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Lemonbattery
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Forinstructionsaboutbuildingalemonbatterytolight
anLED,see LemonBatteryatWikibooks.
Alemonbatteryisasimplebatteryoftenmadeforthe
purposeofeducation.Typically,apieceofzincmetal(such
asagalvanizednail)andapieceofcopper(suchasapenny)
areinsertedintoalemon.
Thelemonbatteryissimilartothefirstelectricalbattery
inventedin1800byAlessandroVolta,whousedbrine(salt
water)insteadoflemonjuice.[1]Thelemonbatteryis
describedinsometextbooksinordertoillustratethetypeof
chemicalreaction(oxidationreduction)thatoccursin
batteries.[2][3][4]Thezincandcopperarecalledtheelectrodes,
andthejuiceinsidethelemoniscalledtheelectrolyte.Thereare
manyvariationsofthelemoncellthatusedifferentfruits(or
liquids)aselectrolytesandmetalsotherthanzincandcopperas
electrodes.

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Contents
1Useinschoolprojects
1.1Variations
1.2Learningoutcomes
2Chemicalreactions
2.1Experimentresults
2.2Energysource
2.3Smeecell
3Inpopularculture
4Seealso
5References
6Furtherreading
7Externallinks

Useinschoolprojects
Therearenumeroussetsofinstructionsformakinglemon
batteriesandforobtainingcomponentssuchaslightemitting
diodes(LEDs),electricalmeters(multimeters),andzinccoated
(galvanized)nailsandscrews.[5][6]Commercial"potatoclock"
sciencekitsincludeelectrodesandalowvoltagedigitalclock.
Afteronecellisassembled,amultimetercanbeusedtomeasure
thevoltageortheelectricalcurrentfromthevoltaiccellatypical
voltageis0.9Vwithlemons.Currentsaremorevariable,but
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_battery

Diagramshowingthreelemoncells
wiredtogethersothattheyenergize
theredlightemittingdiode(LED)at
thetop.Eachindividuallemonhasa
zincelectrodeandacopperelectrode
insertedintoitthezinciscolored
grayinthediagram.Theslenderlines
drawnbetweentheelectrodesandthe
LEDrepresentthewires.

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rangeuptoabout1mA.Foramorevisibleeffect,lemoncellscanbeconnectedinseriestopoweran
LED(seeillustration)orotherdevices.Theseriesconnectionincreasesthevoltageavailabletodevices.
SwartlingandMorganhavepublishedalistoflowvoltagedevicesalongwiththecorrespondingnumber
oflemoncellsthatwereneededtopowerthemtheyincludedLEDs,piezeoelectricbuzzers,andsmall
digitalclocks.Withthezinc/copperelectrodes,atleasttwolemoncellswereneededforanyofthese
devices.[7]Substitutingamagnesiumelectrodeforthezincelectrodemakesacellwithalargervoltage
(1.51.6V),andasinglemagnesium/coppercellwillpowersomedevices.[7]Notethatincandescent
lightbulbsfromflashlightsarenotusedbecausethelemonbatteryisnotdesignedtoproduceenough
electricalcurrenttolightthem.Bymultiplyingtheaveragecurrentofalemon(0.001A/1mA)bythe
average(lowest)voltage(potentialdifference)ofalemon(0.7V)wecanconcludethatitwouldtake
approximately6,171,430lemonstogiveusthepowerofanaverage4320Wcarbattery.

Variations
Manyfruitsandliquidscanbeusedfortheacidicelectrolyte.
Fruitisconvenient,becauseitprovidesboththeelectrolyteanda
simplewaytosupporttheelectrodes.Theacidinvolvedincitrus
fruits(lemons,oranges,grapefruits,etc.)iscitricacid.The
acidity,whichismeasuredbythepH,variessubstantially.
Potatoeshavephosphoricacidandworkwelltheyarethebasis
forcommercial"potatoclock"kits.[8][9]Duetoa
misunderstandingoftheenergysource,potatobatterieswith
LEDlightinghavebeenproposedforuseinpoorcountriesorby
offgridpopulations.Internationalresearchbegunin2010
showedthatboilingpotatoesforeightminutesimprovestheir
electricaloutput,asdoesplacingslicesofpotatoesbetween
multiplecopperandzincplates.Boiledandchoppedplantainpith
(stem)isalsosuitable,accordingtoSriLankanresearchers.[10]
Theenergycomesfromthemetal,notfromthepotatoorother
plant,andrefiningthemetalconsumesmoreenergythanis
delivered.

