Nursing Research Eh

Research into Nursing:
Nursing Research Integrated

with Evidence-Based Practice
2014 Nurse Licensure Examination
Prepared by: Josel D. Montero, BSN, RN, HAAD-RN
PART I: Foundations of Nursing Research

Definition of Nursing Research
Importance of Research to Nursing
Nursing Research: Past, Present and Future
Paradigm for Nursing Research
Classification of Nursing Research
PART II: Generating Evidence for Nursing

Key Concepts and Steps in:
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
PART III: Translating Research Evidence Into

Nursing Practice: Evidence-Based Nursing
Background of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice
EBP in Nursing
Types of Evidence and Evidence Hierarchies
Resources of EBP
Barriers to Research Utilization
Process of Using Research in Nursing Practice
PART I
Foundations of Nursing Research
RESEARCH AND NURSING

>Research
>Nursing Research
IMPORTANCE OF NURSING RESEARCH
C
A
S
E
OF IMPORTANCE TO NURSING?
To provide especially strong evidence for
informing nurses decisions and actions.
EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING
BOARD CONCEPT: July 2010 NLE

Which of the following is the best reliable
source on information for implementing
best practice?
a. research journal data
b. personal experience
c. expert opinion
d. nursing research
BOARD CONCEPT: July 2010 NLE

Which of the following is the best reliable
source on information for implementing
best practice?
a. research journal data
b. personal experience
c. expert opinion
d. nursing research
Key Concept
Nurse MJ is knowledgeable that research is
needed for which of the following
purposes?
a. to facilitate a more evidence-based
practice
b. to find solution to a problem
c. to provide answer to question
d. all of the above
Key Concept
Nurse MJ is knowledgeable that research is
needed for which of the following
purposes?
a. to facilitate a more evidence-based
practice
b. to find solution to a problem
c. to provide answer to question
d. all of the above
NURSING RESEARCH:
Past, Present and Future
The Early Years: From Nightingale to the 1960s

Began with FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE.
Little research works were conducted.
Focused on nursing education.
Sigma Theta Tau
EBP was only in literature.
NURSING RESEARCH:
Nursing Research in the 1970s

EBP awareness by nurses of the need for a
scientific bases increased.
Utilization of research findings in nursing
practice.
NURSING RESEARCH:

Research is an integral part of professional
nursing.
NURSING RESEARCH:

In 1993, the National Institute of Nursing
Research was born.
COCHRANE COLLABORATION was
inaugurated.
NURSING RESEARCH:
Trends for the Early 21st Century

Heightened Focus on EBP.
Development of a stronger evidence base
through more rigorous methods and multiple,
confirmatory strategies.
Greater emphasis on systematic integrative
reviews.
Expanded local research in health care
settings.
NURSING RESEARCH:
Trends for the Early 21st Century

Strengthening of multidisciplinary
collaboration.
Expanded dissemination of research findings.
Increasing the visibility of nursing research.
Increased focus on cultural issues and health
disparities.
PARADIGMS FOR NURSING RESEARCH

PARADIGM: world view; general perspective
on the complexities of the real world.
TWO Paradigm in Nursing Research:
POSITIVIST Paradigm
NATURALISTIC Paradigm
PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS
ONTOLOGIC: What is the nature of reality?
EPISTEMOLOGIC: What is the relationship
between the inquirer and that being studied?
AXIOLOGIC: What is the role of the values in the
inquiry?
METHODOLOGIC: How should the inquirer
obtain knowledge?
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
According to level of explanation
According to purpose
According to design
ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF EXPLANATION

Identification and Description
What is this phenomena?; What is its name?
Exploration
What is the full nature of the phenomenon?
Explanation
Elicits causes and relationships within a phenomenon.
Prediction and Control
Uses experimentation or research to predict or to control a
phenomenon.
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Basic
Applied
ACCORDING TO DESIGN
Quantitative
Qualitative
QUANTITATVE
QUALITATIVE
measurable
not
measurable
deals with numbers
deals with feelings, emotions and

behavior
highly objective
highly subjective
may or may not be manipulated
cannot be manipulated
rigid, hard, replicable
flexible
deductive
inductive
general to specific
specific to general
Key Concept
Out of curiosity, Glenda conducted a research
to generate new knowledge. She wants to
know the effect of breast implant in relation
with the number of her suitor. This type of
research is mainly:
a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative
c. Applied
d. Pure
Key Concept
Out of curiosity, Glenda conducted a research
to generate new knowledge. She wants to
know the effect of breast implant in relation
with the number of her suitor. This type of
research is mainly:
a. Quantitative
b. Qualitative
c. Applied
d. Pure
PART II
Generating Evidence for Nursing
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

cannot be measured
small sample size
field setting/natural environment
experiences and feelings
never manipulated/control
just an observer

