Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
-e=
w3
n
3L:
SIMULATION OF
METEORQID-VELOCITY IMPACT
BY USE F DENSE PROJECTILES
by Robert He M o ~ r ~ ~ o n
es
Research Center
Fie
N A ~ I O N A L~ R O N A U ~ I C AND
S
SPACE A D ~ I N I S ~ R A T I O N
W A S ~ I N ~ T O N D.
, C.
APRIL 1970
1.
2. Government A c c e s s i o n No.
Report No.
NASA TN D-5734
5. Report D a t e
April 1970
7. Author(s)
6. Performing O r g a n i z a t i o n Code
8.
A-3315
Robert H. Morrison
9.
IO. Work U n i t N o .
124-09- 15-02-00- 21
12.
11.
13.
Technical Note
115. Supplementary N o t e s
16. A b s t r a c t
A technique is described for simulating the impacts of semi-infinite targets by low-density, low-fineness ratio cylinders at
meteoroid velocities by impacting high-density, low-velocity projectiles. Conditions for simulation a r e stated and embodied in a
model forming the basis of the technique. The feasibility of the technique is experimentally investigated by simulating the impacts
of semi-infinite aluminum targets by polyethylene plastic cylinders of various low-fineness ratios and the same velocity of
11.3 km/sec. The penetrations were simulated at lower velocities to within 10 percent by impacting aluminum, steel, nickel, and
copper projectiles, but only to within 30 percent by impacting platinum projectiles. In application of the technique, the impacts of
semi-infinite aluminum targets by cylinders of polyethylene and porous aluminum (0.44 g/cmS) at velocities of 15.2 and 22 km/set
respectively, were simulated.
17.
K e y Words
18. D i s t r i b u t i o n Statement
Suggested by Author(s)
Unclassified
Meteoroids
Hypervelocity Impact
Projectile
Simulation
19.
Security C l a s s i f . ( o f t h i s report)
20.
- Unlimited
21.
No. o f P a g e s
22. P r i c e *
34
Unclassified
Unclassified
$3.00
SYMBOLS
Ai
a r e a of p o r t i o n
speed of sound
diameter of c y l i n d e r
s p e c i f i c i n t e r n a l energy
p o r t i o n of i n t e r f a c e i n s i d e boundary d e f i n e d by p o i n t s of i n t e r s e c t i o n
of c y l i n d e r ' s r a d i a l r a r e f a c t i o n with i n t e r f a c e
constant
l e n g t h of c y l i n d e r
mass of c y l i n d e r
p r e s s u re
r a r e f a c t i o n (head o f r a r e f a c t i o n wave)
r a d i a l coordinate
shock wave
tl
t2
v e l o c i t y of c y l i n d e r a t impact
a x i a l coordinate
of i n t e r f a c e
t 2 by p r e s s u r e s a c t i n g a t
iii
1-I=r7-1
P
density
Subscripts
Hug o n i o t s t a t e
i n i t i a l state
p r o j e c t i l e o r cylinder material
radial direction
t a r g e t mat e r i a 1
axial direction
impact case o f low-density c y l i n d e r
impact c a s e o f s i m u l a t i n g p r o j e c t i l e
iv
By Robert H. Morrison
Ames Research Center
SUMMARY
A technique i s d e s c r i b e d f o r s i m u l a t i n g t h e impacts of s e m i - i n f i n i t e
t a r g e t s by low-density, l o w - f i n e n e s s - r a t i o c y l i n d e r s a t meteoroid v e l o c i t i e s
by impacting h i g h - d e n s i t y , low-velocity p r o j e c t i l e s . Conditions f o r simulat i o n a r e s t a t e d and embodied i n a model forming t h e b a s i s of t h e technique.
The f e a s i b i l i t y of t h e technique i s experimentally i n v e s t i g a t e d by s i m u l a t i n g
t h e impacts of s e m i - i n f i n i t e aluminum t a r g e t s by polyethylene p l a s t i c c y l i n ders of various low-fineness r a t i o s and t h e same v e l o c i t y of 11.3 km/sec.
