
2
AL
d
3 x 0
1 27,400 s
3. Solve for d-1 at t = -t
( t )
d 1 = d0 ( t )d0 + d0
2
Applying the initial conditions for d0 and d0 and d1x from Step 2 gives:
2
0
d 2 x
(0.25 10 3 )2 0
3
in
0
(0.25
10
)(0)
=
=
3
d
2
27,400
0.856
10
3 x 1
4. Solve for d1 at t = t using the value of d-1 from Step 3
2
2
d1 = M1 ( t ) F0 + 2M ( t ) K d0 Md 1
2
0 2(0.073) 2 0
d 2 x
2 12 0
3
0.25
10
2
1,000
0 1
d3 x 1 0.073 0 1
2
0
2 1 0 0.073 2 0
0.25 10 3 30 10 4
3
2 0 1 0.856 10
1 1 0
)(
2 12 0
=
3
3
d3 x 1 0.073 0 1 0.0625 10 0.0312 10
The nodal displacements at t = 0.25 x 10-3 are:
0
d 2 x
in
=
3
d
0.858
10
3 x 1
5. With d0 given and d1 determined in Step 4 solve for d2
2
2
d 2 = M1 ( t ) F1 + 2M ( t ) K d1 Md0
}
Page 378
2 0
2(0.073) 2
d 2 x
2 12 0
3
0.25
10
=
2
1000
0
d3 x 2 0.073 0 1
2
0
2 1
0.073 2
0.25 10 3 30 10 4
3
2 0
1 1 0.858 10
)(
0
1
0 0
1 0
0
d 2 x
0.0161 103
2 12 0
=
0 1 0.0625 103
3
d
0.073
0.0466 10
3 x 2
The nodal displacements at t = 0.5 x 10-3 are:
0.221 10 3
d 2 x
in
=
3
d3 x 2 2.99 10
d2 x
0
1
2 12 0 0
4 2
(30
10
)
=
3
d3 x 1 0.073 0 1 1000
1 1 0.858 10
Simplifying the above equation gives:
d2 x 3,526 in
=
2
d3 x 1 20,345 s
7. Solve for d1 using the central difference equation
d d0
d1 = 2
2( t )
Page 379
0.221 10 3 0
2.99
10
d1 =
2 0.25 10 3
d2 x 0.442 in
=
s
d3 x 1 5.98
2
2
d3 = M1 ( t ) F2 + 2M ( t ) K d 2 Md1
d 2 x
2 12 0
3
=
0.25 10
d3 x 3 0.073 0 1
0.25 10
)(
2
0 2(0.073) 2 0
2
1000
0 1
0
2 1 0.221 10 3 0.073 2 0
30 10
3
2 0 1 0.858 103
1 1 2.99 10
4
0.135 10
3 x 3
The nodal displacements at t = 0.75 x 10-3 are:
1.096 10 3
d 2 x
in
=
3
d
5.397
10
3 x 3
Repeating Step 6:
d2 = M1 (F2 Kd 2 )
d2 x
1 0.221 10 3
2 12 0 0
4 2
(30
10
)
=
3
1 1 2.99 10
d3 x 2 0.073 0 1 1000
CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics
Page 380
1.096 103
0
3
3
0.858
10
5.397
10
d2 =
2 0.25 10 3
d2 x 2.192 in
=
s
d3 x 2 9.078
{F (t )} = [K ] {d } + [M ]{d}
where the stiffness matrix is:
d1y
12
6L
EI
k = 3
L 12
6L
d2y
6L
4L2
12
6L
6L
2L2
12
6L
6L
2L2
6L
4L2
Page 381
d1y
1 d 2 y 2
AL 0
=
m
2 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
The mass in lumped equally into each transitional degree of freedom; however,
the inertial effects associated with any possible rotational degrees of freedom is
assumed to be zero. A value for these rotational degrees of freedom could be
assigned by calculating the mass moment of inertia about each end node using
basic dynamics as:
I=
AL3
24
The consistent-mass matrix can be obtained by applying
= [N ] [N ] dV
m
T
N1
N
L
= 2 [N1 N2 N3
m
0 A
N3
N4
where
N1 =
1
2 x 3 3 x 2L + L3
3
L
N3 =
1
2 x 3 + 3 x 2L
3
L
N4 ] dA dx
N2 =
1 3
x L 2 x 2L2 + xL3
3
L
N4 =
1 3
x L x 2L2
3
L
Substituting the shape functions into the above mass expression and integrating
gives:
Page 382
156 22L
2
AL 22L 4L
]=
[m
420 54
13L
2
13L 3L
54
13L
13L 3L2
156 22L
22L 4L2
Example Problem
Determine the first natural frequency for the beam shown in the figure below.
Assume the bar has a length 2L, modulus of elasticity E, mass density , and
cross-sectional area A.
Lets discretize the beam into two elements each of length L. We will use the
lumped-mass matrix. We can obtained the natural frequencies by using the following equation.
K 2M = 0
The boundary conditions are d1x = d3x = 0 and 1 = 3 = 0. Therefore the global
stiffness matrix is:
d 2 y 2
EI 24 0
L3 0 8L2
The global lumped-mass matrix is:
K=
M=
AL 2 0
2 0 0
Substituting the global stiffness and mass matrices into the global dynamic equations gives:
EI
L3
24 0
1 0
2
0 8L2 AL 0 0 = 0
Page 383
2 =
24EI
AL4
or
4.90
L2
EI
A
5.59
L2
EI
A
Example Problem
Determine the first natural frequency for the beam shown in the figure below.
Assume the bar has a length L = 30 in, modulus of elasticity E = 3 x 107 psi,
mass density = 0.00073 lb-s2/in, and cross-sectional area A 1 in2, moment of
inertia I = 0.0833 in4, and Poissons ratio = 0.3.
Lets discretize the beam into two elements each of length L = 15 in. We will use
the lumped-mass matrix. We can obtained the natural frequencies by using the
following equation.
K 2M = 0
The problem is similar to the previous problem. The solution for the first natural
frequency is:
3.148
L2
EI
A
Page 384
3.516
L2
EI
A
According to vibration theory for a clamped-free beam, the higher natural frequencies to the first natural frequency is given as:
2
= 6.2669
1
3
= 17.5475
1
The figure below shows the first, second, and third mode shapes corresponding
to the first three natural frequencies for the cantilever beam.
Page 385
The table below shows various finite element solutions compared to the exact solution.
1, (rad/s)
2, (rad/s)
228
1,434
Using 2 elements
205
1,286
Using 6 elements
226
1,372
Using 10 elements
227.5
1,410
Using 30 elements
228.5
1,430
Using 60 elements
228.5
1,432
Exact Solution
Finite Element Solution
Truss Elements
Since the motion of the element is now in two- or three-dimension, the bar element mass matrix must be reformulated to account for the axial and transverse
inertial properties in the x and y directions.
Page 386
x 0 d1y
0
u 1 L x
=
L x 0 x d2 x
v L 0
d 2 y
The shape functions for the matrix are:
0
1 L x
L x
0
[N ] = L
0
0 x
AL 0
m =
6 1
0 1 0
2 0 1
0 2 0
1 0 2
The lumped-mass matrix for two-dimensional motion is obtained by simply lumping mass at each node and remembering that mass is the same in both the x and
y directions, The lumped-mass matrix is:
1
AL 0
=
m
2 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Frame Elements
The plane frame element requires combining the bar and beam elements to
obtain the local mass matrix. There are six degrees of freedom associated with a
plane frame element.
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The plane frame analysis requires first expanding and then combining the bar
and beam mass matrices to obtain the local mass matrix. The bar and beam
mass matrices are expanded to a 6 x 6 and superimposed. Combining the local
axis consistent-mass matrices for the bar and beam elements gives:
2 6
0
0
] = AL
[m
1
6
0
0
156
22L
420
22L
420
420
0
54
420
13 L
4L
420
0
13 L
420
420
3 L
420
0
0
2
0
0
0
54
420
13 L
420
0
156
420
22 L
420
13 L
420
3 L2
420
0
22L
420
4 L2
420
The resulting lumped-mass matrix for a plane frame element is give as:
d1x d1y d 2 x d 2 y 2
1
1
0
AL 0
]=
[m
2 0
0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
The global mass matrix for the plane frame element arbitrarily oriented in x-y coordinates is transformed by:
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T
m = TT m
where the transformation matrix is given as:
C S 0 0 0 0
S C 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
T =
0 0 0 C S 0
0 0 0 S C 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
Long-hand solution to the truss and frame problem are quite tedious and lengthy;
therefore, we will use a computer problem to generate approximation for the motion of truss and frame structures.
[N ] = 0i
0
Ni
Nj
0
0
Nj
Nm
0
0
Nm
where dV = tdA
The CST global consistent-mass Matrix is:
CIVL 7117 Finite Elements Methods in Structural Mechanics
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2
0
tA 1
[m ] =
12 0
1
0 1 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 1
0 2 0 1 0
1 0 2 0 1
0 1 0 2 0
1 0 1 0 2
Example Problem
Determine the motion of the frame structure shown below.
Assume the modulus of elasticity E = 3 x 107 psi. The mass densities are obtained by dividing the total mass of each floor by the cross-sectional area and
length the element. For example, consider the element 6:
M6 =
2
W6 (104 psf )( 30 ft )(15 ft )
=
= 121 lb s
in
g
386.4 in s 2
121 lbs in
lb s 2 4
0.0136
6 =
=
in
(24.7 in 2 )(360 in )
2
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Example Problem
Determine the motion of the frame structure shown below. This problem is the
same as the previous example, except for the loading function F(t) and the time
duration.
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Problems
22. Do problems 16.5 and 16.11 on pages 611-613 in your textbook A First
Course in the Finite Element Method by D. Logan.
23. Do problems 16.14 and 16.16 on pages 613 - 614 in your textbook A First
Course in the Finite Element Method by D. Logan using WinFElt.
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