Types:
Phenomenological Study
Ethnographic Study
Case Study
Grounded Theory Study
Historical Study

Phenomenological Study
phenomenon; situation; event
people describe experiences
researcher looks for themes: saturated
answers
looks for common experiences

Ethnographic Study
explains and describes culture of groups
Best Method:

Case Study
in-depth study of a person or institution
one-on-one study

Grounded Theory Study
an approach to collecting and analyzing data
that aims to develop new theories grounded in
real-world.
Best Method:

Historical Study
identifies, evaluates data from the past
Sources of Historical Data:
Documents: on paper (e.g. pictures, maps,
diary)
Relic/Artifact: items on physical evidence
Primary
Secondary

Data Sources Evaluation
EXTERNAL CRITICISM:
INTERNAL CRITICISM:
Key Concept
The researcher which will outline the lived
experiences of patients is called:
a. Phenomenological Study
b. Correlational Study
c. Ethnographic Study
d. Case Study
Key Concept
The researcher which will outline the lived
experiences of patients is called:
a. Phenomenological Study
b. Correlational Study
c. Ethnographic Study
d. Case Study
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

hard, replicable, reliable data
may or may not manipulate the independent
variable

Steps in Quantitative Research Design
1. Identify the problem
2. Purpose of the Study
3. Review of Related Literature
4. Develop a Theoretical or Conceptual
Framework
5. Identify Assumptions
6. Acknowledge Limitations
7. Formulate Hypothesis
8. Define the Variables
9. Select Research Design/Type of Study

Steps in Quantitative Research Design
10. Identify the Population
11. Select the Sample
12. Conduct Plot Study
13. Collect Data/Gather Data
14. Organize Data for Analysis
15. Analyze Data
16. Interpret the Findings
17. Communicate the Findings

1. Identify the Problem
the start of the research process
identify a researchable problem
Sources of Research Problem:
Concepts
Literature
Issues
Experiences
Nursing Problems
Theories

Problem Statement
A good Problem Statement should have:

a. Variables
b. Population
c. Question Mark

Research Variables
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:

Example:
Is there a difference between the weight gain of
infants who are exclusively breastfed and
infants who are exclusively formula fed?
a.Variables:
IV:
DV:
b. Population:
c. Question Mark:

Problem Statement Format
Correlational
Comparative
Comparative Descriptive
Comparative Experimental
Key Concept
The problem statement is as follows: Is there a
difference in people who have exercised and
those who have not exercised? We can
conclude that this research problem:
a. lacks a population
b. lacks an independent variable
c. is unethical
d. lacks a dependent variable
Key Concept
The problem statement is as follows: Is there a
difference in people who have exercised and
those who have not exercised? We can
conclude that this research problem:
a. lacks a population
b. lacks an independent variable
c. is unethical
d. lacks a dependent variable

2. Purpose of the Study
why the study is being made?

3. Review of Related Literature
Most important reason:

to improve clients quality of care
First reason:
to determine what knowledge already exist
in the topic

Literature Sources
Primary: first hand information (e.g. thesis,
research paper)
Secondary: e.g. magazine, newspaper
Key Concept
Initially, a review of related literature will serve
this important purpose:
a. Clarify a research topic
b. Determine existing knowledge on the topic
of interest
c. Identify a research problem
d. Determine available support teams
Key Concept
Initially, a review of related literature will serve
this important purpose:
a. Clarify a research topic
b. Determine existing knowledge on the topic
of interest
c. Identify a research problem
d. Determine available support teams