The p e n e t r a t i o n s were simulated a t lower v e l o c i t i e s t o w i t h i n 10 p e r c e n t by
impacting aluminum, s t e e l , n i c k e l , and copper p r o j e c t i l e s , b u t only t o w i t h i n
30 percent by impacting platinum p r o j e c t i l e s . In a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e technique, t h e impacts of s e m i - i n f i n i t e aluminum t a r g e t s by c y l i n d e r s of polye t h y l e n e and porous aluminum (0.44 g/cm3) a t v e l o c i t i e s of 15.2 and 22 km/sec,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , were s i m u l a t e d .
INTRODUCTION
The s i m u l a t i o n of meteoroid impact h a s , f o r t h e most p a r t , been beyond
t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s of light-gas-gun f a c i l i t i e s . The h i g h e s t impact v e l o c i t y
a t t a i n e d i n t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s , 11.3 km/sec, i s j u s t a t t h e lower end of t h e
meteoroid v e l o c i t y spectrum of 11 t o 73 km/sec ( r e f . 1 ) .
>
where
. .
nv = U/(U
The flow parameters
cylinder (subscript
pressure.
: .
u)
u , U , and CH must b e e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e m a t e r i a l s of t h e
p) and t h e t a r g e t ( s u b s c r i p t t ) a t t h e same Hugoniot
Simulation Model
3
a r r i v a l time t 2 o f t h e a x i a l r a r e f a c t i o n a t t h e i n t e r f a c e are t o be t h e
same f o r both cases. Furthermore, t h e same impulse J i s t o be given t o
t h e t a r g e t material i n t h i s time by p r e s s u r e s a c t i n g a t t h e p o r t i o n i of
t h e i n t e r f a c e i n s i d e t h e boundary t h a t i s d e l i n e a t e d by t h e p o i n t s o f i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e c y l i n d e r ' s r a d i a l r a r e f a c t i o n w i t h t h i s i n t e r f a c e . To d e l i n e a t e t h i s boundary, t h e assumptions are made t h a t t h e precedence o f a t a r g e t ' s
r a d i a l r a r e f a c t i o n causes a n e g l i g i b l e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e i n t e r face from t h e Hugoniot p r e s s u r e pH b e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e c y l i n d e r ' s
r a d i a l r a r e f a c t i o n , and t h a t t h i s precedence t h e r e f o r e has a n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t
on t h e l a t t e r wave's propagation. Thus, t h e p o r t i o n i of t h e i n t e r f a c e i s
approximately p l a n a r and a t a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e PH. The above c o n d i t i o n s f o r
s i m u l a t i o n may be w r i t t e n , r e s p e c t i v e l y , as
t 2 u = t2l.l
= J
1-I
tu
= u
tu
= v
1-I
The v e l o c i t y t h u s
+ u
- u
PCJ
P1-I
=/
t2
pHA .i d t = p H 1 2Ai d t
0
However, t h e area
4
Ai
is given by
Ai =
7
R (d
2 c ~ ~2 t )
S u b s t i t u t i n g t h i s e x p r e s s i o n f o r A i i n t o t h e one f o r J , performing t h e
i n t e g r a t i o n , and r e a r r a n g i n g t h e r e s u l t a n t expression y i e l d s
R
J = -p
t3$ 6
4 H 2 p
where
i s a dimensionless parameter d e f i n e d as
e =
l.,(l/up
1 2
1
+
)(w)-
1/11HPCHP
'
+ -1
(9)
i s r e l a t e d t o t h e low-density c y l i n d e r ' s p r o p e r t i e s by
where
equation (6b).
