INTRODUCTION

For this mini project, we are proposed a model and needed to calculate the reactions
based on three methods. The methods are:
1. Force method
2. Stiffness method
3. SAP2000
The model is a frame type with height of 3m and width of 6m. The support of the
frame consists of fixed end and roller. Besides that, there are uniformly distributed load on
the upper frame and also a point load. For this mini project, we are required to calculate the
reactions of the frame with three different cases.
Statically indeterminate structures are the ones where the independent reaction
components, and/or internal forces cannot be obtained by using the equations of equilibrium
only. To solve indeterminate systems, we must combine the concept of equilibrium with
compatibility.
There are several advantages in designing indeterminate structures. These include the
design of lighter and more rigid structures. With added redundancy in the structural system,
there is an increase in the overall factor of safety. There are several classical methods have
been developed to solve for the forces and displacements of statically indeterminate systems.
However, in this mini project, we will be using force method and stiffness method.
FORCE METHOD
The basic idea of this method is to identify the redundant forces first. Then using the
compatibility conditions, determine the redundant forces. This way the structure is essentially
reduced to a statically determinate structure. All the remaining forces can be determined
using the equations of equilibrium. This method also satisfies displacement compatibility and
force-displacement relationships; it treats the forces as unknowns.
Force Method for Frames One Redundant Force
Indeterminate frames can be solved in the same manner as indeterminate beams. If the frame
is statically indeterminate to degree one, then one of the support reactions must be selected as
the redundant.
General procedure for frame.
Step 1: Identify the redundant. If the redundant is removed from the original structure, the
resulting frame must be stable and determinate. Now create the two frames whose
superposition results in the original indeterminate frame.
- Remove the redundant from the original frame but leave the external loads. This is frame
DSRL (Determinate Structure with Real Loads) frame I.

- Remove the redundant and all loads from the original frame. Assume a direction for the
redundant. Now apply a unit force or moment along the assumed direction of the redundant.
This is frame DSUL (Determinate Structure with Unit Load) frame II.
- Write the single compatibility equation in the symbolic form. Select a sign convention for
the associated displacements appearing in the equation. This equation should contain the
redundant.
Step 2: Compute the deflection for the frame DSRL.
Step 3: Compute the deflection for the frame DSUL.
Step 4: Substitute the deflections from Steps 2 and 3 into the compatibility equation. Use the
sign convention to assign the correct sign to the two displacements. Solve the compatibility
equation for the redundant. If the answer is positive, the assumed direction for the redundant
is correct. Otherwise, flip the direction.
Step 5: The other support reactions can now be computed using the free-body diagram of the
original frame (or through superposition of the two determinate frames).
There are some advantages of using this method. First of all, for a given loading the
maximum stress and deflection of an indeterminate structure are generally smaller than those
of its statically determinate counterpart. Besides that, another advantage of force method is it
has a tendency to redistribute its loads to its redundant supports in cases where faulty design
or overloading occurs. In these cases, the structure maintains its stability and collapse is
prevented. This is particularly important when sudden lateral loads, such as wind or
earthquake, are imposed on the structure.
There are also some disadvantages of the force method. First of all, the cost savings in
material must be compared with the added cost necessary to fabricate the structure, since
oftentimes it becomes more costly to construct the supports and joints of an indeterminate
structure compared to determinate structure. Besides that, because statically indeterminate
structures have redundant support reactions, one has to be very careful to prevent differential
displacement of the supports, since this effect will introduce internal stress in the structure.
Any deformation, such as that caused by relative support displacement, or changes in
member lengths caused by temperature or fabrication errors, will introduce additional stresses
in the structure, which must be considered when designing indeterminate structure.

STIFFNESS METHOD
In the case of plane frame, all the members lie in the same plane and are
interconnected by rigid joints. The internal stress resultants at a cross-section of a plane frame
member consist of bending moment, shear force and an axial force. The significant
deformations in the plane frame are only flexural and axial. In this lesson, the analysis of
plane frame by direct stiffness matrix method is discussed. Initially, the stiffness matrix of the
plane frame member is derived in its local co-ordinate axes and then it is transformed to
global co-ordinate system. In the case of plane frames, members are oriented in different
directions and hence before forming the global stiffness matrix it is necessary to refer all the
member stiffness matrices to the same set of axes. This is achieved by transformation of
forces and displacements to global co-ordinate system.
Procedure for analysis
Step 1: Divide the structure into finite elements and arbitrarily identify each element and its
nodes.
Step 2: Establish the x, y, z, global coordinate system.
Step 3: At each nodal point of the frame, specify numerically the three x, y, z, coding
components.
Step 4: From the problem, establish the known displacements Dk and known external loads
Qk.
Step 5: Determine the stiffness matrix for each element expressed in global coordinates.
Step 6: After each member stiffness matrix is written, and the six rows and columns are
identified with the near and far code numbers, merge the matrices to form the structure
stiffness matrix K.
Step 7: Partition the stiffness matrix. The unknown displacements D u are determined. Using
these values, the support reactions Qu are computed. If the results of any unknowns are
calculated as negative quantities, it indicates they act in the negative coordinate directions.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The frame of our model is as given in Figure 3, which consists of a point load P =
10kN at the side in x direction and a distributed load W = 20 kN/m. The bay width is 6m with
column height of 3m. Then, the frame is calculated manually using force method, stiffness
method and using SAP 2000 software.
In first case, the value taken is according to given value. As the frame is statically
indeterminate to the first degree, one compatibility equations is required for the calculations.
Hence, MA is chosen as the redundant. The capacity of the frame to support a moment at A is
replaced by a pin. The principle of superposition is applied by taking summation of the
primary structure and redundant MA and the application of the real and virtual is required.
The results obtained are then substituted back into the equation 0 = A + MA AA The MA is
substituted back to the frame and the shear diagram and moment diagram are sketched.
For case 2, the point load is change to 20 kN and the distributed load is change to 40
kN/m. The shape of shear diagram and moment diagram is the same with the case 1, with an
increase in the value of shear and moment. For case 3, the point is change to 30kN and the
distributed load is remained as 20kN/m. As a result, the shear and moment of the side span
increases while the shear and moment at middle span remain the same as in case 1.
In comparison with the result of the software SAP, we have obtained similar shape of
shear and moment diagram with a slight difference in the value of the shear and moment.
This may due to some mistake due to calculation error, such as rounding up of significant and
decimal places or any other careless human mistake.
However, due to uncooperative and irresponsibility of certain group member, our
manual calculation of the frame for stiffness method is not completed by time. One of the
members even copied the calculations from other group and had chosen the wrong frame to
be calculated. These problems lead to the unsuccessful of this project as we are not able to
compare the value of SAP software and force method with the stiffness method.

CONCLUSION

Through this project, we manage to increase our skill in calculating the frame
manually using different method. We also learn to use software SAP 2000 and how to
differentiate and compare the value, moment and shear diagram of the frame. However, this
project is unsuccessful due the incomplete of the manual calculation for stiffness method.