4. Develop a Theoretical or Conceptual
Framework
main idea behind the research
Theoretical Framework:
Conceptual Framework:
Key Concept
Although they have similarities, a theoretical
framework is different from conceptual
framework in the sense that a theoretical
framework:
a. Is less formal
b. Is universally accepted
c. Is based on one existing theory
d. Is based on several theories
Key Concept
Although they have similarities, a theoretical
framework is different from conceptual
framework in the sense that a theoretical
framework:
a. Is less formal
b. Is universally accepted
c. Is based on one existing theory
d. Is based on several theories

5. Identify Assumptions

6. Acknowledge Limitations of the Study
recognize weakness of the study

7. Formulate the Hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS: a prediction/guess on the

relationship of variables

HYPOTHESIS according to number of variables:
Simple Hypothesis
Complex Hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS according to predicted results:

Null
Research

In Research Hypothesis
Directional
Non-directional
Key Concept
The hypothesis was formulated, Female postappendectomy patients request for pain medications
more often than male posy-appendectomy patients.
According to results, this hypothesis is identified as:
a. Null
b. Complex
c. Research directional
d. Research non-directional
Key Concept
The hypothesis was formulated, Female postappendectomy patients request for pain medications
more often than male posy-appendectomy patients.
According to results, this hypothesis is identified as:
a. Null
b. Complex
c. Research directional
d. Research non-directional

8. Define the Variables
DICTIONARY Definition: copied from the

dictionary
OPERATIONAL Definition: made by the
researcher based on the use in the study
Key Concept
Anxiety is termed as fear of the unknown.
This definition used by the researcher in the
study is:
a. Theoretical Definition
b. Operational Definition
c. Description
d. Webster Definition
Key Concept
Anxiety is termed as fear of the unknown.
This definition used by the researcher in the
study is:
a. Theoretical Definition
b. Operational Definition
c. Description
d. Webster Definition

9. Select the Research Design/Type of Study
overall plan in research
blueprint in research

EXPERIMENTAL
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
NONEXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN

Types of Non-Experimental Design
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES: connect any
changes that happened in the variables; X
changes,Y also changes
COMPARATIVE STUDIES:
Comparative Studies based on time:

Retrospective
Prospective

Types of Non-Experimental Design
METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES: testing and
evaluation of researcher instrument
SURVEY STUDIES: merely describes the
population
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
True Experimental
Quasi-Experimental

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
Criteria:
a. Manipulation of IV
b. Control Group
c. Randomization

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
a. Pre-test-post-test Design
Two Groups
2. Randomization
3. Pre-test
4. Post-test
1.

b. Post-test only Design
Two Groups
2. Randomization
3. Post-test
1.

c. Solomon Four-Group Design
Four Groups
2. Randomization
3. Pre-test
4. Post-test
1.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
a. Non-Equivalent Control Group Before-After
Design
Two Groups
2. Pre-test
3. Post-test
1.

b. Time-Series Design: repeated pre-tests and
post-tests

c. One-shot case study: no pre-test; single group

d. One-group pre-test-post-test Design
One Group: always experimental
2. Pre-test
3. Post-test
1.

10. Identify the Population
POPULATION: the total number of individuals

from which the sample is drawn.

11. Select the Sample
SAMPLE: a sub-group to represent the

population; any sub-aggregate drawn from the
population that is involved in the study
Most Important Characteristic:
REPRESENTATIVENESS
REPRESENTATIVENESS
This refers to sufficiency, ability or attribute
of the samples to show or give the whole
picture and characteristics of the
population even if the totality of the
population is not actually involved.

SLOVINs Formula:

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling

PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling:
Stratified Random Sampling:

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Cluster Sampling:
Systematic Sampling:

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING:

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience Sampling:

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLIN
Snowball Sampling/Network Sampling:

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Quota Sampling:
Judgmental Sampling:
Key Concept
Nurse Anthon has chosen to conduct his study among
grade 3 students in a private elementary school since
his child is also a grade 3 student in the same school and
he is the secretary of the PTA with access to the
contact numbers of the parents. The type of sampling
done by nurse Anthon is one of:
a. Probability Sampling
b. Cluster Random Sampling
c. Systematic Random Sampling
d. Convenience Sampling
Key Concept
Nurse Anthon has chosen to conduct his study among
grade 3 students in a private elementary school since
his child is also a grade 3 student in the same school and
he is the secretary of the PTA with access to the
contact numbers of the parents. The type of sampling
done by nurse Anthon is one of:
a. Probability Sampling
b. Cluster Random Sampling
c. Systematic Random Sampling
d. Convenience Sampling
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES and GUIDELINES FOR