I n summary, t h e v e l o c i t y , l e n g t h , and f i n e n e s s r a t i o of a c y l i n d r i c a l
p r o j e c t i l e t o s i m u l a t e t h e impact o f a low-density, l o w - f i n e n e s s - r a t i o
c y l i n d e r are given, r e s p e c t i v e l y , by t h e equations
v
= v
0
lJ
+ u
- u
PO
PlJ
-.
and
1
GH
I
.,
= U/(U
- u)
EXPERIMENTS
1/4v~2/3
" )
..
(P/d),
(Z/d),,
p,
(P/d),
(Z/d).
2,
z,
,
i
10
APPENDIX A
DERIVATIONS
The v e l o c i t y v can b e r e l a t e d t o t h e one-dimensional flow parameters i f
t h e boundary conditions of equal p r e s s u r e and v e l o c i t y a r e a p p l i e d on e i t h e r
s i d e of t h e p l a n a r i n t e r f a c e (see f i g . 2 ) . These conditions a r e
and
v-up=ut
The f i r s t c o n d i t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e mass v e l o c i t i e s up and u t
a t t h e same p r e s s u r e pH, and t h e second y i e l d s t h e r e l a t i o n
b e evaluated
v = u p + u t
(A31
f o r the velocity.
The r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e a r r i v a l times t l and t2 can b e derived i n a
manner similar t o t h a t i n d i c a t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 8.
11
APPENDIX B
(the notation f o r
i n r e f . 11 i s
The flow parameters may a l l b e expressed i n terms o f t h e Hugoniot p r e s s u r e PH by e q u a t i o n s , t h e convenience of which i s determined by t h e
equation o f s t a t e used. If T i l l o t s o n ' s equation is used, t h e most convenient
equations f o r t h e s e parameters are
where CH is t h e speed o f sound i n t h e shocked medium a t t h e Hugoniot p r e s s u r e . The f i r s t two equations are o b t a i n e d by s o l v i n g equations (Bl) and
(B2b). The l a s t equation i s found by applying t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e speed o f
sound, c 2 = (ap/ap)s, t o equation (B4) and s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o t h e r e s u l t
equation (B3b) and t h e thermodynamic r e l a t i o n ( a E / a p ) s = p/p2. The Hugoniot
13
CH =
cH(PH)
(B9b)
Equation (B10) i s o b t a i n e d by s o l v i n g e q u a t i o n s (B2b) and (B6), whereas equat i o n (B11) i s o b t a i n e d by applying t h e d e f i n i t i o n of c t o equation (BS) and
s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o t h e r e s u l t equations (Bl) and (B10).
F o r t h e s i m u l a t i o n t e s t s , t h e one-dimensional flow parameters were
c a l c u l a t e d by u s i n g T i l l o t s o n ' s e q u a t i o n f o r p o l y e t h y l e n e , 2024-T351 aluminum,
AIS1 1018 s t e e l , n i c k e l , and OFHC copper and by u s i n g Enig's equation f o r
platinum. For porous aluminum o f d e n s i t y of 0.44 g/cm3, t h e values of t h e s e
parameters were o b t a i n e d from t h e appendixes o f r e f e r e n c e s 6 and 7 . The use
o f E n i g ' s equation f o r platinum was n e c e s s a r y s i n c e t h e c o n s t a n t s o f
T i l l o t s o n ' s e q u a t i o n f o r t h i s material were n o t a v a i l a b l e . The c o n s t a n t s
used f o r polyethylene were adapted from t h o s e given i n r e f e r e n c e 10 f o r a
s l i g h t l y lower d e n s i t y polyethylene and a r e l i s t e d i n t a b l e 6 .
14
1 percent f o r
t o w i t h i n only
i n t h e values
used,
15
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Denardo, B . P a t : P e n e t r a t i o n o f P o l y e t h y l e n e i n t o S e m i - I n f i n i t e
2024-T351 Aluminum up t o V e l o c i t i e s o f 37,000 Feet Per Second.
NASA TN D-3369, 1966.
3.
4.