Potatobatterywithzinc(left)and
copperelectrodes.Thezincelectrode
isagalvanizedmachinescrew.The
copperelectrodeisawire.Notethe
labelsand+markedonthepotato
indicatingthatthecopperelectrodeis
thepositiveterminalofthebattery.A
shortscrewandnutconnectthe
electrodestothecopperwiresthat
haveblackandredinsulatingplastic
coatings.

Insteadoffruit,liquidsinvariouscontainerscanbeused.
Householdvinegar(aceticacid)workswell.[11]Sauerkraut(lactic
acid)wasfeaturedinoneepisodeoftheUStelevisionprogram
HeadRush(anoffshootoftheMythBustersprogram).Thesauerkrauthadbeencanned,andbecamethe
electrolytewhilethecanitselfwasoneoftheelectrodes.[12]

Zincandcopperelectrodesarereasonablysafeandeasytoobtain.Othermetalssuchaslead,iron,
magnesium,etc.,canbestudiedaswelltheyyielddifferentvoltagesthanthezinc/copperpair.In
particular,magnesium/coppercellscangeneratevoltagesaslargeas1.6Vinlemoncells.Thisvoltageis
largerthanobtainableusingzinc/coppercells.Itiscomparabletothatofstandardhouseholdbatteries
(1.5V),whichisusefulinpoweringdeviceswithasinglecellinsteadofusingcellsinseries.[7]

Learningoutcomes
Fortheyoungestpupils,aboutages59,theeducationalgoalisutilitarian:[13]batteriesaredevicesthat
canpowerotherdevices.Batteriesarecomponentsinelectricalcircuitshookingasinglewirebetweena
batteryandalightbulbwillnotpowerthebulb.
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Forchildrenintheagerange1013,batteriesareusedtoillustratetheconnectionbetweenchemistry
andelectricityaswellastodeepenthecircuitconceptforelectricity.Thefactthatdifferentchemical
elementssuchascopperandzincareusedcanbeplacedinthelargercontextthattheelementsdonot
disappearorbreakdownwhentheyundergochemicalreactions.
Forolderpupilsandforcollegestudents,batteriesservetoillustratetheprinciplesofoxidation
reductionreactions.[13][14]Studentscandiscoverthattwoidenticalelectrodesyieldnovoltage,andthat
differentpairsofmetals(beyondcopperandzinc)yielddifferentvoltages.Thevoltagesandcurrents
fromseriesandparallelcombinationsofthebatteriescanbeexamined.[15]
Thecurrentthatisoutputbythebatterythroughameterwilldependonthesizeoftheelectrodes,how
fartheelectrodesareinsertedintothefruit,andhowclosetoeachothertheelectrodesareplacedthe
voltageisfairlyindependentofthesedetailsoftheelectrodes.[16]

Chemicalreactions
Mosttextbookspresentthefollowingmodelforthechemicalreactionsofalemonbattery.[1][3][17]When
thecellisprovidinganelectricalcurrentthroughanexternalcircuit,themetalliczincatthesurfaceof
thezincelectrodeisdissolvingintothesolution.Zincatomsdissolveintotheliquidelectrolyteas
electricallychargedions(Zn2+),leaving2negativelychargedelectrons(e)behindinthemetal:
ZnZn2++2e.
Thisreactioniscalledoxidation.Whilezincisenteringtheelectrolyte,twopositivelychargedhydrogen
ions(H+)fromtheelectrolytecombinewithtwoelectronsatthecopperelectrode'ssurfaceandforman
unchargedhydrogenmolecule(H2):
2H++2eH2.
Thisreactioniscalledreduction.Theelectronsusedfromthecoppertoformthemoleculesofhydrogen
aretransferredbyanexternalwireconnectedtothezinc.Thehydrogenmoleculesformedonthesurface
ofthecopperbythereductionreactionultimatelybubbleawayashydrogengas.

Experimentresults
Thismodelofthechemicalreactionsmakesseveralpredictionsthatwereexaminedinexperiments
publishedbyJerryGoodismanin2001.Goodismannotesthatnumerousrecentauthorspropose
chemicalreactionsforthelemonbatterythatinvolvedissolutionofthecopperelectrodeintothe
electrolyte.Goodismanexcludesthisreactionasbeinginconsistentwiththeexperiments,andnotesthat
thecorrectchemistry,whichinvolvestheevolutionofhydrogenatthecopperelectrode,hasbeenknown
formanyyears.[4]Mostofthedetailedpredictionsofthemodelapplytothebattery'svoltagethatis
measureddirectlybyameternothingelseisconnectedtothebattery.Whentheelectrolytewas
modifiedbyaddingzincsulfate(ZnSO4),thevoltagefromthecellwasreducedaspredictedusingthe
Nernstequationforthemodel.TheNernstequationessentiallysayshowmuchthevoltagedropsas
morezincsulfateisadded.Theadditionofcoppersulfate(CuSO4)didnotaffectthevoltage.Thisresult
isconsistentwiththefactthatcopperatomsfromtheelectrodearenotinvolvedinthechemicalreaction
modelforthecell.

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Whenthebatteryishookeduptoanexternalcircuitanda
significantelectricalcurrentisflowing,thezincelectrodeloses
mass,aspredictedbythezincoxidationreactionabove.
Similarly,hydrogengasevolvesasbubblesfromthecopper
electrode.Finally,thevoltagefromthecelldependeduponthe
acidityoftheelectrolyte,asmeasuredbyitspHdecreasing
acidity(andincreasingpH)causesthevoltagetofall.Thiseffect
isalsopredictedbytheNernstequationtheparticularacidthat
wasused(citric,hydrochloric,sulfuric,etc.)doesn'taffectthe
voltageexceptthroughthepHvalue.
TheNernstequationpredictionfailedforstronglyacid
electrolytes(pH<3.4),whenthezincelectrodedissolvesintothe
electrolyteevenwhenthebatteryisnotprovidinganycurrentto
acircuit.Thetwooxidationreductionreactionslistedaboveonly
occurwhenelectricalchargecanbetransportedthroughthe
externalcircuit.Theadditional,opencircuitreactioncanbe
observedbytheformationofbubblesatthezincelectrodeunder
opencircuit.Thiseffectultimatelylimitedthevoltageofthe
cellsto1.0Vnearroomtemperatureatthehighestlevelsof
acidity.

Energysource
Theenergycomesfromthechemicalchangeinthezincwhenit
dissolvesintotheacid.Theenergydoesnotcomefromthe
lemonorpotato.Thezincisoxidizedinsidethelemon,
exchangingsomeofitselectronswiththeacidinordertoreacha
lowerenergystate,andtheenergyreleasedprovidesthepower.[4]
Incurrentpractice,zincisproducedbyelectrowinningofzinc
sulfateorpyrometallurgicreductionofzincwithcarbon,which
requiresanenergyinput.Theenergyproducedinthelemon
batterycomesfromreversingthisreaction,recoveringsomeof
theenergyinputduringthezincproduction.

Crosssectionofacopper/zinccell
withasulfuricacidelectrolyte.The
drawingillustratestheatomicmodel
forthechemicalreactionslemon
cellshaveessentiallythesamemodel.
Zincatomsentertheelectrolyteas
ionsmissingtwoelectrons(Zn2+).
Twonegativelychargedelectrons
fromthedissolvedzincatomareleft
inthezincmetal.Twoofthe
dissolvedprotons(H+)intheacidic
electrolytecombinewitheachother
andtwoelectronstoformmolecular
hydrogenH2,whichbubblesoffof
thecopperelectrode.Theelectrons
losttothecopperaremadeupby
movingtwoelectronsfromthezinc
throughtheexternalwire.

Smeecell
From1840tothelate19thcentury,largevoltaiccellsusingazincelectrodeandasulfuricacid
electrolytewerewidelyusedintheprintingindustry.Whilecopperelectrodeslikethoseinlemon
batteriesweresometimesused,in1840AlfredSmeeinventedarefinedversionofthiscellthatused
silverwitharoughplatinumcoatinginsteadofacopperelectrode.[18][19]Hydrogengasclingingtothe
surfaceofasilverorcopperelectrodereducestheelectricalcurrentthatcanbedrawnfromacellthe
phenomenoniscalled"polarization".[17][20]Theroughened,"platinized"surfacespeedsupthebubbling
ofthehydrogengas,andincreasesthecurrentfromthecell.Unlikethezincelectrode,thecopperor
platinizedsilverelectrodesarenotconsumedbyusingthebattery,andthedetailsofthiselectrodedonot
affectthecell'svoltage.TheSmeecellwasconvenientforelectrotyping,whichproducedcopperplates
forletterpressprintingofnewspapersandbooks,andalsostatuesandothermetallic
objects.[19][21][22][23][24]

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TheSmeecellusedamalgamatedzincinsteadofpurezincthesurfaceofamalgamatedzinchasbeen
treatedwithmercury.[23]Apparentlyamalgamatedzincwaslesspronetodegradationbyanacidic
solutionthanispurezinc.[25]Amalgamatedzincandplainzincelectrodesgiveessentiallythesame
voltagewhenthezincispure.[26]Withtheimperfectlyrefinedzincin19thcenturylaboratoriesthey
typicallygavedifferentvoltages.[25]

Inpopularculture
InthevideogamePortal2,antagonistGLaDOSwasembeddedintoapotatobatteryrun
computerforasignificantpartofthegame.[27]
InTheBigBangTheorySeason6episode"TheProtonResurgence",LeonardandSheldon's
childhoodheroProfessorProton(BobNewhart)attemptstoshowthegroupapotatobattery,
whichamazesPenny.
IntheBonesSeason6episode"TheBlackoutintheBlizzard",Angelaandtheother"squints"
buildamassivepotatobatteryarrayinanattempttopoweracellphone.Illustratingthe
patheticallylowoutputofsuchasystem,itissuccessfulforonlyahandfulofsecondswhileusing
dozensofpotatoes.
Intheepisode"Lemons"ofthetelevisionprogramRedDwarf(tenthseries(SeriesX)),thecrew
travel4,000milesfromBritaintoIndiain23ADinordertogetlemonstobuildalemonbattery
topoweruptheirtimemachine'sreturnerremote.[28]
InthesixthepisodeofthefinalseasonofMysteryScienceTheater3000,themainvillainPearl
Forrestertriedtakingovertheworldusingpotatobatteries,onlyforherplanstoberuinedby
ProfessorBobo.

Seealso
AlessandroVolta
Electrochemicalcell
Galvaniccell
Galvaniccorrosion
Lasagnacell
Pennybattery

References
1. Decker,Franco(January2005)."Voltaandthe'Pile' "(http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/artv01volta.htm).
ElectrochemistryEncyclopedia.CaseWesternReserveUniversity.Voltausedsilver,notcopper,inhisfirst
cellsthechemicalreactionsinvolvedinzinc/copperandzinc/silvercellsarethesame.
2. Snyder,CarlH.(2004).TheExtraordinaryChemistryofOrdinaryThings,withLateNiteLabs:Edition4.
JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN9780471588399.
3. Oon,HockLeong(2007).ChemistryExpression:AnInquiryApproach(http://books.google.com/books?
id=jdBRnfzIoC&pg=PA236).PanpacEducationPteLtd.p.236.ISBN9789812711625.
4. Goodisman,Jerry(2001)."ObservationsonLemonCells"(http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1001&context=che).JournalofChemicalEducation78(4):516518.doi:10.1021/ed078p516
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed078p516).
5. "LemonBattery"(http://www.hilaroad.com/camp/projects/lemon/lemon_battery.html).Pembroke,Ontario:
HilaScienceCamp.Retrieved20121002.Thiswebpagedescribesexperimentsstartingwithasinglelemon
cellthatisstudiedwithamultimeter,andthenleadstoalemonbatterycapableoflightinganLED.Hila
ScienceCamphasalsopostedavideoshowinghowtobuildthebatteryandlightanLEDseeCreateaLemon
Battery(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AY9qcDCFeVI)onYouTube.
6. "LemonBatteryProject"(http://www.howthingsworkscienceprojects.com/lemon
battery.html#lemon_battery).Burlington,Iowa:HowThingsWorkScienceProjects.Retrieved20121011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_battery

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LemonbatteryWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

battery.html#lemon_battery).Burlington,Iowa:HowThingsWorkScienceProjects.Retrieved20121011.
Thiswebpagecontainsinstructionsforelementaryschoolteachers.Theprojectusesthevoltmetertoshow
thatthebatteryisworking.Akeyelementisthatseveralpairsofelectrodesareused(iron/zinc,iron/copper,
aswellaszinc/copper)toyielddifferentvoltages.
Swartling,DanielJ.Morgan,Charlotte(1998)."LemonCellsRevisitedTheLemonPoweredCalculator"
(http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/gr8ps/zz_oldfiles/green/wheres_the_juice/lemon_battery.pdf)(PDF).
JournalofChemicalEducation75(2):181182.doi:10.1021/ed075p181
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fed075p181).Retrieved20121015.Theseauthorsnotethathydrogenevolves
fromthezincelectrode.AsdescribedsomewhatlaterbyGoodisman,thiseffectisunrelatedtotheevolution
ofhydrogenthatoccurswhenthecellisprovidingelectricalcurrenttoanexternalcircuitthehydrogen
associatedwiththesecurrentsevolvesfromthecopperelectrode.
"PotatoBattery"
(http://web.archive.org/20090415133756/http://www.unit5.org/christjs/Potato%20Battery.htm).Archivedfrom
theoriginal(http://www.unit5.org/christjs/Potato%20Battery.htm)onApril15,2009.
Lisinska,G.Leszczynski,W.(1989).PotatoScienceandTechnology(http://books.google.com/books?
id=WYT1S7qhn4sC&pg=PA286).Springer.p.286.ISBN9781851663071.
Kalan,Jonathan."Potatopower:thespudsthatcouldlighttheworld"
(http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20131112potatopowertolighttheworld).BBCFutureTechnology.
Retrieved20140124.
Heeling,Harmjan(May12,2012)."DIYvinegarbatterylightsLEDsforseveraldays"(http://www.cool
solarstuff.com/solardiy/diyvinegarbatterylightsled/).
HeadRushSauerkrautClock(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ9KmHWKobY).TheDiscovery
Channel.Sauerkrautisquiteacidicduetothelacticacidproducedduringfermentation.Thesauerkrautclock
powersadigitalthermometerinthisvideo.
Abraham,AnnPalencsar,AttilaScherson,Daniel(Fall2006)."ElectrochemistryforK12:ThePotatoClock
andBeyond"(https://www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/fal/fal06/fall06_p4346.pdf)(PDF).The
ElectrochemicalSocietyInterface15(3).
Schmidt,HansJrgenMarohn,AnnetteHarrison,AllanG.(2007)."Factorsthatpreventlearningin
electrochemistry".JournalofResearchinScienceTeaching44:258283.doi:10.1002/tea.20118
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Ftea.20118).Fulltextbysubscriptiononly.
Sorey,TimothyHunt,VanessaBalandova,EvgueniaPalmquist,Bruce(2012)."Juan'sDilemma:ANew
TwistontheOldLemonBattery".InMetz,Steve.FuelforThought:BuildingEnergyAwarenessinGrades
912(http://books.google.com/books?id=r2KlvlgE5QC&pg=PA95).NSTAPress.pp.9198.
ISBN9781936137206.Guidetolemonbatteryexperimentsforscienceteachers,includingbothfabrication
notesandeducationaloutcomes.
Du,James(2011)."Fruit/vegbatteries"(http://www.odec.ca/projects/2011/duduj2/fruitvegbattery.html).A
quantitativestudyofboththevoltagesandcurrentsproducedbyfruitbatteriespartofalargerproject
including"pennybatteries".
Naidu,M.S.Kamakshiaih,S.(1995).IntroductiontoElectricalEngineering
(http://books.google.com/books?id=eEOzTDHWCyYC&pg=PA50).TataMcGrawHillEducation.p.50.
ISBN9780074622926.
"Mr.Smee'sGalvanicBattery"(http://books.google.com/books?id=rwTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22).The
MagazineofScienceandSchoolofArtsII:22.April18,1840."Formerly,agalvanicbatterywasa
stupendous,andanexpensive,machineoccupyingalargespaceandcostingaconsiderablesumtokeepitin
itsshortlivedaction.Now,afarmorepowerfulinstrumentmaybemadeinasnuffboxandcarriedinthe
pocket.TheseremarksareforceduponusbytheastonishingplatinumbatteriesofMr.Grove,andthe
chemicomechanicalbatteriesinventedbyMr.Smee..."
Bottone,SelimoRomeo(1902).Galvanicbatteries,theirtheory,constructionanduse,comprisingprimary,
singleanddoublefluidcells,secondaryandgasbatteries(http://books.google.com/books?
id=SSQ6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA88).Whittaker&Co.p.88."Thefirstrealimprovementovertheplainzinc
copperinacidcellwasduetoDr.AlfredSmee,whonoticedthatthehydrogengasliberatedatthenegative
platewasevolvedfromitmuchmorereadily,hencepolarizationtookplacemuchlessrapidlyifthesurfaceof
thisplatewereroughenedinsteadofbeingquitesmoothandthemeanshefoundmostefficientwasthatof
coatingthesilversheetorsheetswithfinelydividedplatinum..."
Watt,CharlesWatt,John,eds.(1840)."Review:ProceedingsoftheLondonElectricalSociety,18411842
Session".TheChemistOr,ReporterofChemicalDiscoveriesandImprovements,Volume1
(http://books.google.com/books?id=lYAFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1PA237).London:R.Hastings."Ofthe
applicationofthiscellaveryimportantmodificationcanbearranged,byconvertingitintoanACIDbattery,
analogoustotheplatinizedsilverofMr.Smee.Thosewhoareacquaintedwiththeingeniousdeviceofthat

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21.
22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.
28.

LemonbatteryWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

analogoustotheplatinizedsilverofMr.Smee.Thosewhoareacquaintedwiththeingeniousdeviceofthat
gentleman,areawarethatthecharacteristicofhisarrangementis,thatthenegativeplate,wherehydrogenis
released,shallpartwiththishydrogenveryreadily.Underordinarycircumstances,thehydrogenadheresvery
muchtotheplatesofanacidbattery,andthrowsaconsiderableportionoftheplatesoutoftheaction,byits
presenceontheirsurfaces.Toremedythis,hehas,ashetermsit,"platinized"thesurfaces."
Gordon,JamesEdwardHenry(1880).Aphysicaltreatiseonelectricityandmagnetism,Volume1
(http://books.google.com/books?id=bBqAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207).D.Appletonand
Company.p.207.
Hatch,HarrisB.Stewart,AlexanderA.(1918)."HistoryofElectrotypeMaking".Electrotypingand
stereotyping(http://books.google.com/books?id=VnQsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2).Chicago:UnitedTypothetae
ofAmerica.pp.24."In1840Smeeinventedabatterywhichmadeelectrotypingpossiblecommercially....
Perhapsoneofthegreatestforwardstepsinconnectionwithelectrotypingwasmadewhentheplatingdynamo
wasinvented.Thefirstadoptionofadynamo,inplaceoftheSmeetypeofbattery,wasbyLeslie,ofNew
York,in1872."Primerforapprenticesintheprintingindustry.Goodshortintroductiontothehistoryof
electrotyping.
Sprague,J.T.(July1,1874)."ElectrodepositionofMetals"(http://books.google.com/books?
id=aulQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA238).TheTelegraphicJournalandElectricalReviewII(34):237239."The
Smeecellisthecellmostcommonlyemployedbecauseofitsextremesimplicityofconstructionand
management."AdetaileddiscussionoftheconstructionandmaintenanceofSmeecells,c.1874.
Scott,DavidA.(2002).Copperandbronzeinart:corrosion,colorants,conservation
(http://books.google.com/books?id=yQKuSOzkLvcC&pg=PA22).GettyPublications.p.22.ISBN9780
892366385."Someextremelyimportantcommissionsweremadeinelectrotypes,suchasthe"bronzes"that
adorntheOpera,Paris,andthe320cmhighstatueofPrinceAlbertandfouraccompanyingfigures,erected
behindtheAlbertHallinLondonasamemorialtotheGreatExhibitionof1851."
Park,Benjamin(1893).TheVoltaicCell:itsConstructionanditsCapacity(http://books.google.com/books?
id=_N8JAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA347&lpg=PA347).J.Wiley.p.347.OCLC7399515
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7399515)."Thesingularpropertypossessedbyamalgamatedzincofnotbeing
attackedbysulphuricaciddilutedwithwaterisduetotheadhesionofhydrogenontheplateintheacid
solution"
Thestandardelectrodepotentialis0.76Vforbothpurezincandforamalgamatedzinc.SeeVansek,Petr
(2012)."ElectrochemicalSeries".InHaynes,WilliamM.HandbookofChemistryandPhysics:93rdEdition
(http://books.google.com/books?id=BzP7Rkl7WkC&pg=SA5PA80).ChemicalRubberCompany.pp.580.
ISBN9781439880494..
Noble,Mckinley(19December2011)."Portal2ScienceKitHasTalking,EvilPotatoGLaDOS"
(http://www.techhive.com/article/246545/portal_2_science_kit_has_talking_evil_potato_glados.html).techhive.
Retrieved30January2015.
Keeling,Robert(19October2012)."TVReview:REDDWARFXEpisode3'Lemons' "
(http://www.starburstmagazine.com/reviews/televisionreviews/3733tvreviewreddwarfxepisode3
lemons).Starburst.Retrieved30January2015.

Furtherreading
"MaglabSimpleElectricalCellTutorial"
(http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/electricalcell/index.html).USNationalHigh
MagneticFieldLaboratory.Retrieved20121130.Descriptionofanacidcellwithzinc&copper
electrodes,includingaJAVAbasedanimation.Theanimationshowszincdissolvingintothe
electrolyte,electronsflowingfromthezinctothecopperelectrodes,andlittlehydrogenbubbles
comingoffthecopperelectrode.TheanimationalsosuggeststhatasinglecellcanlightanLED,
whichisnotpossibleforLEDsthatemitvisiblelight.
Margles,Samantha(2011)."DoesaLemonBatteryReallyWork?".MythbustersScienceFair
Book(http://books.google.com/books?id=QjJHga9HlQgC&pg=PA104).Scholastic.pp.104108.
ISBN9780545237451.Retrieved20121007.Onlinepreviewonly.

Externallinks
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Orangebatteryvideo(http://www.metacafe.com/watch/800526/orange_battery/).Theorange
batterypowersaninexpensivedigitalwatch.
Potatobatteryvideo(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m64ogRLvDsI)onYouTube.Three
potatocellsinseriespoweracalculator.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemon_battery&oldid=661728124"
Categories: Disposablebatteries Biodegradablematerials
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