NURSE RESEARCHER: Rights of Subjects
Right to informed consent
full-disclosure
self-determination
Right to refuse participation
Right to withdraw participation
Right to confidentiality and anonymity
Right to be protected from harm
Right to compensation
CODE OF ETHICS
NUREMBERG CODE
HELSINKI DECLARATION
BELMONT REPORT
Contents
[hide]
Key Concept
The following statement is found in a
questionnaire: Return of this questionnaire
indicates the subjects consent to the study.
Carlo returned the answered questionnaire via
mail to the research team. This means that:
a. informed consent has been obtained
b. consent can still be invalidated
c. consent is not necessary for the research
d. the statement has no bearing if the
questionnaire is returned by mail.
Key Concept
The following statement is found in a
questionnaire: Return of this questionnaire
indicates the subjects consent to the study.
Carlo returned the answered questionnaire via
mail to the research team. This means that:
a. informed consent has been obtained
b. consent can still be invalidated
c. consent is not necessary for the research
d. the statement has no bearing if the
questionnaire is returned by mail.

12. Conduct a Pilot Study
PILOT STUDY: miniature, trial version of the study.

Determines:
Practicality: ease of use
Validity: degree of CONSISTENCY or DEPENDABILITY with
which an instrument measures an attribute. (Tamang tanong

Angkop sa pag-aaral) (Susukat sa dapat na sukatin)
Reliability: degree to which inferences made in the study are
accurate and well-founded; measures what it is intended to

measure. (Tamang resulta sa pag-aaral) (Magbibigay ng tamang
resulta)

13. Collect Data/Gather Data
Data Gathering Instruments/Methods:

1. Questionnaire: paper and pencil instrument;
self-report instrument; most commonly used

instrument in data gathering; anonymity is
being provided.

TYPES OF QUESTIONS
a. Closed-ended:
b. Open-ended:
c. Contingency

Interviews
2.
a.
b.
c.
Structured
Semi-structured
Unstructured
3. Observation
a.
b.
c.
d.
Participant:
Non-participant:
Overt:
Covert :

4. Physiologic Measurement
5. Delphi Technique
6. Pre-existing Data

14. Organize Data for Analysis
involves tabulation and organization of data
Key Concept
Experimental studies that will determine the effects
of diet and exercise in weight reduction will require
different data collection methods. Which of the
following will give the most objective data?
a. Physiologic Measures
b. Interview
c. Questionnaire
d. Observation
Key Concept
Experimental studies that will determine the effects
of diet and exercise in weight reduction will require
different data collection methods. Which of the
following will give the most objective data?
a. Physiologic Measures
b. Interview
c. Questionnaire
d. Observation

15. Analyze Data
Characteristics of Analysis:
Hypothesis action either rejected or
accepted (Step 16)
Important finding should be represented by
tables and figures
Supported by Statistics

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: presents characteristics of sample
population
Levels of Measurement of Data:
Nominal:
Ordinal:
Interval:
Ratio:
Subjects
Alexander
Alaine
Derek
Amanda
Terence
Caitlin
Danielle
James
Bob
Andrea
Ratio
180
110
165
130
175
115
125
150
145
120
Interval
70
0
55
20
65
5
15
40
35
10
Ordinal Nominal
10
1
8
5
9
2
4
7
6
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1