An Experimental I n v e s t i g a t i o n
Nysmith, C . Robert; and Summers, James L . :
o f t h e Impact R e s i s t a n c e o f Double-Sheet S t r u c t u r e s a t V e l o c i t i e s t o
24,000 Feet Per Second. NASA TN D-1431, 1962.
5.
6.
7.
J . Geophys. Res.,
A n a l y t i c a l Study of
NASA CR-757, 1967.
8. Fowles, G . R . :
A t t e n u a t i o n of t h e Shock Wave Produced i n a S o l i d by a
F l y i n g P l a t e . J . Appl. Phys., v o l . 31, no. 4, A p r i l 1960, pp. 655-661.
9.
10.
11.
Enig, J u l i u s W . :
A Complete E , P , V , T, S Thermodynamic D e s c r i p t i o n o f
Metals Based on t h e P , U Mirror-Image Approximation. J . Appl. Phys.,
v o l . 34, no. 4 , P t . 1, A p r i l 1963, pp. 746-754.
12.
16
Projectile
mater i a1
PH
Polyethylene
2024-T351 A1
= 1 . 0 5 Mb pH=1.70 Mb
=V,,=ll .3
=Vp=15,2
7.40
10.3
5.64
7.83
Ni
OFHC Cu
Pt
5.39
7.53
5.48
7.61
4.67
6 .SO
17
I
Round
Material
568 * Polye' r l e n e
2024-' 5 1 A 1
989
994
995
997
990
991
5-108
5-117
5-119
5-122
5.-123
5-124
5-125
5-126
5-127
5-203
5-114 ,IS11018 S t e e l
5-115
Ni
5-116
OFHC Cu
5-197
5-213
5-214
J-109
5-110
5-111
5-112
5-259
5-198
5-205
5-206
SR- 19f
SR- 19;
SR- 191
SR-20(
5-211
E
5-249
5-251
5-207
5-209
5-210
---
18
Projectile
Diameter,
d,
mm
Projectile
Length,
z,
mm
5.702
5.075
5.075
5.072
5.075
5.072
5.075
5.080
5.090
5.085
5.080
1.8
.411
.417
.417
.411
.818
.826
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.10
5.362
5.080
1.20
.686
.688
.691
.460
.518
.533
.645
.650
.655
.665
.655
.729
.744
.739
.732
.732
.742
.726
.483
.475
.485
.551
.546
.554
I I
1
5.105
5.080
4.821
4.811
4.821
4.811
5.090
.c
4.559
Mass,
m,
Velocity
km/sec
1.0453
.0233
.0233
.0232
.0230
.0467
.0469
.0616
.0611
.0605
.0615
.0613
.0616
.0610
.0610
.0614
.0752
.lo79
.lo75
.1209
.0812
.0917
.0953
.1122
.1102
.lo88
.1123
.1178
.1180
.1208
.1201
.1190
.1181
.1200
.1171
.2098
.2048
.2086
.1923
.1912
.1935
11.3
7.40
5.96
8.19
8.35
7.55
5.86
6.56
6.76
6.95
6.75
6.97
6.61
7.27
7.22
6.85
6.70
5.05
5.31
5.06
5.17
5.44
5.56
5.80
6.03
5.85
5.28
6.06
5.42
5.56
5.74
6.89
7.20
7.63
7.82
4.72
4.62
4.70
5.37
4.41
4.69
V,
Penetration,
p,
Mean
finenes
ratio
mm
7.54
5.23
4.57
5.56
5.69
6.50
5.44
6.38
6.55
6.81
6.68
6.73
6.40
6.96
6.83
6.66
6.88
7.11
7.29
7.49
6.30
6.83
7.14
7.87
7.98
7.75
7.24
8.28
7.75
7.92
8.08
9.27
9.52
9.88
9.88
9.35
9.02
9.27
10.2
9.12
9.42
a0 c
0
N .rl
.rl
c,
,+ rda
rd k \
E+J b
.............
