BME101/102/001 BASIC ENGINEERING-I / BASIC MECHANICAL & CIVIL ENGINEERING

Answer Key
PART-A (10

2=20)

1. classification of I.C. engines

Based on ignition:
(i)
Spark ignition
(ii)
Compression ignition.
Based on fuel:
(i)

Petrol engine

(ii)

Diesel engine.

Based on cooling system:

(i)

Air cooled

(ii)
Water cooled.
2. Classification of Boilers.
(i) According to flow of water and gases
(a) Fire tube boiler (b) Water tube boiler
(ii) According to pressure
(a) Low pressure boiler (b) High Pressure
(iii) According to method of firing
(a) Internally fired boiler (b) Externally fired boiler
3. Extrusion
Process which is commonly used to make collapsible tubes such as toothpaste tubes, cans
usually using soft materials such as aluminum, lead, tin. Usually a small shot of solid
material is placed in the die and is impacted by a ram, which causes cold flow in the
material.
4. Casting
Casting is the process of producing metal parts by pouring molten metal into the mould
cavity of the required shape and allowing the metal to solidify. The solidified metal piece is
called as casting.
5. Three jaw chuck, Four jaw chuck or independent chuck, Magnetic chuck
6. In up milling, cutter rotates opposite to the direction of feed of the work piece whereas in down
milling , the cutter rotates in the same direction of travel of the work piece.

7. Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known as
stress. Mathematically stress is written as
f=P/A
Where

f= stress, P=external force or load, A=cross-sectional area.

Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to original dimension. It has no unit.

8. Qualities of a good cement?
(i) A good cement should be uniform in colour and free from lumps.
(ii) If a small quantity of cement is thrown into a vessel of water, the cement powder
should sink.
(iii) The total sulphur content of the cement should not be greater than 2.75 percent.

9. The expansion of RCC is Reinforced Cement Concrete. Plain concrete is very weak in tension
and cannot be used directly in the construction of lintels, roofs, slabs etc,, because the bottom
fibres are subject to tensile stresses. A combination of concrete and steel is known as reinforced
cement concrete and is widely used in construction.
10. Definition: A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as an vale, road, railway,
canal, river without closing the way beneath.
The required passage may be road, railway, canal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrians.
Components of bridge are pier and abutments.

PART-B

(5

16=80)

11.
Cochran boiler is a low pressure fire tube boiler. Steam produced by this boiler is below 80 bar.
Coal is fed into the grate through the fire hole and burnt. Ash formed during the burning is collected in the
ash pit provided just below the grate. Ash is then removed manually. The hot gases from the grate pass
through the combustion chamber to the horizontal fire tubes and

transfer the heat by convection. The flue gases coming out of fire tubes pass through the smoke box and
escape to the atmosphere through the chimney. Smoke box is provided with a door for cleaning the fire
tubes and smoke box. The working pressure and steam capacity of cochran boiler are 6.5 bar and 3500
kg /hr respectively.
It consists of boiler mountings such as steam safety valve, water level indicator, fusible plug, etc., for
safe operation of the boiler. To measure the pressure of steam produced by the boiler a steam pressure
gauge is also mounted at the top of the boiler.

12. Nuclear power plant uses nuclear energy from radio active element for
generating electrical energy.
More than 15% of the worlds electricity is generated from Nuclear power plants.
It is generally located far away from populated areas.
In future generation of electricity will be depending on Nuclear Power
Plant, as it is economical.
1 kg of uranium U -235 can produce electrical power electrical that can be
produced by using 3000 -4500 tonnes of high grade coal or 2000 tonnes of
oil.

Working
The heat generated in the reactor due to the fission of the fuel is taken up by the coolant.
The hot coolant then leaves the reactor and flows through the steam generator.
In the steam generator the hot coolant transfers its heat to the feed water
which gets converted into steam.
The steam produced is passed through the turbine, which is coupled with generator.
Hence the power is produced during the running of turbine.
The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed in the condenser.
The condensate then flows to the steam generator through the feed pump.
The cycle is thus repeated.
Advantages :

Requires less space compared to steam power plant.

Fuel required is negligible compared to coal requirement.
Fuel transport cost is less.
Reliable in operation.
Cost of erection is less.

13. GAS WELDING EQUIPMENTS

1.Gas Cylinders

Pressure
Oxygen 125 kg/cm2
Acetylene 16 kg/cm2
2. Regulators
Working pressure of oxygen 1 kg/cm2
Working pressure of acetylene 0.15 kg/cm2
Working pressure varies depends upon the thickness of the work pieces welded.
3. Pressure Gauges
4. Hoses
5. Welding torch
6. Check valve
7. Non return valve
Types of Flames
Oxygen is turned on, flame immediately changes into a long white inner area
(Feather)
surrounded by a transparent blue envelope is called Carburizing flame (30000c)
Addition of little more oxygen give a bright whitish cone surrounded by
the transparent blue envelope is called Neutral flame (It has a balance of
fuel gas and oxygen) (32000c)
Used for welding steels, aluminium, copper and cast iron
If more oxygen is added, the cone becomes darker and more pointed,
while the envelope becomes shorter and more fierce is called Oxidizing
flame
Has the highest temperature about 34000c
Used for welding brass and brazing operation

Three basic types of oxyacetylene flames used in oxyfuel-gas

welding and cutting operations:
(a) neutral flame; (b) oxidizing flame; (c) carburizing, or reducing flame.
14.

Cupola Furnace
A continuous flow of iron emerges from the bottom of the furnace.
Depending on the size of the furnace, the flow rate can be as high as 100
tonnes per hour. At the metal melts it is refined to some extent, which removes
contaminants. This makes this process more suitable than electric furnaces for
dirty charges.

15.

16.
.

17 . M.I about horizontal centroidal axis Ixx = bd3/12 = 5x106 mm4

M.I about vertical centroidal axis
M.I about polar axis
M.I about base

Iyy = db3/12 = 1.8x106 mm4

Izz = Ixx+Iyy = bd3/12 + db3/12 = 6.8x106 mm4

Ibase = bd3/3= 20x106 mm4

18. Steel contains carbon upto a maximum of 1.5 percent. Based on the carbon content,
steel are classified into,
(i) Low carbon steel (Mild steel) with carbon content 0.25
percent.
(ii) Medium carbon or medium hard steel with carbon content between 0.25 0.70 percent
(iii) High carbon steel or hard steel having carbon content 0.70 1.5
percent.
Uses of Low carbon steel (Mild
steel):
Low carbon or mild steel is used in structural works such as trusses, angles and plates.
It is also used in RCC works as plain or twisted rods.

Uses of Medium hard steel:

It is used in the manufacture of rails, chisels, hammers, boiler plates etc.
Uses of hard steel :
It is used in earth moving or mining equipments.
Used for manufacturing cutting steel

Torsteel rods :
(i) Torsteel rods are twisted or torsioned deformed rods.
(ii) Ordinary steel rods are round plain bars made of mild steel.
(iii) Both plain bars and tor steel rods are used in RCC roof slabs, beams, columns.

19. The major classifications of mortar are (i) Bricklaying mortar (ii) Finishing mortar
(iii) Fire resistant mortar (iv) Light weight mortar
Bricklaying mortar:
(i) It is used for brickwork and walls.
(ii) Depending upon the working conditions and the type of construction , the binding materials
for the mortar is decided.
Finishing mortar :
(i) These mortars include common plastering work and ornamental effects.
(ii) Cement or lime is used as the binding material for ordinary plastering mortar.
Fire resistant mortar :

(i) It is prepared by adding aluminous cement to the finely crushed powder of fire bricks.
(ii) The usual proportion is one part aluminous cement to two parts fire brick powders.
Light weight mortar:
(i) It is prepared by adding materials such as saw dust, wood powder, etc.,
(ii) Other materials could be asbestos, fibres, coir etc., This mortar is sued for sound proof and
heat proof construction.

20.

Dams

A dam is a impervious barrier or an obstruction constructed across a natural stream or a

river to hold up water on one side of it upto a certain level.

Structure of Dam:
Upper stream

crest

downstream

Purpose of dams:
The stored water in the dam can be continuously used for irrigation.
The reservoir forms a very good source for water supply for areas where ground water
is inadequate
If sufficient head of water is stored, then that can be used for power generation.
The reservoir forms a good place for breeding of fish, which is a considerable wealth for
a dam

Classification of dams:
Dams are broadly classified into,
1. Rigid Dams
2. Non rigid dams.
Rigid dams:
These dams are constructed using rigid construction materials.
The construction materials used are, stone or brick or reinforced cement concrete.
Rigid dams are further Classified into,
1. Solid gravity dam
2. Arch Dam
3. Buttress dam
4. Timber and steel dam
Solid Gravity Dam:
A gravity dam is defined as a structure which is designed
in such a way that its own weight resists external forces.
It is more durable and has maximum rigidity.
It requires less maintenance compared to other types.
This type can be constructed of masonry or concrete.
Nowadays, concrete dams are prevalent.
Arch Dam:

Arch dams are curved in plan.

This structure less Massive
when compared to gravity dam
The forced exerted by the stored water on upstream side will
be transferred by
the abutments of the arch dam.
This dam is suitable for narrow valleys but
major requirements is sound abutments.
An arch dam is economical only when the length of dam is less than its height.
Buttress dam:
A buttress dam has relatively thin sections when compared
to a gravity dam.
It consists of a sloping section buttresses and a base slab.
The sloping membrane (Face slab) first takes the water load
and transfer to the buttresses which are specific intervals.
The buttresses in turn transfer the load to the base slab which
forms the foundation part of the dam.

Timber and Steel Dam:

Timber and steel dams are not generally
used for bigger dam sections.
A timber dam is generally adopted for
temporary requirements to enclose certain
work
sites or to divert the flow.
After the main structure is built the timber dam
will be dismantled.
Timber dams are generally made water tight.
Steel dams are not common in use. But it is
possible to construct the dam with steel upto a
height of 15-18 m
Non Rigid Dams:
Non rigid dams have a trapezoidal basic profile.
Types of Non Rigid
dams
Earth Dams
Rock fill dams.
Earth Dam:
Earth dams are made of soil with minimum processing using primitive equipment
These are built in areas where the foundation is not strong enough to bear the
weight of a gravity dam.
As the construction material of the dam is ordinary soil which is cheaply
available the cost of construction of this dam is less than rigid dam.
Rock fill dams.

Rock fill dams are made of loose rocks and boulders piled in the river bed.
A slab of reinforced concrete is often laid on the upstream face to make it water tight.
There are more stable than earthen dams and les stable than gravity dams.
The dam section generally consists of dry ruble stone masonry on the upstream