Frequency Distribution: systematic arrangement of values
from lowest to highest, together with a count of the number of
times each value was obtained.
SHAPES OF DISTRIBUTION
SYMMETRIC
ASYMMETRIC/SKEWED
UNIMODAL
BI-MODAL or MULTI-MODAL
Key Concept
In a sample of 50 patients, if there are 30 men
and 20 women in the study; the nurse knows
that there are how many percent of the
subjects are male and how many percent of
female in the said study?
a. 40% and 60% respectively
b. 60% and 40% respectively
c. 70% and 30% respectively
d. 30% and 70% respectively
Key Concept
In a sample of 50 patients, if there are 30 men
and 20 women in the study; the nurse knows
that there are how many percent of the
subjects are male and how many percent of
female in the said study?
a. 40% and 60% respectively
b. 60% and 40% respectively
c. 70% and 30% respectively
d. 30% and 70% respectively
Key Concept
Consider this scheme for coding a clients ability to
perform activities of daily living: (1) completely
dependent, (2) needs another persons assistance,
(3) needs mechanical assistance, (4) completely
independent. In this case, the nurse is using what
level of measurement?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Ratio
d. Interval
Key Concept
Consider this scheme for coding a clients ability to
perform activities of daily living: (1) completely
dependent, (2) needs another persons assistance,
(3) needs mechanical assistance, (4) completely
independent. In this case, the nurse is using what
level of measurement?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Ratio
d. Interval

Measures to Central Tendency:
Mean: average scores
Median: middle score
Mode: occurs most often
Measures to Variability:
Range: highest - lowest
Standard Deviation
Variance
Percentile
MEDIAN
Example:
Student 1:
Student 2:
Student 3:
Student 4:
Student 5:
23
23
24
25
27
26
Student 7: 29
Student 8: 28
Student 9 : 20
Student 10: 26
Student 6:
MODE
Example:
Student 1:
Student 2:
Student 3:
Student 4:
Student 5:
23
23
24
25
27
26
Student 7: 29
Student 8: 28
Student 9 : 20
Student 10: 21
Student 6:
MEAN
Example:
Student 1:
Student 2:
Student 3:
Student 4:
Student 5:
23
23
24
25
27
26
Student 7: 29
Student 8: 28
Student 9 : 20
Student 10: 21
Student 6:
RANGE
Example:
Student 1:
Student 2:
Student 3:
Student 4:
Student 5:
23
23
24
25
27
26
Student 7: 29
Student 8: 28
Student 9 : 20
Student 10: 21
Student 6:

BIVARIATE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Contingency Tables: two dimensional frequency
distribution in which the frequencies of the two

variables are cross-tabulated.
Correlation
GENDER
Women
Men
% n
Total
Smoking Status
Non-smoker
10
45.4
27.3
16
36.4
Light Smoker
36.4
36.4
16
36.4
Heavy Smoker
18.2
36.4
12
27.3
TOTAL
22
22
100.0 44
100.0
100.0
% n

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:

TYPES OF ERRORS: Hypothesis Testing
TYPE 1 ERROR: null was true but it was rejected
TYPE 2 ERROR: null was false but it was accepted
TYPE I ERROR
There is no relationship between the use of
placebo and the reduction of cholesterol level

among the subjects.
Allows an ineffective drug to come onto the
market.
TYPE II ERROR
There is no relationship between the use of
placebo and the reduction of cholesterol level

among the subjects.
Prevents an effective drug from coming onto
the market.
HOW TO AVOID SUCH ERRORS?

Increase the sample size.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
Chance of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is
actually true.
Probability of incorrectly rejecting a true null
hypothesis.
p= 0.05 (.05): acceptable level of significance in
nursing research
5x (%) out of 100 possible wrong
STATISTICAL TESTS:

T-Test or Students T (Test for Independent
Group)
Used when there are two independent groups (e.g.,
experimental versus control), and when the sample

is paired or dependent (e.g., pre-treatment and
post-treatment for a single group)

Paired T-tests (Test for Dependent Group)
Example:
Suppose we were studying the effect of a special diet

on the cholesterol level of elderly men. A sample of
50 men is randomly selected, and their cholesterol
levels are measured before and again 2 months on the
special diet.

Testing Mean Differences With Three or More
Groups
ANOVA

ANOVA
Used for testing differences between means when
there are three or more groups.