0 0 0 0 d d 0 0 0 r l N M r l
rldrlrlddddrlrlrldd
k a,&
o c
za,
&
m m N M N d L n r l W d d d d
d N O d r . r . m N u 3 d m d N
. . . . . . . . . . . .
d N M M N N d N N M N M M
0
co
a d
d \ D
N r l
l n N
. .
*Ln
rl
d
r(
N
N
. .
r l r l
m u 3e
m r .DoP~ m r . w ~ ~ u 3 +
. . . . . . .M d. . m. . .
0 N M M
v) L n
u3
0.0
r l r l d d d d r l d r l r l r l N N
...........
b
b
N
. e.
c o d
m
s'
MGE
c
e,
19
Polyethylene
18
2.5
0.47
1.4
2.6
2.6a
22
2.6
.47
1.8
3.3
3.0a
a
From theoretical results of reference 6
B,
a
Polyethylene 0 . 6
w
.5
cu
.5
Fe
.5
A1
.5
Be
.55
Ti
.5
Ni
.5
MO
EO >
Mb
a-cm3/g
0.02
0.07
.225
.325
.095
.OS0
.175
.070
.090
.045
.025
.07
2.50
1.10
1.05
.65
.55
.50
1.50
1.65
.50
.5
.4
.6
.002
Vormal density,
P,,
g/cm3
Sources
Referene
0.92
19.17
8.90
7.86
2.70
1.85
4.51
8.86
10.20
11.68
.95
9 and 1C
Assume
Co + SU
Material
A1 2024
20
iormal density,
Co, km/sec
p0, g/cm3
19.17
8.90
7.86
2.71
2.785
8.86
21.43
4.005
3.958
3.768
5.38
5.355
4.646
3.646
1.268
1.497
1.655
1.35
1.345
1.445
1.535
- 2.074
- 1.444
.43 - 1.967
-693 - 1.972
.015 - 1.022
0.395
.883
1.009 - 1.491
.322 - 2.718
E-
Figure l.- Axisymmetric, hypervelocity impact of semi-infinite target by lowfineness-ratio cylinder of dissimilar material.
21
Sp
24
axis.
2.0
I .8
I.6
I.4
1.2
pcr
1.0
PP
.8
.6
Simulating
projectile
material
Velocity,
7.40
5 64
5.39
5.48
4.67
.4
0 2024-T351 AI
0 AIS1 1018 Steel
A Ni
.2
0 OFHC Cu
VU,
km /sec
b Pt
.I
.2
.3
.4
.5
(Z/dlp
Figure 4.- Normalized penetration of simulating projectile versus fineness
ratio of corresponding polyethylene cylinder impacting at 11.3 km/sec.
25
z/d = 0.081 I
0.161
v = 7.40 km/sec
7.55
..
0.2 I 6
0.224
7.27
6.70
~
5.31
(b) AIS1 1018 Steel
(a) 2024-T35I AI
5.06
(C)
Ni
z / d = 0.0905
v = 5.
0.102
I7 km/sec
5.44
0.131
0.151
'
5.42
( d ) OFHC Cu
0.0933
0.122
4.70
4.69
( e ) Pt
28
1 /d
0.224
( a 1 2024-T351 A I
v = 6.70 km/sec
0.151
( b ) OFHC Cu
5.42
0.122
4.69
----
Simulating projec ti le
High -speed polyethylene cylinder of ref. 2
Figure 7.- Comparison of crater profiles.
29
I/d = 0.151
v = 7 - 0 2 km/sec
Figure 8.- Impact crater i n 2024-T351 aluminum t a r g e t produced by copper
s i m u l a t i n g p r o j e c t i l e a t Hugoniot p r e s s u r e near 1.70 megabars.
30
NASA-Langley, 1970
- 32 A-3 3 15
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND
SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON,
D. C. 20546
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
POSTMASTER:
-NATIONALAERONAUTICS
A N D SPACE ACT OF 1958
D.C. 20546