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1 INTRODUCTION
ternal tendons. They carried out parametric studies of the fatigue test for various components such as strands, shear studs,
and cover plates and discussed the results by comparing them
with the current bridge design specifications. Similarly,
DallAsta and Zona [2] proposed a nonlinear finite element
model simulating the behavior of beam tested by Ayyub et al.
[7] to describe the structural behavior up to failure only ,while
in this paper we will discuss the effect of ten parameters on
the behavior of prestressed composite beam, also DallAsta
and Zona used numerical equation procedure to analysis the
model ,while we used a computer program (ANSYS) . Nie et
al. [3] tested eight specimens considering different parameters
.The slip effect between the steel and concrete interface and
the increase of the prestressing tendon force with the increase
of loading were accounted. Choi et al. [4] illustrated a systematic procedure of external post-tensioning technique for
strengthening or rehabilitation of steel-concrete composite
bridges based on the principle of virtual work. Xue et al. [5]
investigated the Long-term behavior, the combined effects of
creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing
tendons were considered. Recently, Zona et al. [6] introduced
a new simplified method for evaluating the tendon traction
increment at collapse and consequently the beam flexural
strength without requiring a nonlinear analysis of the whole
beam-tendon structural system. The method is based on the
observation that the shapes of the axial strain and curvature
distributions at collapse.
In this paper a finite element method using ANSYS computer
program is used to investigate the effect of several important
parameters on the behavior of prestressed composite steelconcrete beams. The simply supported composite steelconcrete beam tested by Ayyub et al. [7] has been selected to
carry out the parametric study.
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Amer M. Ibrahim. Professor, Civil engineering, Diyila university, Iraq, Email: amereng05@yahoo.com
Saad k. Mohaisen Asst. prof., Civil engineering, Al-Mustansiriya University, Iraq, E-mail: amereng05@yahoo.com
Qusay W. Ahmed, Asst. lecturer, Civil engineering, Diyila university, Iraq,
E-mail: msc.qussay@yahoo.com
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3 MODEL PARAMETERS
The models that have been considered have a number of parameters for each used element from element library in ANSYS for analogue representation of the tested beam; these parameters are summarized in Table 1.
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where
TABLE 1
Model Parameters for Used Elements in F.E. Model
(Units in Mpa)
To represent the steel beam in finite element, threedimensional 4-node shell element (SHELL43 in ANSYS) is
used. The element has six degrees of freedom at each node:
translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions and rotations
about the nodal x, y, and z axes. In contrast to concrete, the
mechanical properties of steel are well known, and it is a
much simpler material to be represented. The strain-stress
behavior can be assumed to be identical in tension and compression. To avoid possible computational difficulties when
using a computer, the alternative bilinear stress-strain relationship indicated in Fig.3 is used [11].
In the present work, the strain hardening modulus (Et) is
assumed to be (0.03 Es ). This value is selected to avoid convergence problems during iteration.
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Kn = f .Ec.h
(6)
4.1 MODELING
OF THE
BEAM
By taking advantage of the symmetry of both beams geometry and loading, a half of the entire model beam in longitudinal direction is used for the finite element analysis. The aim of
this was to reduce the computational time. The initial step of
modeling involves creating key points for external points and
certain locations such as support or loading and then creating
lines between these key points to establish areas of steel beam
and stiffeners then creating the volumes of concrete slab, anchorages and steel plates. The origin of coordinates coincides
with the center of external edge of beam, as shown in Fig.4.
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TABLE 2
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS FOR TESTED BEAM
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Surface-to-surface contact elements are used to model interface between concrete and top flange of the I-steel beam as shown in Fig.6.
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For external loads a small bearing plate was placed between the
loading and the concrete slab, to preventing concentration of stress in
the concrete slab at the point of contact. Half of the loads (P/2) is
applied because half model was used in our study, where the external
load was applied by the equivalent nodal forces on the top nodes.
The loads are applied on twenty nodes ten in each side.
In this study, the default of ANSYS program is used (convergence is
checked by a force convergence criterion, tolerance equal to 0.001).
The solution has been achieved by using the incremental-iterative
techniques.
5 PARAMETRIC STUDY
Fig. 7. Shear Connector Elements (Combine39, link8).
5.2
Fig. 8. Reinforcement Modeling in ANSYS for the Beam.
RATIO
OF
TO
ULTI-
1265
OF THE
EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING
Fig.10 Effect of Compressive Strength of Concrete on the LoadDeflection Behavior of Beam Symmetry of One Half Beam.
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5.5 EFFECT
OF
RATIO
OF
OF
CON-
CRETE SLAB
The effect of the ratio of concrete slab depth to its width on the
load-deflection behavior of prestressed composite beams and
their ultimate loads are studied in this section. A different ratio of depth to width for concrete slab of VS-2 prestressed
composite beam was taken in the finite element analysis. The
selected ratios (t/B) were (0.086, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25). In choosing these ratios, the total area of concrete slab was kept constant at (96300 mm2). Finite element mesh for all cases is illustrated in Fig.14. Fig.15 shows the effect of depth to width ratio
on the load-deflection behavior of selected beam. In this figure, when the depth to width ratio increased, the ultimate load
of has been increased distinctly. This is to be expected as an
increase in thickness of slab would raise the neutral axis of the
prestressed composite beam, hence increasing the eccentricity
of tendon. The stiffness of beam is increased by increasing the
depth to width ratio of concrete slab. Also it is clear that the
maximum predicated deflection is decrease as the depth to
width ratio of concrete slab is increased.
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Fig.14 Finite Element Mesh for the Beam) with Different Depth to
Width Ratio of Concrete Slab.
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Fig.20 Finite Element Mesh for the Beam with Different Lower to
2
Upper Steel Flange Area Ratio. (all area in mm )
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Fig.22 Effect of Number of Stiffeners on Load-Deflection Curve of
the Beam.
REFERENCES
[1] Li W., Albrecht P., and Saadatmanesh H. '' Strengthening
of Composite Steel-Concrete Bridges'' ASCE, Journal of StrucA numerical nonlinear analysis model, based on the Finite Ele- tural Engineering, vol. 121, no. 12, December, pp.1842-1849
ment Method (FEM) using ANSYS computer program, was de- 1995.
veloped to investigate the effect of several factors on load- [2] DallAsta A. and Zona A. '' Finite Element Model for Exdeflection response throughout the entire range of behavior us- ternally Prestressed Composite Beams with Deformable Coning the nonlinear analysis by ANSYS computer program. Effect nection '' ASCE, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 131,
of these factors can be summarized as follows:
no.5, May, pp.706-714, 2005.
1- From the numerical analysis carried out to study the effect of [3] Nie J., Cai C., Zhou T., and Li Y. ''Experimental and Anacompressive strength of concrete on the strength behavior, it was lytical Study of Prestressed Steel-Concrete Composite Beams
found that as the compressive strength of concrete is increased Considering Slip Effect '' ASCE, Journal of Structural Engifrom 20 N/mm2 to 60 N/mm2 the ultimate load is increased by neering, vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 530-540,April 2007.
about 18.9 %.
[4] Choi D., Kim Y., and Yoo H. ''External Post-tensioning of
2- For different values of effective prestressing stress that are Composite Bridges by a Rating Equation Considering the Intaken as fpe/fpu ratio, the ultimate load is increased substantial- crement of a Tendon Force Due to Live Loads'' Steel Strucly by about 3.74 % when the ratio is increased from 0.0 to 0.68. tures 8 , pp.109-118, June 2008,.
This can be attributed to increase in prestressing force that im- [5] Xue W., Ding M., He Ch., and Li J. '' Long-Term Behavior
proves the stiffness of beam.
of Prestressed Composite Beams at Service Loads for One
6 CONCLUSIONS
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