Testing Differences in Proportions
Chi-Square Test

Testing Correlations
Pearsons r
Correlation Co-efficient
Spearmans rho
If there were two groups of cancer patients
assigned to determine their average weight

after a single group is subjected to a high
protein diet and ordinary diet. The statistical
treatment involved is:
Chi-square
ANOVA
ANCOVA
T-test
In other similar findings, it was stated that
male cancer patients responded more to

high protein diet to avoid massive losses in
body mass than female patients. The analysis
used is?
Chi-square
ANOVA
ANCOVA
T-test
When comparing the actual gathered data
on the most common complaints from the

expected responses, the best statistical
method to use would be:
Measure of central tendency
ANOVA
Chi-square
Pearson r

16. Interpret the Findings
summary, conclusion and recommendation
HYPOTHESIS
RESULT
There is no difference between the There is a difference.

weight gain of infants who are
exclusively breastfed and infants who
are exclusively formula fed.
There is a difference between the
ACTION
Reject the null
hypothesis.
r= 0.7
Research Supported
(Infants who are
exclusively formula fed
gain more weight than
those who are exclusively
breastfed)
There is no difference between the There is no difference.

Retain the null or

Research not
supported

17. Communicate the Findings
last step in research process
PART III
Translating Research Evidence
Into Nursing Practice: EBP
BACKGROUND OF EBP:
Definition:
Conscientious use of current best evidence
in making clinical decisions about patient

care.
BACKGROUND OF EBP:
Basic Feature:
It de-emphasizes decisions based on custom,
authority, opinion, or ritual.
BACKGROUND OF EBP:
Emphasis:
To identify the best available research
evidence and to integrate it with other

factors:
Clinical expertise
Patient preference
Circumstances
Awareness of the clinical setting
Resource constraints
BACKGROUND OF EBP:
Key Ingredient:
The effort to personalize the evidence to fit
a specific patients needs and a particular

clinical situation.
EBP IN NURSING:
It offers a situation to improve health care
quality in our current cost-constrained

environment.
Rational approach is needed to provide the
best possible care to the most people. With
the most cost-effective use of resources.
Provides an important framework for selfdirected life-long learning that is essential in an
era of rapid clinical advances and the
information explosion.
TYPES OF EVIDENCE AND EVIDENCE HIERARCHIES
RESOURCES FOR EBP:

Systematic Reviews
Meta-Analysis
Meta-Synthesis
Clinical Practice Guidelines

Other Pre-appraised Evidence
BARRIERS TO RESEARCH UTILIZATION
Quality and Nature of the Research

Characteristics of the Nurses
Organizational Factors
PROCESS OF USING RESEARCH INTO NURSING

PRACTICE
Asking clinical questions that are answerable
with research evidence
PROCESS OF USING RESEARCH INTO NURSING PRACTIE
Searching for and Collecting Relevant Evidence

PRACTIE
Appraising and Synthesizing the Evidence

PRACTIE
Integrating the Evidence with your own clinical
expertise, patient preferences, and local

context.

PRACTIE
Assessing the Effectiveness of the decision,
intervention, or advice.
END
TOP THE BOARD!
THANK YOU for Listening,

NURSES!
THANK YOU FOR

LISTENING!
GOD Bless!

Nursing Research Eh

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Research into Nursing:

Nursing Research Integrated

Prepared by: Josel D. Montero, BSN, RN, HAAD-RN

PART I: Foundations of Nursing Research

PART II: Generating Evidence for Nursing

PART III: Translating Research Evidence Into

Foundations of Nursing Research

RESEARCH AND NURSING

IMPORTANCE OF NURSING RESEARCH

informing nurses decisions and actions.

BOARD CONCEPT: July 2010 NLE

BOARD CONCEPT: July 2010 NLE

The Early Years: From Nightingale to the 1960s

Nursing Research in the 1970s

Nursing Research in the 1980s

Nursing Research in the 1990s

Trends for the Early 21st Century

Trends for the Early 21st Century

PARADIGMS FOR NURSING RESEARCH

between the inquirer and that being studied?

AXIOLOGIC: What is the role of the values in the

METHODOLOGIC: How should the inquirer

ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF EXPLANATION

What is this phenomena?; What is its name?

What is the full nature of the phenomenon?

Elicits causes and relationships within a phenomenon.

Prediction and Control

Uses experimentation or research to predict or to control a

deals with numbers

deals with feelings, emotions and

may or may not be manipulated

rigid, hard, replicable

Generating Evidence for Nursing

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Sources of Research Problem:

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

A good Problem Statement should have:

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Most important reason:

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Secondary: e.g. magazine, newspaper

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

HYPOTHESIS: a prediction/guess on the

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

HYPOTHESIS according to predicted results: